谷朊粉与其制备蛋白膜性能的相关性研究

选取国内10种市售谷朊粉分别制备蛋白膜,分析谷朊粉的主要品质及蛋白膜的性能,通过相关性分析及逐步回归分析研究谷朊粉与蛋白膜品质之间的相关关系。相关分析表明:谷朊粉的巯基含量、溶解性、麦醇溶蛋白含量、吸水率、粗蛋白含量、水分含量、泡沫稳定性与膜的透光率、水溶性、阻氧性、水蒸气透过率及拉伸强度呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。逐步回归分析得出谷朊粉的粗蛋白含量、巯基含量、麦醇溶蛋白含量、溶解性、吸水率及起泡性对膜性能的影响较大。     

小麦粉面筋蛋白质流变学特性的研究

本试验采用快速黏度仪(RVA)通过面筋蛋白醇溶指数法,研究了不同类型小麦粉的面筋蛋白醇溶指数,探讨了不同小麦粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性及湿面筋、面筋指数及其与醇溶指数、最终黏度的影响.结果表明:不同类型的小麦粉的面筋蛋白RVA曲线存在明显差异,醇溶指数在α=0.05水平上与小麦粉吸水率、延伸性呈负相关,与峰值黏度呈正相关;在α=0.10水平上与小麦粉稳定时间呈负相关,最终黏度在α=0.05水平上与小麦粉面筋指数呈负相关,与峰值黏度呈正相关.因此,麦胶蛋白明显影响小麦粉的吸水率、稳定时间、延伸性及面团的面筋指数,而与拉伸阻力、湿面筋及弱化度无相关性,此与麦胶蛋白的富有延伸性、粘性,但弹性小的性质有关.     

Foaming properties of enzymatically hydrolysed wheat gluten

A thermally treated wheat gluten (TTG) was structurally modified by enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was carried out using a fungal protease. The solubility of hydrolysates having low, medium and high degrees of hydrolysis (DH) and the foaming properties of their extracts at each pH were determined. For comparison, a sample of TTG was used as a standard. The results showed that solubility increased as the DH increased, but foaming properties began to be impaired beyond a certain DH. Therefore, a minimum protein structure has to be retained, in order to keep good foaming properties. Mild hydrolysis (DH 14%) not only permitted the solubilisation of gluten proteins in a bigger pH range, but at pHs 9 and 6.5, good foaming properties were also obtained, which gave us the chance to expand wheat gluten utilisation.     

Functional properties of microwave-treated wheat gluten

In this study, the effects of microwave treatments on solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties of gluten were investigated. The solubility of microwave-heated gluten proteins gradually decreased as the treatment time increased, at all power levels applied. The highest solubility values were obtained for gluten samples microwave treated at 50% power level. The lowest emulsifying capacity values were obtained with the samples heated at 100% power level at all treatment times. The emulsifying stability values of microwave-heated gluten samples were found to be slightly higher than those of the control sample. However, there were no significant differences among the microwave power levels at all treatment times in terms of the emulsifying stability values. The foam volumes of the samples treated at 80 and 100% energy levels were slightly higher than those of the control gluten. The foam stability values of microwave-heated gluten samples gradually increased with treatment time at all power levels, which were more pronounced at 100% power level. Generally, microwave treatment did not cause major changes on the protein electrophoretic patterns of gluten samples at the power levels used.     

Pyrolytic acrylamide formation from purified wheat gluten and gluten-supplemented wheat bread rolls

Recent studies have revealed different acrylamide formation mechanisms, e. g. from carnosine (N-beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and aminopropionamide as additional precursors. The occurrence of acrylamide in food matrices devoid of common precursors such as meat supports an additional formation pathway. Gluten was recovered from wheat flour by water extraction. Starch, reducing sugars and amino acids were removed using alpha-amylase and NaCl solution and were completely absent in the purified gluten fraction. The gluten was dry heated at temperatures ranging from 160 to 240 degrees C for 8 to 12 min and analyzed for acrylamide and cinnamic amide using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acrylamide could be detected up to 3997 microg/kg gluten dry weight. Cinnamic amide was detected and unambiguously identified in the gluten samples, thus confirming the proposed formation of acrylamide from proteins. After gluten addition to bread roll dough, protein pyrolysis to form acrylamide in the complex food matrix was assessed. Contents of asparagine and reducing sugars were diminished due to the addition of the gluten. In contrast to the expectation with respect to the well-established common formation mechanism of acrylamide, it increased from 53.4 to 63.9 microg/kg (+20%), which was in good correlation with the higher proportion of gluten. As demonstrated by the t-test, the increase in acrylamide was significant when comparing 0 and 15% gluten addition. Additionally, cinnamic amide could be found in crusts of bread rolls. Thus, evidence for pyrolytic formation of acrylamide from wheat gluten was provided.     

Aggregative and structural properties of wheat gluten during post-harvest maturation

Wheat post-harvest maturation induced baking and technological quality improvement through a series of biochemical and colloidal changes. Weak-, middle-, and strong-gluten wheat displayed varying gluten network structures that determined the flour ingredient formulations and processing conditions. However, the aggregation and structural properties of wheat with different gluten strengths post-harvest remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated changes in the aggregative properties of gluten protein, gluten composition, S–S content, network structure, and secondary structures of weak-, middle-, and strong-gluten wheat during post-harvest maturation. The results indicated that the macromolecular aggregation of gluten proteins was impaired in weak-gluten wheat, while it was enhanced for middle- and strong-gluten wheat during storage. Post-harvest maturation resulted in an increase in glutenin content and a decline in the gliadin and gliadin/glutenin ratio in middle- and strong-gluten wheat as well as a decreased glutenin content in weak-gluten wheat. Moreover, additional gluten subunits were observed in middle- and strong-gluten wheat, but no substantial change was observed in weak-gluten wheat with long storage times. The disulfide bond content of gluten protein for middle-gluten and strong-gluten gradually increased but declined for weak-gluten wheat. Secondary structure analysis of gluten indicated that post-harvest maturation caused the conversion of α-helix to random coil for weak-gluten wheat, β-turn and random coil to α-helix for middle-gluten wheat, and β-turns to α-helix for strong-gluten wheat, which led to a disordered structure for weak gluten and an ordered stable gluten network for middle- and strong-gluten. Thus, the increased S–S and α-helix content induced by post-harvest maturation enhanced the aggregation of gluten proteins for middle- and strong-gluten wheat, resulting in a denser network structure. Conversely, the decrease in the content of α-helix resulted in the existence of a looser gluten network structure for weak-gluten wheat during post-harvest maturation.     

Comparison of viscoelastic properties of gluten from spelt and common wheat

Rheological properties of gluten from spelt and common wheat were studied. The mechanical spectra of gluten samples were registered over a frequency range of 0.001–200 rad/s. Retardation tests were performed to keep all measurements within a linear regime. The mechanical spectra were fitted with Cole–Cole functions to calculate the viscoelastic plateau modulus G _N ⁰, the central frequency of the upper dissipative loss peak ω ₀, and the spread parameter n. Steady state compliance J _e ⁰ and Newtonian viscosity η ₀ were determined from the retardation tests results. Recovery data were converted from time to frequency domain using the Kaschta method and combined with dynamic data; this enabled the extension of the gluten mechanical spectra down to 10⁻⁶ rad/s, revealing the lower dissipative peak loss. The width of the viscoelastic plateau τ _m ⁰/τ ₀ was calculated, and substantial qualitative and quantitative differences were found in spelt and common wheat gluten. All differences in gluten rheological properties were related to spelt and common wheat flour baking quality and protein composition.     

小麦蛋白对TGase酶交联改性大豆蛋白凝胶特性的影响及机制

为探讨TGase酶对大豆与小麦混合蛋白凝胶性质的影响,本文研究了小麦蛋白的加入前后混合蛋白凝胶功能性质的变化规律。通过研究TGase酶添加量、反应温度、反应pH对混合蛋白凝胶特性的影响可知:蛋白浓度为11%（11 g/100 mL）保持不变,TGase酶添加量为30 U/g,反应温度为40℃,反应pH为7.0时,TGase酶对混合蛋白凝胶特性改善效果最强。对比小麦蛋白加入前后蛋白凝胶的性质,发现小麦蛋白的添加使得蛋白结构的β-折叠含量升高,游离巯基含量减少,凝胶弹性模量（G’）增强,形成了更为多空且紧密有序的三维网络结构,使得混合蛋白的凝胶性能显著增强（p<0.05）。      

Comparative investigations of gluten proteins from different wheat species I. Qualitative and quantitative composition of gluten protein types

In contrast to the hexaploid common (bread) wheat, little information is available on the qualitative and quantitative compositions of gluten proteins from other cultivated wheat species. Therefore, representatives of hexaploid spelt, tetraploid durum wheat and emmer, and diploid einkorn were compared with three classes of common wheat (winter wheat, spring wheat, wheat rye hybrid). The flours were extracted to yield total endosperm proteins and the gluten protein fractions (gliadins and glutenin subunits). The extracts were characterised using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase HPLC; both methods revealed that gluten protein groups and types known from common wheat (ω-, α-, γ-gliadins, HMW and LMW subunits of glutenin) were present in all species. The HPLC platterns of gliadins and glutenin subunits from species with the same genome composition (common wheat/spelt or durum wheat/emmer) were related, and those of einkorn quite different. According to the quantities determined by reversed-phase HPLC, α-gliadins were predominant in most cases, followed by γ-gliadins and LMW subunits; ω-gliadins and HMW subunits were generally minor components. Common wheats were characterised by the highest proportions of total glutenins and HMW subunits, which are known to be important for breadmaking quality. Moreover, the lower ratio of gliadins to glutenins was typical. Emmer had the lowest proportions of total glutenins and of HMW and LMW subunits, together with einkorn the highest proportion of α-gliadins, and, by far, the highest ratio of gliadins to glutenins. The values for spelt and durum wheat were mostly in a medium range between common wheats, emmer, and einkorn, respectively. Amongst common wheats, spring wheat was characterised by more balanced quantities of α- and γ-gliadins, and wheat rye hybrid by the highest proportions of ω-gliadins. Received: 26 November 1999     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对谷朊质构和流变性质的影响

谷朊是淀粉加工的重要副产品。为了提高谷朊产量和改善谷朊性质,在制备谷朊的过程中,向面浆中加入微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)。结果表明,随着酶量的增加,谷朊的蛋白含量提高了3.98%。湿面筋的延伸性和回复性随酶量的增加逐渐减小。通过谷朊蛋白质分子羧基含量的测定和蛋白质分子间相互作用力的分析,在MTG作用100min后蛋白分子的羧基含量上升,蛋白质之间疏水相互作用明显减弱。研究表明,在微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)作用下谷朊的性质产生了明显的变化。     

大豆分离蛋白与谷朊粉可食性复合膜研究

该文报道影响大豆分离蛋白与谷朊粉复合膜成膜因素,分析各种因素对复合膜性能影响,并对正交试验结果采用极差分析和综合评分法进行评定,得到制备综合性能良好的可食性膜最佳条件为:谷朊粉与大豆分离蛋白比例为1∶5,甘油量为20%,pH为11,预热处理温度和时间分别为80℃和40min;此时,膜的透光率、拉伸强度、撕裂强度、水分含量和水蒸汽透过率依次为60.5%、38.38MPa、198.02N/mm、13.87%和0.507g·mm/kPa·h·m2。     

Effects of processing on biochemical and rheological properties of wheat gluten proteins

Protein solubility increases during mixing at water absorption suitable for bread doughs. The changes that result from heat treatment may be much greater than the differences normally found among wheat varieties. Sheeting brings about a reduction in the gluten content and increase in gel protein content of doughs. This may be due to increase in temperature during sheeting as a result of work input to the dough resulting in protein denaturation. Drying at higher temperatures causes denaturation of pasta dough protein. In addition, it has been shown that high temperatures contribute to the formation of the protein network. During extrusion processing proteins are denatured and chemical bonds are weakened as result of heat and shear through the extruder.     

Influence of wheat starch on rheological,structural and physico-chemical properties gluten–starch dough during mixing

This study mainly explored that the influence of wheat starch source on the rheology behaviours and structural properties of gluten–starch dough, and then the model doughs were prepared by the AK58 wheat gluten and three types of starches from strong (ZM366S), medium (AK58S) and weak gluten wheat (ZM103S) during mixing were studied. The damaged starch content of wheat starch was positively correlated with the wheat gluten strength, while the granule size was negatively. The G', G" and the extension resistance of ZM366S dough were higher than those of other doughs, which implied the source of starch also had a significant influence on the rheological properties. CLSM also observed that ZM366S was more closely bound to the gluten protein network. The glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content of ZM366S model dough was the highest, while the SH content was the lowest. Decreases in elasticity, extension and GMP, and small increase in SH content were displayed during dough mixing. Molecular forces were varied with different wheat starch and mixing time. The covalent bond was the main force between ZM103S and gluten, whereas the hydrogen and covalent bonds were the main force between ZM366S or AK58S and gluten. The interactions between ZM366 starch and gluten were stronger than others starch.     

Continuous production of wheat gluten peptide with foaming properties using immobilized enzymes

Gluten peptides are prepared using limited hydrolysis of wheat gluten, resulting in improved solubility and physico-chemical properties. In general, the hydrolysis is performed using a batch-wise process. In this study, we developed a bioreactor system that can continuously produce gluten peptides with foaming properties. Two kinds of acid protease, pepsin and rapidase, were immobilized on porous chitosan beads. The partial deamidation of gluten in advance increased initial velocity of hydrolysis by immobilizing protease and also worked to enhance foaming properties. A packed-bed reactor filled with immobilized protease was designed, and operating parameters were optimized. The optimized conditions were as follows: pH, 3.0; temperature, 40 °C; substrate concentration, 40 mg/ml; and space velocity, 2.0 h^–1. Based on these results, a bench-scale reactor was manufactured to determine the stability of continuous operation. The half-life of the reactor was approximately 45 days, and both productivity and quality were stable and excellent.     

Effects of processing on biochemical and rheological properties of wheat gluten proteins.

Protein solubility increases during mixing at water absorption suitable for bread doughs. The changes that result from heat treatment may be much greater than the differences normally found among wheat varieties. Sheeting brings about a reduction in the gluten content and increase in gel protein content of doughs. This may be due to increase in temperature during sheeting as a result of work input to the dough resulting in protein denaturation. Drying at higher temperatures causes denaturation of pasta dough protein. In addition, it has been shown that high temperatures contribute to the formation of the protein network. During extrusion processing proteins are denatured and chemical bonds are weakened as result of heat and shear through the extruder.     

Impact of mixing time and sodium stearoyl lactylate on gluten polymerization during baking of wheat flour dough

The impact of differences in dough transient gluten network on gluten cross-linking during baking is insufficiently understood. We varied dough mixing times and/or added sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL; 1.0% on flour dry matter basis) to the recipe and studied the effect on subsequent gluten polymerization during heating. The level of proteins extractable in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing media was fitted using first order kinetics. The extent and rate of gluten polymerization were lower when mixing for 8 min than when mixing for 2 min. This effect was even more outspoken in the presence of SSL. The present observations were explained as resulting from less gliadin incorporation in the polymer gluten network and from interaction of SSL with the gluten proteins. Finally, a higher degree of gluten polymerization during baking increased the firmness of the baked products.     

谷朊粉与其改良面粉流变学特性的相关性研究

为研究不同谷朊粉对小麦粉品质的改良作用,选用10种市售谷朊粉为试材,分析其主要品质及改良面粉面团的流变学特性,通过相关性分析及逐步回归分析研究谷朊粉与改良面粉品质之间的相关关系。结果表明:谷朊粉的灰分、粗蛋白、水分、巯基含量、溶解性、持水力、吸水性及泡沫稳定性与改良面粉的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、延伸性、最大拉伸阻力及能量呈显著相关(p<0.05)或者极显著相关(p<0.01)。谷朊粉的泡沫稳定性、水分、粗蛋白、灰分、粗脂肪、持水力、持油力及巯基含量等指标对改良面粉的品质影响较大,其中谷朊粉中粗蛋白含量对改良面粉的综合品质影响最大。      

谷朊粉与其改良面粉流变学特性的相关性研究

为研究不同谷朊粉对小麦粉品质的改良作用,选用10种市售谷朊粉为试材,分析其主要品质及改良面粉面团的流变学特性,通过相关性分析及逐步回归分析研究谷朊粉与改良面粉品质之间的相关关系。结果表明:谷朊粉的灰分、粗蛋白、水分、巯基含量、溶解性、持水力、吸水性及泡沫稳定性与改良面粉的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、延伸性、最大拉伸阻力及能量呈显著相关(p0.05)或者极显著相关(p0.01)。谷朊粉的泡沫稳定性、水分、粗蛋白、灰分、粗脂肪、持水力、持油力及巯基含量等指标对改良面粉的品质影响较大,其中谷朊粉中粗蛋白含量对改良面粉的综合品质影响最大。     

聚丙烯酸钠对小麦面筋蛋白流变学性能影响研究

采用AR1000型流变仪考察聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)对小麦面筋蛋白改性的最佳工艺条件及改性前后流变学性能变化。结果表明,聚丙烯酸钠改性小麦面筋蛋白最佳工艺条件为,盐配比(Na2CO3∶K2CO3)=1∶9(w/w)、盐添加量1.0%、碱(NaOH)添加量1.0%、PAANa添加量0.04%、磁力搅拌时间60 min。动态实验中,改性前后小麦面筋蛋白临界应力分别为:当频率为10 Hz时,改性前后小麦面筋蛋白储能模量与损耗模量分别为4622 Pa、1723 Pa和76800 Pa、12384 Pa;稳态实验中,当蠕变5.5 min时,改性前后小麦面筋蛋白形变分别为11.06%和4.34%。恢复阶段中,当恢复到形变为3%时,改性前样品在实验时间内未能达到;而改性后小麦面筋蛋白恢复到此变形仅需6.2 min。由此可得出,聚丙烯酸钠优化小麦面筋蛋白品质。     

Highly viscous dough-forming properties of marama protein

Marama bean is an indigenous southern African oilseed legume with an unusual protein composition. Hence, its rheological properties were studied. Marama protein formed a highly viscous and extensible dough when compared to soya and gluten. With a dough of 38% moisture, marama protein extensibility was very high (304% of its original length), twice that of gluten and soya, and this increased considerably (>3-fold) when the moisture content was increased to 45%. With added peroxidase, the storage modulus (G′) of marama protein dough increased with time, suggesting the formation of new and strong protein networks. Dityrosine crosslinks were detected in the doughs. Marama protein showed a single transition with a denaturation temperature higher than soya glycinin. Marama protein was more hydrophobic and contained more β-sheet structure than did soya. Thus, the highly viscous and extensible rheological behaviour of marama protein is probably related to its high β-sheet conformation, hydrophobic interactions and tyrosine crosslinks.