热处理工艺对高碳铬轴承钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理工艺(淬回火、贝氏体等温淬火、马氏体预淬火后贝氏体淬火和贝氏体变温淬火处理)对典型高碳铬轴承钢GCr15的组织以及硬度、抗拉强度、冲击功和耐磨性等力学性能的影响,对比分析了不同热处理工艺的微观组织和性能的关系;为了更好地分析下贝氏体短时处理和尺寸稳定性,采用膨胀法进行了试验研究;利用XRD分析,研究了不同热处理工艺后残留奥氏体的量。研究表明,与常规淬回火相比,得到贝氏体组织的处理过程可以得到组织和性能的最佳匹配;贝氏体处理后,试样综合性能优于淬回火处理且尺寸稳定性好;马氏体预淬火处理和贝氏体变温处理在提高钢综合性能的同时又能不同程度缩短贝氏体转变时间。     

GCr15轴承钢贝氏体-马氏体复相淬火北大核心CSCD

利用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对GCr15轴承钢贝氏体-马氏体(B-M)复相淬火进行的研究。分析了等温淬火温度和保温时间、奥氏体晶粒尺寸、球化组织中渗碳体颗粒的单位体积密度对B-M复相淬火的影响规律。结果表明:等温淬火保温时间为30 min时,270℃淬火有利于下贝氏体的转变;等温淬火温度为240℃时,保温60 min有利于下贝氏体的转变。当渗碳体单位体积密度达到3.45个时,贝氏体铁素体片条变细,试验钢硬度升高。     

30Cr2Ni4MoV钢低压转子淬火过程组织演变数值模拟及实验研究

利用数值模拟方法,对直径1890mm的30Cr2Ni4MoV高纯净钢核电低压转子淬火过程和组织分布进行了分析。选取典型点,采用模拟热处理炉对典型点连续冷却得到淬火组织,并与模拟组织进行对比,验证数值模拟分析的准确性。结果表明,淬火模拟组织基本为贝氏体,靠近表面存在厚度约125mm的贝氏体与马氏体混合组织。淬火实际组织距中心900mm处为贝氏体+50%马氏体,从心部到700mm范围以贝氏体为主。     

GCr15轴承钢贝氏体-马氏体复相淬火

利用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对GCr15轴承钢贝氏体-马氏体(B-M)复相淬火进行的研究。分析了等温淬火温度和保温时间、奥氏体晶粒尺寸、球化组织中渗碳体颗粒的单位体积密度对B-M复相淬火的影响规律。结果表明:等温淬火保温时间为30 min时,270℃淬火有利于下贝氏体的转变;等温淬火温度为240℃时,保温60 min有利于下贝氏体的转变。当渗碳体单位体积密度达到3.45个时,贝氏体铁素体片条变细,试验钢硬度升高。     

轴承套圈贝氏体淬火仿真与试验分析

采用有限元仿真和试验方法分析贝氏体等温淬火工艺对GCr15钢轴承套圈畸变和断裂韧性的影响。采用Deform-3D软件对轴承套圈贝氏体淬火工艺进行数值模拟。以圆柱滚子轴承NJ308为研究对象,仿真热处理后最大直径畸变量为0.08 mm,与试验结果对比,仿真误差14%。采用热处理工艺试验,测量贝氏体淬火后轴承直径畸变量为0.07 mm。对比测量分析常规马氏体淬火和贝氏体淬火后的畸变大小,贝氏体热处理后直径畸变极差小,更为均匀,有利于后续的磨削加工。通过断裂试验对比分析,常规的马氏体淬回火工艺断裂强度为113.3 kN,贝氏体等温淬火处理后的断裂强度为152.7 kN,断裂强度显著提升。     

淬火介质对42CrMo钢棒淬火组织及硬度影响的数值模拟及试验验证

基于有限元计算分析了直径为ø40 mm的42CrMo钢圆棒试样分别使用淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后试样不同位置的组织、硬度以及淬火过程中的温度变化,采用硬度检测和显微组织分析对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,当使用淬火油淬火时,试样表面由奥氏体向马氏体和贝氏体转变,心部由奥氏体向贝氏体转变;当使用PAG水基液淬火时,试样表层几乎转变成马氏体,心部转变成马氏体和贝氏体;试样经淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后,表面硬度分别为58和55 HRC,均由表面至心部硬度逐渐降低,但使用PAG水基液淬火后试样的心部硬度比用淬火油的高5 HRC,约为50 HRC。     

热回收型盐浴贝氏体淬火生产线的开发

轴承行业普通的盐浴贝氏体淬火产线在运行过程中热量大量散失,工作环境恶劣。针对这种情况,在盐浴贝氏体淬火产线中增设了热风回收装置,利用余热对工件进行清洗和干燥,有效减少了淬火过程中的热量损失,降低了生产线的热负荷,与传统的盐浴贝氏体淬火生产线相比,节能15%以上。     

高淬透性轴承钢等温淬火工艺研究

本文对高淬透性轴承钢进行不同的等温淬火工艺试验。试验结果表明:淬火加热温度过高,贝氏体尺寸有明显增大,甚至局部出现了个别粗大的不合格贝氏体组织。合理的等温淬火工艺参数有利于获得性能良好的贝氏体组织。     

利用淬火连续冷却得到奥—贝球铁的研究

利用等温淬火,研究了锰促进球铁基体组织向贝氏体转变的含量。在确定锰含量条件下,利用水玻璃淬火介质代替等温淬火介质,对球铁进行淬火处理。试验结果表明,当锰含量为2．0％～3．0％时,可在组织中获得较多的贝氏体,有较高的硬度和适当的冲击韧度。水玻璃淬火可以代替等温淬火,获得下贝氏体组织。     

等温淬火对中碳低合金高硅铸钢力学性能的影响

研究了等温淬火工艺参数对化学成分(质量分数)为0.42%C,2.1%Si,1.64%Mn,0.9%Cr中低碳低合金铸钢力学性能的影响.光学显微组织、透射电镜组织以及XRD物相分析结果表明,试样在340～380℃范围内经等温淬火处理后,可以获得无碳化物析出的奥氏体-贝氏体组织,且随着等温淬火温度的升高,贝氏体形貌由板条状下贝氏体逐渐向上贝氏体转变,试样的硬度≥HRC 40,冲击韧性ak≥120 J/cm2.     

Impact Properties of Copper-Alloyed and Nickel-Copper Alloyed ADI

The influence of austenitization and austempering parameters on the impact properties of copper-alloyed and nickel-copper-alloyed austempered ductile irons (ADIs) has been studied. The austenitization temperature of 850 and 900 °C have been used in the present study for which austempering time periods of 120 and 60 min were optimized in an earlier work. The austempering process was carried out for 60 min for three austempering temperatures of 270, 330, and 380 °C to study the effect of austempering temperature. The influence of the austempering time on impact properties has been studied for austempering temperature of 330 °C for time periods of 30-150 min. The variation in impact strength with the austenitization and austempering parameters has been correlated to the morphology, size and amount of austenite and bainitic ferrite in the austempered structure. The fracture surface of ADI failed under impact has been studied using SEM.     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的等淬工艺及其壁厚敏感性

本文研究了奥氏体－贝氏体等温淬火球墨铸铁（以下简称ＡＤＩ）等淬工艺对组织、性能的影响,得到了各项力学性能指标所对应的工艺参数;对２０ｍｍ－５０ｍｍ范围试样壁厚敏感性进行了试验,认为通过控制合金成分、球化、孕育、等淬工艺可使断面组织均匀、齐一性好,并作了理论分析。     

The influence of cobalt on the austempering reaction in ductile cast iron

Austempering kinetic measurements and mechanical property measurements are reported for two Mn ductile irons with and without Co and three austempering treatments. It is shown that Co accelerates the stage I reaction in each of the irons and for each of the austempering treatments but has little affect on the stage II reaction. Consequently, the processing window is widened and moves to earlier austempering times. This can be useful in the austempering of thicker section components to obtain the higher ductility grades of the ADI standard and to increase process productivity.     

The relationship between austempering parameters,microstructure and mechanical properties in a Mn—Mo—Cu alloyed ductile iron

Measurements of ultimate tensile strength, 0.2% proof strength, elongation and unnotched Charpy impact energy are presented as a function of austempering time in the range from 1 to 4320 minutes for austempering temperatures of 400, 375 and 285 °C and austenitising temperatures of 870, 920 and 950 °C for a ductile iron of composition 3.39%C, 2.56% Si, 0.25% Mo, 0.29% Cu, 0.37% Mn and 0.04% Mg. Austempering kinetic measurements are presented for the various austenitising and austempering temperatures. These measurements are analysed to relate microstructure and mechanical properties and to define processing windows for the different austempering conditions. The analysis suggests a new definition for the closure time of the processing window. The newly defined processing windows are consistent with mechanical property observations in the present iron and a previously studied iron with the same base composition but containing 0.67% Mn.     

Improvement in fracture toughness of austempered ductile iron by two-step austempering process

Abstract

Ductile cast iron samples were austenitised at 900°C and subjected to two types of austempering called as conventional austempering and two-step austempering. Five different temperatures, 280, 300, 320, 350, 380 and 400°C, with an austempering time of 2 h, were chosen for conventional austempering. For two-step austempering process, the first step temperatures were 280, 300 and 320°C. The samples were austempered at each of these temperatures for different times, i.e. 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min, and then upquenched to higher temperature of 400°C for 2 h. Fracture toughness and tensile studies were carried out under all these austempering conditions. During conventional austempering, the fracture toughness initially increased with increasing austempering temperature, reached a peak value of 63 MPa m^1/2 and dropped with further increase in temperature. During the two-step austempering, fracture toughness was found to increase with increasing first step time. The curve shifted to higher values of fracture toughness as the first step temperature was decreased and the maximum value of 78 MPa m^1/2 was obtained. The results of the fracture toughness study and the fractographic examination were correlated with microstructural features such as bainitic morphology, the volume fraction of retained austenite, and its carbon content. Ferrite lath size and stability of the retained austenite were found to influence the fracture toughness.     

等温回火硬度变化规律在连续回火条件下的应用研究

利用非线性回归分析方法,建立了42CrMo钢回火硬度变化规律的函数关系式。利用该关系式所描述的三维图形,分析了等温回火与连续回火的区别。理论分析表明,连续回火过程可看成多个等温回火过程的叠加,只要给出连续回火过程的温度变化曲线,就能利用等温回火模型确定连续回火条件下淬火钢的回火硬度值。因此,等温回火数学模型可方便地用来预测连续回火条件下淬火钢的硬度变化,或根据不同的硬度要求,利用等温回火模型对实际生产条件下的回火过程进行控制。     

Austempering and austempered ductile iron microstructure in copper alloyed ductile iron

The variation in the austempered microstructure, the volume fraction of retained austenite, X_λ, the average carbon content of retained austenite, C_λ, their product X_λC_λ and the size of bainitic ferrite needles with austempering temperature for 0.6% Cu alloyed ductile iron have been investigated for three austempering temperatures of 270, 330, and 380 °C for 60 min at each temperature after austenitization at 850 °C for 120 min. The austempering temperature not only affects the morphology of bainitic ferrite but also that of retained austenite. There is an increase in the amount of retained austenite, its carbon content, and size of bainitic ferrite needles with the rise in austempering temperature. The influence of austempering time on the structure has been studied on the samples austempered at 330 °C. The increase in the austempering time increases the amount of retained austenite and its carbon content, which ultimately reaches a plateau.     

Assessment of the microstructure evolution of an austempered ductile iron during austempering process through strain hardening analysis

The aim of this investigation was to determine a procedure based on tensile testing to assess the critical range of austempering times for having the best ausferrite produced through austempering. The austempered ductile iron (ADI) 1050 was quenched at different times during austempering and the quenched samples were tested in tension. The dislocation-density-related constitutive equation proposed by Estrin for materials having high density of geometrical obstacles to dislocation motion, was used to model the flow curves of the tensile tested samples. On the basis of strain hardening theory, the equation parameters were related to the microstructure of the quenched samples and were used to assess the ADI microstructure evolution during austempering. The microstructure evolution was also analysed through conventional optical microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction technique and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure observations resulted to be consistent with the assessment based on tensile testing, so the dislocation-density-related constitutive equation was found to be a powerful tool to characterise the evolution of the solid state transformations of austempering.     

Effect of Ni Addition on Bainite Transformation and Properties in a 2000 MPa Grade Ultrahigh Strength Bainitic Steel

The effects of Nickle (Ni) addition on bainitic transformation and property of ultrahigh strength bainitic steels are investigated by three austempering processes. The results indicate that Ni addition hinders the isothermal bainite transformation kinetics, and decreases the volume fraction of bainite due to the decrease of chemical driving force for nucleation and growth of bainite transformation. Moreover, the product of tensile strength and total elongation (PSE) of high carbon bainitic steels decreases with Ni addition at higher austempering temperatures (220 and 250 °C), while it shows no significant difference at lower austempering temperature (200 °C). For the same steel (Ni-free or Ni-added steel), the amounts of bainite and RA firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature, resulting in the highest PSE in the sample austempered at temperature of 220 °C. In addition, the effects of austempering time on bainite amount and property of high carbon bainitic steels are also analyzed. It indicates that in a given transformation time range of 30 h, more volume of bainite and better mechanical property in high carbon bainitic steels can be obtained by increasing the isothermal transformation time.     

350℃-Thermal Stability of Austempered Ductile Iron

The thermal stability of an ADI has been studied by isothermal aging at 350℃ for 150 hours, measuring the amount of retained austenite and its carbon content by X-ray diffractometry. The influence of different austempering treatments, carried out at temperatures between 300 and 450℃ (300, 330, 360, 410 and 450℃) and holding times between15 and 60 minutes (15, 30, 45, 60), was considered. Thermal stability depends on whether austempering temperature is higher or lower than the ageing one. Thermal stability increases by increasing austempering temperatures, from 300° to410℃. Samples treated at 410° and 450° show a lower austenite decomposition than samples at 300-330-360℃. A drop in stability is shown by increasing the austempering temperature from 410° to 450℃. The results have been interpreted on the basis of the austenite stability out of the processing window, which in turn depends on the austempering parameters.