Water,sanitation and hygiene and indigenous peoples: a review of the literature

The levels of sanitation and water services coverage as well as health attainment are low among indigenous peoples. This exclusion from basic service has not been sufficiently studied. The present review has analyzed 185 articles dealing with indigenous peoples and the water, sanitation and hygiene complex. The literature is dramatically skewed towards water resources, and overwhelmingly focused on conflicts, at the expense of basic sanitation and hygiene. More initiatives towards the acknowledgement of indigenous peoples’ world-views and institutions in all aspects of the water management cycle are needed. To this end, the development of effective intercultural dialogue mechanisms is crucial.     

Unsafe water,sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria’s public spaces: the political economy angle

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services in public spaces are examined from the political economy perspective in Nigeria. Through field observations and interviews, the study observed that WaSH practices at public spaces are less than optimal on account of poor or outright absence of necessary WaSH infrastructure and weak or non-existent regulation and enforcement of necessary standards, among other challenges. Socio-economic factors related to the category of users and the proprietary interests of specific spaces largely accounted for WaSH services inequality. It is argued that the failure of the state to guarantee functional WaSH infrastructure and enforce standard practices opens space for differentiated practices and standards consistent with specific interests.     

最新颁布实施的《城市供水水质标准》的特点

2005年2月,建设部颁布了新的<城市供水水质标准>(CJ/T206-2005,以下简称<标准>),并于6月1日起开始实施.新<标准>分析了国内现行标准、规范和执行状况,参考了世界卫生组织、欧盟以及美、英、法、德等国际组织和发达国家的水质标准,既体现了国际先进水平的要求,同时也结合我国国情,充分考虑了供水行业的实际情况和发展趋势.     

Changing Ownership Structures in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Abstract

The development over time of the water supply and sanitation sectors in four countries is analyzed to reveal the changing role of the private sector. In some cases, local, small-scale private water supply and sanitation systems have been able to develop progressively into large-scale official systems, which may later be privatized. In other cases, foreign capital has been more significant in the development of modern water supply and sanitation systems, particularly where privatization has occurred much earlier in the national development process. In much of the developing world, domestic water supply and sanitation is dominated not by the official water supply and sanitation companies but by independent operators who function without subsidies but with enormous variability in terms of quality of service and prices offered. However, they are constrained generally by the absence of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, including the lack of independent regulatory authorities. There is a need, where appropriate, to continue to encourage large-scale private sector involvement in the official water supply sectors of the developing world. At the same time though, it is only by promoting policies that also further the development (where appropriate) of the independent water supply and sanitation providers that access to water supply and sanitation services can be maximized since better use of local resources in many developing countries, both local human resources and capital, provide a key means for improving access to water supply and sanitation.     

Community Participation in Water and Sanitation

Abstract

This paper addresses community participation issues in the water and sanitation sector. A brief introduction is provided, including a historical explanation of the origins of participation in water and sanitation projects. Subsequently, participation is defined, and the focus is directed to the types and levels of participation and their advantages and disadvantages. In order to better understand emerging issues when designing and implementing a water and sanitation project, a case study from Ecuador is presented and analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for future projects are given.     

生态卫生系统的发展与实践现状

生态卫生系统的基本思想是对生活污水进行分类收集及源处理,以期实现可分别进行营养盐循环回用及水资源再生利用的可持续型废物管理模式.对生态卫生系统的核心理念和发展及实践现状进行了讨论,并对该系统在我国的实施提出了建议.     

世界水资源的新发展

选择2007年瑞典斯德哥尔摩、德国贝青市国际水论坛、中国部分水论坛的有关资料,介绍2007年各大水论坛的主题和议题,从宏观上介绍世界水资源的现状和进展,并对以水资源的可持续利用支持社会经济的可持续发展等问题进行讨论。论述了我国水资源的新发展,提出目前要着力研究的五大问题以及我国水资源发展的8个战略重点。     

Strengthening Community Water Supply Management and Striving for Improved Sanitation in Sudan

Abstract

Although the amount of water on our planet is relatively fixed, it remains essential for all living things as well as hydropower generation, navigation, industrial use, etc. It is also becoming increasingly necessary for the growth and economic well being of industry. It is vital, therefore, that this scarce resource is well managed to meet the needs of a growing population as well as the demands of increased industrialisation throughout Sudan. Water and raw materials may be transported for long distances to reach domestic consumers and industries. Domestic and industrial wastes, however, must be dealt with where they are generated. In large cities, waste management has been difficult because of rapid urban growth. Environmental and water pollution is now a major concern throughout Sudan. An integrated approach to tackle water pollution issues should be adopted by industries, communities, local authorities, central governments, and professionals working in the sector. Most polluters give little or no attention to the control and proper management of the polluting effluents. This may be due to lack of enforceable legislation and/or the fear of spending money on the treatment of their effluent prior to discharge. Furthermore, the fines imposed on offenders are generally too low and therefore do not deter would be offenders.     

From Polluted to Swimmable Waters

Abstract

As early as the 1830s, water was pumped from the lake above the city and led via a wooden pipe to the centre of Tampere. In the 1860s, a businessman suggested that a privately held waterworks be constructed, but a city-owned works was preferred. A gravity system began distributing water in 1882, followed by a high-pressure system in 1898. The first phase of a sewerage system was completed in 1894. The bodies of water upstream and downstream from the City of Tampere deteriorated during the 1950s and 1960s but recovered surprisingly fast after the introduction of efficient water pollution control. Groundwater utilization was suggested in the 1910s, implemented partly since the 1950s, and may be followed by artificial recharge by 2010. Experiences from both water supply and water pollution control in the case of Tampere indicates that foreign solutions as such do not suit Finnish conditions. Applied development and research are needed. The role of public relations and education is becoming increasingly important as we enter the 21st century.     

A Need to See Connections and Interactions

Abstract

This paper characterizes present challenges in water management worldwide and explores interdependencies between present technologies in water supply, sanitation, organic waste management, agriculture, and food production. The purpose of this discussion is to increase the sensitivity of readers to the connections between actions planned or already taken in different sectors that are usually only marginally considered by the scientific water community. A related purpose is to show how present problems may be turned into opportunities provided that actions in water management, sanitation provision, solid waste management, agriculture and food production are seen and approached as highly interdependent. An overriding premise of the discussions is that the scientific community of water scientists has a crucial role to play in future actions towards securing not only access to water and decent sanitation to everybody but also in global struggle to deliver enough food for a growing world population.     

基于无人机的可隔离污染吸取式水样采集系统设计

目前广泛使用的水样采集设备和流程存在操作员感染病毒的风险,在离岸较远的点位取样效率较低。针对这些问题,设计了一种新型可隔离污染的水样采集无人机系统,提出了无菌采集方案和分电系统设计方案。设计的采样系统在试验中通过对比测试确定了最佳方案,并完成了官厅水库采样试验和采样稳定性试验。该系统工作稳定可靠,能够有效隔离污染、提升效率,适用于水环境研究、环境执法取证、水数据收集、应急污染追踪等多种用途。