Thermo-environmental performance analysis of irreversible solid oxide fuel cell – Stirling heat engine

A hybrid, irreversible solid oxide fuel cell – Stirling heat engine system is taken into account. Thermoenvironmental criterion approach, which enables to evaluate environmental impact of any thermal cycle, is applied to the considered system for the first time. Power density, exergy density, thermoenvironmental function density, energy and exergy efficiencies are considered. Results are presented and discussed to determine optimum operating conditions. Some important results for the hybrid system are ordered: maximum power density is 7489.92 (A?m^?2), maximum energy and exergy efficiencies are 0.800 and 0.887, respectively, and finally, thermoenvironmental function density is 0.0276 (W?mpts^?1?m^?2).     

A characteristic evaluation of alumina–zirconia-coated engine fuelled with punnai methyl ester

All these years, several studies have been carried out to find feasible, viable and dominant alternate source to fossil fuels, with the primary interest of enhancing engine performance and reducing exhaust tail pipe emissions. The present work enumerates the performance and emission characteristics of low-heat rejection engine (LHRE) coated with the alumina–zirconia (Al₂O₃–ZrO₂) composite. Experimental results proved improvement in brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption and well-to-wheel reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emission for coated engine (CE) in comparison with uncoated engine (UCE). Neat diesel, new high-potential punnai methyl ester and its diesel blends were used as test fuels. However, in the experimental study, oxides of nitrogen increased for CE than UCE.     

The effect of exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine

In this work, performance and emission characteristics tests are conducted on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)-mode engine using mango seed methyl ester. And also the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emission of HCCI engine is analysed. The three different percentages of EGR were added with intake fresh air at 15%, 30% and 45%. The objective of this work is to obtain the optimum EGR percentage based on engine performance and emissions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) slightly increased than conventional unmodified direct injection (DI) diesel engine. 15% of EGR shows higher BTE than other percentages of EGR added with HCCI engine. Specific fuel consumption of HCCI-mode engine is lower than the normal diesel engine. The exhaustion of harmful emission of oxides of nitrogen has been reduced when biodiesel is used in HCCI-mode engine. However, smoke and CO emissions were reduced in HCCI-mode engine compared with DI diesel engine and further decreased by using EGR in HCCI-mode engine. HC emissions are slightly increased for HCCI-mode engine.     

Investigation on a diesel engine’s performance with integration of magnetic flux on the fuel line

Application of magnetic flux (MF) on the fuel line of diesel engines is a promising technique to enhance the performance of the engine. In this work, MF was applied by placing neodymium magnet pairs (MP) on the fuel line of a diesel engine test setup. Tests were carried out for different loads in the range of 0–8?kg. In the first stage, performance of the test setup was evaluated without MF for fixed load condition; in the second stage, performance evaluation was done by increasing number of MP on the fuel line – that is, the number of magnetic pairs was increased from 1 to 4. The experimental results confirmed that fuel consumption rate decreases with an increase in magnetic pair from 1 to 3; after employing the fourth magnetic pair, an increase in fuel consumption rate was observed. This clearly gives an idea for the presence of critical magnetic field for fuel savings.     

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder spark ignition engine using ethanol–petrol-blended fuels

The performance, exhaust emission and combustion analyses of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with extended range of ethanol–petrol blends were carried out successfully at full load conditions. Ethanol produced from raffia trunks was blended with petrol at different proportions by volume. In order to establish a baseline for comparison, the engine was first run on neat petrol. The engine performance parameters (engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure and brake thermal efficiency), exhaust emission parameters (CO, HC, CO₂ and O₂ emissions) and combustion parameters were determined for each blend of fuel at different engine speeds. The test results interestingly revealed that the addition of ethanol to petrol causes an improvement in combustion characteristics and significant reduction in exhaust emissions which in turn improved engine performance. In all, ethanol and its blends with petrol exhibited performance characteristics trends similar to that of petrol thus confirming them as suitable alternative fuels for spark ignition engines.     

Prediction of engine performance and exhaust emissions with different proportions of ethanol–gasoline blends using artificial neural networks

The main purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the use of ANNs (artificial neural networks) modelling to predict engine power, torque and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine which operates with gasoline and methanol blends. For the ANN modelling, the standard back-propagation algorithm was found to be the optimal choice for training the model. Afterwards, the performance of the ANN predictions was evaluated with the experimental results by comparing the predictions. Fuel type and engine speed have been used as the input layer, while engine torque, power, exhaust emissions, Tex and BSFC have also been used separately as the output layer. It was found that the ANN model is able to predict the engine performance, exhaust emissions, Tex and BSFC with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991887425, 0.9990868573, 0.9986749623, 0.9988624137, 0.9976761492, 0.9992943894 and 0.9978899033 for the Power, Torque, CO, CO₂, HC, Tex and BSFC for testing data, respectively.     

A parametric study on the effects of displacer-cylinder-circumferential-wall thermal conditions on the performance of a γ-type LTD Stirling engine

ABSTRACT

Regarding a Stirling engine’s heat source and heat sink, most of the studies in the literature focus only on the magnitude of temperature difference between them. However, different Stirling engines adopt very different heat-source and heat-sink configurations. This study is aimed at understanding the effects of different displacer-cylinder-wall thermal conditions on engine performance using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results include p–V diagrams, heat flux distributions, temperature variations, and effects of three displacer-cylinder-wall parameters on indicated power and efficiency. It is found that the thermal conditions on the displacer-cylinder-circumferential wall (DCCW) impose significant effects on engine performance. Within the ranges of parameters investigated in this study, extending the coverage of heat source and heat sink on this wall improves up to 28% in indicated power at the cost of losing about 10% in efficiency, proving the significance of DCCW conditions on engine performance.     

Impact of partially stabilised zirconia on a single-cylinder diesel engine’s performance,using orange oil methyl ester biodiesel

Exhaustion of crude oil resources, rise in fuel prices and necessity to find less-carbon fuel have encouraged to find an alternative fuel. Biodiesel is characterised by its fuel properties, which may have an adverse effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Thus, it is necessary to trans-esterify the extracted orange oil and make it viable for diesel engine. In the present work, partially stabilised zirconia was used as a thermal barrier coating (TBC) for the combustion chamber components using plasma spray technique. The present study focused on the impact of TBC on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with B1 (20% orange oil methyl ester with 80% diesel) sample and diesel. Increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake-specific fuel consumption are observed for B1 in the TBC engine. On comparing with the uncoated engine, the B1 in coated engine exhibited lower carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions than diesel.     

Optimisation of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with Mahua oil methyl ester–diesel blend using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT

The aim of present study is to optimise the performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel blended diesel fuel using response surface methodology (RSM). During engine trials, two parameters, viz. blend ratio and load torque, were varied and the responses like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke opacity were investigated. Statistical tool like RSM was used to design experiments. Optimisation of parameters was performed using the desirability approach of RSM for superior performance and lower emission. The results revealed that at optimal input parameters (40% fuel blend and 15?Nm load torque), the values of performance and emission parameters in optimal solutions: BSFC (kg/kWh): 0.2252, BTE (%): 29.2885, CO (vol. %): 0.00757, HC (ppm): 5.7195, NO_x (ppm): 319.78, smoke (vol. %): 4.50 were found for the Mahua oil methyl esters blended with diesel.     

Effect of ethanol on the performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with vegetable oil–diesel blend

Experimental work had been carried out to analyse the effect of ethanol on the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of vegetable oil–diesel blend (50% vol. rapeseed oil and 50% vol. diesel fuel). The vegetable oil–diesel–ethanol blended fuels were prepared by using microemulsification technique and the main properties were measured. The results showed that, with the increase in ethanol volume fraction in the blends, the viscosity and density were decreased and close to those of diesel fuel. The combustion started later; the peak cylinder pressure, peak heat release rate varied significantly under different operating conditions and the corresponding crank angles of the peak values were retarded. There were slightly higher brake-specific fuel consumptions. Smoke and nitrogen oxide emissions were observed to reduce, but carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were found slightly higher with the increase of ethanol volume fraction under all ranges of engine operating conditions.     

The ascendency of electric motive power as a gradual replacement for the internal combustion engine (ICE), ‘Ockham’s Electric Razor’

The author surveys the rapid developments leading to a gradual transition away from the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to the Electric Vehicle (EV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV).     

2C和2I

家居空间的多功能性和会话性越来越普遍受到业主的关注,他们通常会希望一个空间不仅仅只是有一种单一的功能用途,而是可以稍加改变,就使同一空间具有不同的艺术效果。这就需要我们很熟悉每一个功能的特点,用途以及它们之间的相互联系,才能很好地将不同的空间结合在一起。有时候     

2-A-2建筑工作室

工作室管理层米俊仁:室主任.执行主任建筑师.一级注册建筑师,高级建筑师,首规委评标专家 石燕学:副室主任 副主任建筑师.一级注册建筑师,高级建筑师     

空中救援队2（PS2）

2001年3月发售的大受好评的直升机救援游戏《AIR RANGER》（空中救援队）将要推出续作了，本游戏是一款飞行模拟救援动作游戏，和其它的模拟驾驶类空战游戏不同的是，在本作里玩家驾驶的直升机不是在战场上和敌人搏杀，而要参与灾害的救援活动。     

TiO_2－SiO_2选择透过膜及其在Fe_2O_3—Cr_2O_3－MnO_2

报道了用浸渍法制备的ＴｉＯ２－ＳｉＯ２选择透过膜和这种薄膜与Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ｃｒ２Ｏ３－ＭｎＯ２选择吸收涂层的复合徐层．讨论了ＴｉＯ２－ＳｉＯ２选择透过膜的光学性质、力学性质、耐热性能以及化学稳定性等及其影响因素．研究了复合涂层的光学性质及耐老化性能等．     

方案2

边界明确的、重复围合的空间,是北京传统建筑和城市规划的重要特点.围墙也界定了围合空间之间的空间,那些作为交通、交易和交流空间的胡同.公共空间和私密空间交织在一起,形成地毯状的均质结构.     

别墅设计2

此别墅为一二层楼房,宜建在乡村或郊外的地段上■具有朴实、雅致的外观特征。一斤三卧室.另有一餐厅和一工作室以及其它辅助用房.加之室外场地.整个设计空间流畅.环境幽静。     

2%

设计总部2%是一个青年休闲服品牌,其时装连锁店遍布东南亚,以及香港、台湾和大陆各省市等。本案是2%在香港的设计总公司办公室的设计及规划。其难度及趣味在于在于其使用者本质上及要求上的差异,但同时又必须共存在一个空间内。最主要的使用者当然是每日在办公室里工作的一群设     

鬼泣2

受全世界游戏玩家喜爱的动作类游戏《鬼泣》已经是令广大游戏者们体验到一种前所未有的舒畅感觉,就在这款游戏的光芒还未退去的时候,它的后续之作又将隆重登场,并且在这部游戏中又将新添加一位女性主人公这使得游戏的内容更加丰富多采,同时新加入的战斗系统将更为吸引大家的目光。以下就是游戏中部分新系统及画面的介绍,请慢慢欣赏。     

2观点

2．1让·努维尔的多哈大厦获得“世界最佳高层建筑奖”（组图）来源：自由建筑报道；2．2中国需要什么样的建筑？来源：人民政协网；2．3“城市‘丑建筑’正在扎堆出现”来源：北展网。