Bio-ethanol additive effect on direct injection diesel engine performance,emission and combustion characteristics – an experimental examination

ABSTRACT

The present investigation explores the effect of dairy scum oil methyl ester (DSOME) blends and ethanol additive on TV1 Kirloskar diesel engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. From the experimental study, it is concluded that DSOME-B20 (20% dairy scum biodiesel?+?80% diesel) has shown appreciable performance and lower HC and CO emissions among all other blends. Hence DSOME-B20 is optimised as best fuel blend and it is carried for further investigations to study the effect of bio-ethanol additive on diesel engine performance. From the study it apparent that diesel engine operated with ethanol additive and 20% dairy scum biodiesel blended fuels shown the satisfactorily improved emission characteristics when compared to petroleum diesel fuel operation. Finally, from the experimental investigation, it concludes that addition of ethanol shown the slightly higher HC, CO emission and improved BTE, BSFC, NOx and CO₂ than sole B20 biodiesel blend. Among all three (3%, 6% and 9%) ethanol additive ratios, E6% (6%-ethanol with B20) ethanol additive exhibits slightly better BTE, BSFC, cylinder pressure and heat release rate hence 6% ethanol additive with B20 biodiesel blend would furnish beneficial effects in the diesel engine.     

Experimental investigation of compression ratio on performance and emissions characteristics of pumpkin seed oil blends in a diesel engine

This aim of the current study is to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of pumpkin seed oil with diesel at different blended ratios (B10-CR15, B20-CR15, B10-CR18 and B20-CR18) in a constant speed (1500?rpm) engine. The tests were conducted at various loads of the engine and with specific compression ratios of 15 and 18. The performance and emissions were compared with the different blend ratios and compression ratios. As a result of which the higher compression ratios shows better performance and emission than the lower compression ratio; among them B20-CR18 shows better results such that CO₂, HC and CO emissions were reduced and there is a slight increase in NO_X value compared to diesel and other blend ratios and also there is an increased brake thermal efficiency for the blend B20-CR18. This shows that the optimum blend is chosen from the results is identified as B20-CR18, which has better performance and emission than other blends and compression ratios.     

Evaluation of performance and emission behaviour of DI diesel engine powered by biofuel

In this experiment, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine were tested using bio-fuel (Anise oil) at different loads. The main focus of this study was to compare the existing biodiesel blends with the proposed mixture (anise?+?cerium oxide) of biodiesel blends in terms of engine parameters, cost, efficiency, and pollution control. The blends used in this experiment are B10 (Biodiesel-10%), B20 (Biodiesel-20%), and B30 (Biodiesel-30%). The emission and performance parameters considered for the test are SFC (specific fuel consumption), CO (carbon monoxide), NO_X (nitrogen oxide), and HC (hydrocarbon). These parameters were tested for different load conditions such as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. From the results, it shows that SFC is lower for B20 blend compared to that of pure diesel fuel, while B10, B30, B40, and B50 blends have slightly higher values. From the experiment, it is found that emissions of the HC and NO_x were reduced and CO emission is slightly higher than the pure diesel.     

Performance characteristics of CI engine using blends of waste cooking oil methyl ester,ethanol and diesel

ABSTRACT

The main emphasis of this work is to explore the biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil and its utilisation in CI engine blended with ethanol and conventional diesel. Waste cooking oil methyl esters (WCOME) was prepared by transesterification with a heterogeneous catalyst such as CaO. Diesel and WCOME blends of five different proportions with 5% of ethanol uniformly added to them were used as a fuel in a variable compression ratio, constant speed, compression ignition engine. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the engine at part and full load conditions were compared with that of neat diesel, varying the compression ratio from 18 to 22. From the experimental results, the blend comprising 20% waste cooking oil, 5% ethanol and 75% mineral diesel showed ameliorated performance and emission characteristics, compared with all the other fuel blends at an optimum compression ratio of 21.     

Performance and Emission characteristics of cotton seed and neem oil biodiesel with CeO2 additives in a single-cylinder diesel engine

Energy utilisation from renewable sources plays a vital role in meeting the demands of a clean environment. Commercialisation of biodiesel is comparatively less than that of other alternative sources due to its suitability and yield. This paper is focused on performance and emission characteristics of neem oil biodiesel and cotton seed oil biodiesel blended with cerium oxide as an additive. The blending proportion was B10, B20, B30, B40 and 100% diesel. The testing was performed in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with an exhaust gas analyser. The performance characteristics were obtained in between the brake power with specific fuel consumption and emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other gases. It was observed that the combination of B20 proportion with CeO₂ blend produces effect results with other blends in specific fuel consumption and reduced emission behaviour.     

Experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using waste cotton seed biodiesel with ZNO as a fuel additive

ABSTRACT

The energy crisis created by depletion of fossil fuels and the toxic emissions from the fossil fuel demands for eco-friendly potential alternative sources of energy. Even though unclean, biodiesel is found to be a potential alternative for the fossil fuels. In the present work, the emission characteristics and performance of biodiesel blend with and without ZNO additive was studied. There are four biodiesel blends studied in the first part of the research and found that the B25 combination gives a better result compared to others; therefore, this blend is tested with three proportion of ZNO additive in the second part of the research. The addition of 125?PPM of ZNO to the selected B25 blends gives a better performance, the efficiency improvement is found to be 4.2% and the emission of NO_x is by 10.3% under full load condition.     

Optimisation of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with Mahua oil methyl ester–diesel blend using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT

The aim of present study is to optimise the performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel blended diesel fuel using response surface methodology (RSM). During engine trials, two parameters, viz. blend ratio and load torque, were varied and the responses like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke opacity were investigated. Statistical tool like RSM was used to design experiments. Optimisation of parameters was performed using the desirability approach of RSM for superior performance and lower emission. The results revealed that at optimal input parameters (40% fuel blend and 15?Nm load torque), the values of performance and emission parameters in optimal solutions: BSFC (kg/kWh): 0.2252, BTE (%): 29.2885, CO (vol. %): 0.00757, HC (ppm): 5.7195, NO_x (ppm): 319.78, smoke (vol. %): 4.50 were found for the Mahua oil methyl esters blended with diesel.     

Experimental investigations on the influence of properties of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel on performance,combustion, and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine

The current state of future energy and environmental crises has revitalised the need to find alternative sources of energy due to escalating oil prices and depleting oil reserves. To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been a growing interest in alternative fuels like biodiesel that can become a suitable diesel fuel substitute for compression ignition engine. Biodiesel offers a very promising alternative to diesel fuel, since they are renewable and have similar properties. Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil collected from different restaurants in the Nagapattinam region of South India was converted into methyl esters (biodiesel) by transesterification. Biodiesel produced from C. inophyllum oil was blended with diesel by different volume proportions (25%, 50%, and 75%). Biodiesel and its blends were tested on a direct injection (DI) diesel engine at a constant speed by varying loads from 0% to 100% in steps of 20% to analyse its performance, emission, and combustion characteristics. The results obtained were compared with that of diesel fuel. B25 (27.5%) showed better performance than diesel fuel (26.28%) at full load and B50 showed performances similar to diesel fuel. Smoke density of B25 was slightly (2.6%) higher than that of diesel at full load conditions. At full load, measured carbon monoxide emissions for B25 and B50 were 4% lower than that of diesel. Hydrocarbon emissions for B25 and B100 were 5.37% and 25.8% higher than that of diesel, respectively. Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission was lower for all biodiesel blends. NO_x emissions of B100 and B75 were lower than that of diesel by 22.16% and 13.29% at full load, respectively. Combustion profile was smoother, and no knocking problem was observed while operating with biodiesel blends. B75 produced peak cylinder pressure.     

Effect of nano-fuel additive on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine using biodiesel blends with diesel fuel

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel as an alternative source of petroleum fuel could reduce the dependence on petroleum products and control pollution problems. These biofuels are derived from various sources and if directly used in the engine it will not completely burn and will cause an increase in the emission level. In this experiment, 20% of rubber seed oil (B20) blended with pure diesel fuel along with aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) was used in the proportions of 10?, 20 and 30?ppm. The obtained experimental results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was increased and the engine emission was reduced. And the brake-specific fuel consumption was reduced, but the NO_x level increased at the proportion level at 10?ppm of nano additives. This experiment has been carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled engine connected to an electrical dynamometer without engine modification and the injection pressure and timings were maintained at the standard level designed for the engine. The dynamic energy of aluminium oxide blend with the biodiesel improved the combustion characteristics in the engine, and caused a reduction in carbon deposits by 44.8% in the cylinder wall.     

Influence of injection timing on engine performance,emission characteristics of Mimusops Elangi methyl ester

ABSTRACT

The improvement in engine performance and exhaust emissions reduction are the major important issues in developing a more efficient engine. The injection timing is one the major parameters that affect the engine performance and emissions for a diesel engine. The present work focused on characterising the in?uence of injection timing on engine performance and exhaust emissions. This has been critically investigated for B20?+?25?ppm (20% Mimusops Elangi methyl ester-80% diesel fuel?+?25?ppm of TiO₂ nanoparticle) additive as alternative fuel. The B20?+25 ppm TiO₂ nanoparticle additive produces more HC and CO emission, but reduce NO_X emission when injection timing is retarded. Advancement in injection timing for B20?+25?ppm TiO₂ nanoparticle additive results in an increase of brake thermal efficiency, decreases brake specific fuel consumption and giving out less HC, CO, smoke emissions but the marginal increase in the NO_X emission.     

Experimental mitigation of NO x emission in exhaust gases of CI engine fuelled with methyl ester of cottonseed oil blend

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the development of a B20 cottonseed oil blend for passenger vehicle with vanadium-based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology addition on exhaust system. SCR is a progressive emissions governor technology organism that injects a liquid-Urea (also called aqueous urea, Ad Blue or Diesel Exhaust Fluid) through an injector nozzle into the exhaust manifold of diesel engine. The methyl ester of cottonseed oil blend was analysed in a single cylinder, 4-stroke, computerised water-cooled, diesel engine of 5.2?kW rated power for performance and emission characteristics with SCR. The results indicate that the emissions of the CI engine running on B20 blend with the catalytic convertor reduced NO _x emission up to 76% with different quantity of dosing. However, it is noted that the brake thermal efficiency is reduced slightly by 2% for SCR due to the back pressure created by the SCR system.     

The effect of engine emission on canola biodiesel blends with TiO2

The role of nanoparticles and nanofluid additives for biodiesel has gained consistent position in the current trend as they contribute to increase the performance of the engine with lower emission. In addition, additives also help to increase the engine reliability and lifespan. In this work, the effects of canola biodiesel blends of 20% proportions with diesel were investigated at 100% of engine load. The fuel is tested in a multi-cylinder water-cooled direct ignition (DI) engine. There are numerous notable works on nanofluid; however, the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticle as additive to produce canola biodiesel fuel is very limited. With the addition of the TiO₂ nanoparticle on Canola biodiesel blend in the DI engine, the exhaust property of gases such as CO, HC and NO_X is reduced. Furthermore, the combustion characteristics of the engine are improved. The canola biodiesel blends also resulted in lower NO_x emission as well as low smoke.     

Experimental analysis of DI diesel engine using dual biofuel blended with diesel

ABSTRACT

In recent years, biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engines because of its environmental benefits and the fact is that it is made from renewable resources. The role of biodiesel is not to replace petroleum diesel, biofuels help to improve the economical growth and positive impacts on the environment. The main purpose of this research is to reduce the emission such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). And to increase the performance characteristics such as break thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) of diesel engines. Here we used dual biofuel (lemongrass oil plus mint oil) blended with diesel and cerium oxide is added as an additive and undergone the test of engine performance and emission parameters of diesel. The measuring parameters are BTHE, specific fuel conception, CO₂, CO, NO_x and HC.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by neem oil blended with alcohols

Fuel crisis and environmental concerns have led researchers to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin sources such as vegetable oils, which can be produced from forests and oil-bearing biomass materials. Vegetable oils have energy content comparable to that of diesel fuel. Straight vegetable oils posed several operational problems and durability problems when subjected to long-term usage in compression ignition engine. These problems are attributed to higher viscosity and lower volatility. In this study, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine operating on neem oil and its blends of 5, 10, 15 and 20?vol% with ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol are evaluated and compared with diesel operation. The results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency is improved with the use of neem oil–alcohol blends with respect to those of neat neem oil. The smoke intensity, CO and HC emissions with neem oil–alcohol blends are observed to be lower with respect to those of neat neem oil at higher loads. The NO _x emission is very slightly reduced with the use of neem oil–alcohol blends except for the neem oil–ethanol blend compared with that of neat neem oil.     

Effects of hydrocarbon fuel extracted from waste transformer oil on a DI diesel engine

In this study, hydrocarbon fuel (HCF) was derived from waste transformer oil through a traditional base-catalysed trans-esterification process. The experimental investigations using its blends of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and diesel fuel were carried out separately. The HCF obtained from waste transformer oil is used in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine without any engine modification to evaluate its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The results indicate that the engine operating on test fuel blends shows a marginal increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with a significant reduction in smoke. Nitrous oxides (NO_x) emission was slightly higher for test fuel blends than for diesel. The results show that at maximum load conditions, 25% HCF reduces carbon monoxide, smoke and hydrocarbon emission by 50%, 31% and 10%, respectively, whereas 50% HCF shows a greater BTE than other blends and is 12% higher than that of the diesel fuel. The combustion characteristics of fuel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Effect of Al2O3 nano-additives on the performance and emission characteristics of jatropha and pongamia methyl esters in compression ignition engine

Nano-additives can be added to biodiesel blends to improve its performance through better fuel properties. The present study investigated the effects of Al₂O₃ nano-additives on B20 blends of pongamia and jatropha biodiesel in a vertical single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine. The fuel properties have been determined for all fuel samples with and without additives addition. The engine study was conducted to analyse the performance and emission characteristics of the blends with and without the additives at varying loads. The emissions from the biodiesel blends were comparatively lesser than that of normal diesel. B20 blend of pongamia biodiesel with additive has shown better performance. Additive-added biodiesel blends show a significant reduction in NO_x emission.     

Emission characteristics of neat rapeseed oil fuel in diesel engine

Studies show that the combustion of fossil fuel is the main cause of increasing global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels, which is the cause of the greenhouse effect. This has promoted increased research world-wide in a bid to source a greener alternative fuel substitute for conventional fossil fuel. Biofuel appears to be an alternative energy source for diesel engines. Although the combustion of biofuels produces CO₂, the same quantity is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis, hence CO₂ levels are kept in balance. The sulphur content of plant fuels is also low and less than 0.01% by weight compared to 0.05% by weight for diesel fuel. The effect of acid rain is therefore reduced or ameliorated. High viscosity is one of the major problems relating to the direct use of neat vegetable oils as fuels. One method of reducing viscosity is by blending with a low viscosity and volatile fuel. This paper investigates the emission characteristics of neat rapeseed oil and its blend with diesel fuel in a single cylinder unmodified diesel engine. Tests were also conducted on pure diesel fuel so that a comparative assessment could be made. Test results showed reduced hydrocarbon (HC) emissions when running on biofuels. The CO production was higher when running on biofuel at high engine speed and was significantly reduced at low speed operations. The CO₂ emissions were similar for all fuels. The analyses of lubrication oil after the runs on plant fuels showed a net reduction in viscosity.     

Performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder constant speed compression ignition engine using soybean methyl esters

ABSTRACT

The present study was aimed to produce biodiesel from soybean oil and to investigate its characteristics. Soybean oil-based bio diesel properties are observed and tested in the fuel testing laboratory with standard procedures. It is found that soybean oil-based biodiesel has similar properties as that of diesel fuel. An experimental set-up was used in the study to analyse the performance, combustion and emission of soybean oil biodiesel with respect to normal diesel by using different blends (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100). It is observed that there is no difficulty found in running the engine, but the performance of the biodiesel blends quite deviated from normal diesel. The combustion characteristics of the tested blends were in agreement with normal diesel. The carbon emissions are much lower for soybean oil biodiesel blends than diesel.     

Comparative study on single-injection and pilot-injection strategies for DI CI engine fuelled with the butanol/diesel blend

ABSTRACT

The present paper discusses a comparative study of single- and pilot-injection strategy fuelled with diesel (i.e. Bu00) and 15% of butanol blend (i.e. Bu15). The effects of pilot injection timing (?33° bTDC to ?73° bTDC) and pilot injection fuel quantity (5–20%) with 15% of butanol blend were carried out numerically using CONVERGE CFD Code. The results show that in single-injection strategy, NOx, CO and soot emissions reduce, whereas UBHC emission increases with the addition of butanol content. In pilot-injection strategy, when the first fuel injection timing is advanced, the peak value of heat release rate (HRR) for the first injected fuel reduces, but marginally improves for the main injected fuel. Increasing the first injection fuel quantity, the HRR of the peak value for first injected fuel increases but the HRR of the peak value for second injected fuel reduces. Minimum ISFC was obtained at 10% of pilot injection fuel quantity and ?53° bTDC of pilot injection timing.     

Impact of oxygenated cottonseed biodiesel on combustion,performance and emission parameters in a direct injection CI engine

In the present study, biodiesel production from the crude cotton-seed oil (CSO) and its feasibility to be used as fuel in compression ignition engine was analysed. Single-stage transesterification at molar ratio of 8:1 on crude CSO yielded 94% of cottonseed biodiesel (CBD). Gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 19.5% unsaturated and 80.5% saturated esters in cotton seed biodiesel. Taguchi approach identified the stable fuel blend with oxygenate concentration. Increased oxygen concentration up to 20% were also analysed to understand the variation. Higher peak in-cylinder pressure was observed in D80CBD20 fuel blend. Diesel–biodiesel blend with oxygenate significantly affected the ignition delay and also resulted in varied exhaust gas temperature. D80CBD20nB10 showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency, whereas D80CBD20 exhibited higher brake specific energy consumption at full load. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emission was found to be high in diesel with higher oxides of nitrogen in D80CBD20nB10. This experimental investigation finally revealed that, D80CBD20nB10 improved the combustion and performance characteristics with minimal emissions.

Abbreviations ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; BP: brake power; BSEC: brake specific energy consumption; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CBD: cottonseed biodiesel; CI: compression ignition; CO: carbon monoxide; CO₂: carbon dioxide; CSO: cottonseed oil; DEE: diethyl ether; DOE: design of experiments; EGT: exhaust gas temperature; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; GC/MS: gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry; HC: hydrocarbon; HRR: heat release rate; HSDI: high speed direct injection; IDI: indirect injection; KOH: potassium hydroxide; MFB: mass fraction burned; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; N₂O: nitrous oxide; NO: nitric oxide; NO₂: nitrogen dioxide; NO _x : oxides of nitrogen; ROHR: rate of heat release; ROPR: rate of pressure rise; SOC: start of combustion; aTDC: after top dead centre; bTDC: before top dead centre