复式断面明渠水流三维数值模拟

复式断面渠道水流流场结构比较复杂,本文用耦合式求解器对复式断面明渠水流的三维流场进行了模拟.采用交错网格,界面上的动量差值采用Roe格式,紊流数学模型选用雷诺应力模型.将计算结果与实验结果进行比较,两者的吻合度较好,从而验证了数学模型的可靠性,最后又对复式断面明渠横剖面上水流运动特性进行了分析.     

复式河槽漫滩水流的三维数值计算

采用紊流模型中的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟计算结果与试验结果的比较表明RSM能够很好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流、主流速分布和床面剪切力,此模型模拟复式河槽是可靠的。最后用RSM模拟了对称复式河槽在不同水深下的流速场及床面剪切力分布,得出当水深增加时,滩槽交互区二次流动纵向涡增强,而浅滩主流速及床面剪切力迅速增大的结论。     

复式断面明渠浅滩水深及雷诺数对湍流结构影响的大涡模拟研究

天然河流主槽和滩地间存在复杂的水体交换和混掺。利用大涡数值模拟(LES)研究复式断面明渠浅滩深度和雷诺数对湍流结构的影响,研究结果表明:明渠二次流强度和脉动强度在主槽浅滩深度比为1/2时最大;滩槽交界区二次流对顺流向流速结构有较大影响,并使紊动能发生重分布;复式断面明渠二次流强度和脉动强度随着雷诺数的增加逐渐增大并趋于稳定。     

有无植物条件下明渠水流紊动特性对比

在可变坡水槽中,模拟了带枝杈植物对明渠水流的干扰作用,借助超声多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了不同水深下垂线不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了各测点的三维时均流速、脉动强度及雷诺应力等紊动参数,通过与无植物干扰的明渠均匀流紊动特性进行对比,分析植物对水流紊动参数的影响规律。试验结果表明:在有植物明渠水流中,时均流速呈三区分布特征;脉动强度及雷诺应力均在植物顶部附近出现最大值;脉动强度明显增大,在3个方向上趋于接近;可以用植物顶部以上的雷诺应力分布推求摩阻流速。     

矩形明渠中矩形边墩周围紊动强度和雷诺应力分布特性试验

利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量矩形断面明渠中矩形边墩周围不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算出水质点的三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力,分析其变化特征。试验表明,紊动强度和雷诺应力在边墩周围明显增大且具有相类似的分布特征。该研究可为水流的紊动结构、丁坝与桥梁矩形边墩的水流紊动特性和冲刷机理提供验证资料。     

非对称复式断面明渠中污染物输移扩散的大涡模拟

运用大涡模拟计算了两个非对称复式断面明渠内的水流运动和污染物扩散，其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力与物质扩散通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟。预测结果与Shiono等使用激光多普勒流速计(LDA)和激光诱导荧光技术(LIF)测量的实验数据进行了对比，计算得到的流场结构和污染物浓度分布均较好地吻合于测量结果。成功地再现了在其中一个复式断面明渠中观测到的横向浓度分布呈现显著双峰值的现象，根据计算的流场得出复式断面明渠中流向交替变化的强烈横向流动是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

复式断面明渠流能量及动量校正系数研究

在复式断面明渠流中,能量及动量校正系数对水力学计算结果的精确性有直接影响。为研究水深比（滩地水深与主槽水深之比）及滩地植被密度对复式断面明渠流能量及动量校正系数的影响,采用基于壁面建模的大涡模拟（WMLES）方法的三维数值模型,对5种水深比和3种植被密度工况进行数值模拟研究。结果表明：由于流速分布不均匀,主槽和滩地的能量及动量校正系数有明显差异,其值均大于1。随着水深比的增大,复式断面的流速分布趋向均匀,能量和动量校正系数随之减小,能量校正系数的变化范围为1.07～1.19,动量校正系数的变化范围为1.03～1.07。此外,随着滩地植被密度的增大,滩地与主槽的流速差值变大,能量和动量校正系数随之增大,能量校正系数的变化范围为1.09～1.59,动量校正系数的变化范围为1.04～1.21。最后,通过回归分析发现能量校正系数与动量校正系数存在线性关系,所得计算式可用于相同工况条件下能量及动量校正系数的预测。     

非对称复式断面明渠中污染物输移扩散的大涡模拟

运用大涡模拟计算了两个非对称复式断面明渠内的水流运动和污染物扩散,其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力与物质扩散通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟.将计算结果与文献中的激光多普勒流速计和激光诱导荧光技术测量的试验数据进行对比,结果表明,计算得到的流场结构和污染物浓度分布均较好地吻合于测量结果.模拟计...     

变断面明渠柔性植物水流特性试验研究

在变断面明渠,利用ADV测量流速,研究断面突然扩大情况下模型植物和真实植物的水流特性。结果表明:在水流稳定区域,布设真实鸢尾草和塑料鸢尾草模型的流速分布、雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布具有一定相似性;雷诺应力和紊动强度在相对水深为0.6～1.1区域达到峰值,且从峰值区域向两端递减,总体上植物下部区域的紊动强度比植物上部区域大;同种植物紊动强度沿x、z方向的分布形式存在较大差别,紊动强度存在明显各向异性。     

基于CFD的顺直明渠断面流场数值模拟研究

为研究顺直明渠断面的流速分布,选取梯形明渠为例,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法建立三维顺直明渠数值仿真模型,采用刚盖假定法和流体体积(VOF)法分别捕捉自由水面,对比研究了不同宽深比明渠的断面流速分布;选取标准k-ε 模型、RNG k-ε模型及雷诺应力模型(RSM)分别封闭雷诺平均(RANS)方程,对比评估了各数值模...     

3-D hybrid LES-RANS model for simulation of open-channel T-diversion flows

The study of flow diversions in open channels plays an important practical role in the design and management of open-channel networks for irrigation or drainage.To accurately predict the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of open-channel dividing flows,a hybrid LES-RANS model,which combines the large eddy simulation (LES) model with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model,is proposed in the present study.The unsteady RANS model was used to simulate the upstream and downstream regions of a main channel,as well as the downstream region of a branch channel.The LES model was used to simulate the channel diversion region,where turbulent flow characteristics ate complicated.Isotropic velocity fluctuations were added at the inflow interface of the LES region to trigger the generation of resolved turbulence.A method based on the virtual body force is proposed to impose Reynolds-averaged velocity fields near the outlet of the LES region in order to take downstream flow effects computed by the RANS model into account and dissipate the excessive turbulent fluctuations.This hybrid approach saves computational effort and makes it easier to properly specify inlet and outlet boundary conditions.Comparison between computational results and experimental data indicates that this relatively new modeling approach can accurately predict open-channel T-diversion flows.     

An hybrid RANS/LES model for simulation of complex turbulent flow

A non-linear eddy viscosity model(NLEVM) and a scalable hybrid Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes/ large eddy simulation(RANS/LES) strategy are developed to improve the capability of the eddy viscosity model(EVM) to simulate complex flows featuring separations and unsteady motions. To study the performance of the NLEVM, numerical simulations around S809 airfoil are carried out and the results show that the NLEVM performs much better when a large separation occurs. Calculated results of the flow around a triangular cylinder show that the NLEVM can improve the precision of the flow fields to some extents, but the error is still considerable, and the small turbulence structures can not be clearly captured as the EVM. Whereas the scalable hybrid RANS/LES model based on the NLEVM is fairly effective on resolving the turbulent structures and can give more satisfactory predictions of the flow fields.     

On the numerical simulations of vortical cavitating flows around various hydrofoils

This paper reviews the numerical models of various cavitating flows around hydrofoils. Numerical models relating to cavitation flows, including mass transfer models and turbulence models, are summarized at first. Then numerical results and analysis of flow characteristics for the cavitating flows around twisted hydrofoils, truncated hydrofoil and tip leakage are discussed respectively. For mean flow fields, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) simulation associated with a kind of nonlinear turbulence model is found to be an economic and robust numerical approach for different kinds of cavitating flows including cloud cavitation, tip cavitation and tip leakage cavitation. To predict the fluctuations of pressure and velocity, large eddy simulation(LES) and detached eddy simulation(DES) are two effective approaches. Finally, a few open questions are proposed for future research.     

A hybrid RANS-LES model for combining flows in open-channel T-junctions

In the present study, a hybrid RANS-LES (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equation — Large Eddy Simulation) model is developed for the simulation of open-channel T-junction flows. The hybrid approach can save computational effort comparing to the LES approach. The comparison between the computational results and the detailed experimental data shows that this relatively new modeling approach is more accurate than the RANS approach in the prediction of the combining flows in T-junctions.

     

槽道中方形障碍物绕流的大涡模拟

本文应用二阶全展开ETG有限元离散格式与大涡模拟相结合的方法对固定在槽道一侧的方形障碍物的绕流进行了数值模拟，计算了雷诺数为40000的湍流情况下的绕流流场，将模拟结果与实验结果及他人的数值结果进行了对比，符合较好，表明大涡模拟与所论的具有较高精度的数值算法相结合，适合于具有大尺度涡的绕流运动流场的分析。     

Turbulence characteristics in free-surface flow over two-dimensional dunes

The turbulent structure of open-channel flows over two-dimensional dunes is investigated numerically using large-eddy simulation (LES), in order to improve our understanding of the interaction between the dune-generated turbulence and the free surface dynamics. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations in the LES model have been discretised using the finite volume method, with a dynamic sub-grid model being employed for the unresolved scales of turbulence. The partial cell treatment has been implemented in a Cartesian grid form to deal with the dune topography. Both the volume of fluid method and rigid lid approach have been employed in the numerical framework to investigate the effects of the free surface treatment on the flow characteristics. The numerical model predicted mean flow velocities, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stresses have been compared with experimental measurements published in the literature, with a detailed analysis being undertaken to assess the accuracy of the model results and the effects of the free surface treatment on the velocity and turbulence predictions. The instantaneous flow structure has been investigated, with emphasis being focused on the free surface dynamics and coherent structures.     

A SPLIT-CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR 1-D UNSTEADY FLOWS

An efficient and accurate solution algorithm was proposed for 1-D unsteady flow problems widely existing in hydraulic engineering. Based on the split-characteristic finite element method, the numerical model with the Saint-Venant equations of 1-D unsteady flows was established. The assembled finite element equations were solved with the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. In the semi-implicit and explicit scheme, the critical time step of the method was dependent on the space step and flow velocity, not on the wave celerity. The method was used to eliminate the restriction due to the wave celerity for the computational analysis of unsteady open-channel flows. The model was verified by the experimental data and theoretical solution and also applied to the simulation of the flow in practical river networks. It shows that the numerical method has high efficiency and accuracy and can be used to simulate 1-D steady flows, and unsteady flows with shock waves or flood waves. Compared with other numerical methods, the algorithm of this method is simpler with higher accuracy, less dissipation, higher computation efficiency and less computer storage.     

A general framework for verification and validation of large eddy simulations

A general framework(methodology and procedures) for verification and validation(VV) of large eddy simulations in computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is derived based on two hypotheses. The framework allows for quantitative estimations of numerical error, modeling error, their coupling, and the associated uncertainties. To meet different needs of users based on their affordable computational cost, various large eddy simulation(LES) VV methods are proposed. These methods range from the most sophisticated seven equation estimator to the simplest one-grid estimator, which will be calibrated using factors of safety to achieve the objective reliability and confidence level. Evaluation, calibration and validation of various LES VV methods in this study will be performed using rigorous statistical analysis based on an extensive database. Identification of the error sources and magnitudes has the potential to improve existing or derive new LES models. Based on extensive parametric studies in the database, it is expected that guidelines for performing large eddy simulations that meet pre-specified quality and credibility criteria can be obtained. Extension of this framework to bubbly flow is also discussed.     

Five-equation and robust three-equation methods for solution verification of large eddy simulation

This study evaluates the recently developed general framework for solution verification methods for large eddy simulation(LES) using implicitly filtered LES of periodic channel flows at friction Reynolds number of 395 on eight systematically refined grids.The seven-equation method shows that the coupling error based on Hypothesis I is much smaller as compared with the numerical and modeling errors and therefore can be neglected. The authors recommend five-equation method based on Hypothesis II, which shows a monotonic convergence behavior of the predicted numerical benchmark(S_C), and provides realistic error estimates without the need of fixing the orders of accuracy for either numerical or modeling errors. Based on the results from seven-equation and five-equation methods, less expensive three and four-equation methods for practical LES applications were derived. It was found that the new three-equation method is robust as it can be applied to any convergence types and reasonably predict the error trends. It was also observed that the numerical and modeling errors usually have opposite signs, which suggests error cancellation play an essential role in LES. When Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) based error estimation method is applied, it shows significant error in the prediction of S_C on coarse meshes. However, it predicts reasonable S_C when the grids resolve at least 80% of the total turbulent kinetic energy.