BTG塑料合金准静态力学性能研究

为研究BTG塑料合金的准静态力学性能,并建立准确描述其力学性能的分数导数模型,通过DMA242进行了20、40、60、80和100℃下1000 s时长拉伸松弛实验,以此实验数据为基础,根据时温等效原理获得了20℃下440 000 s时长的时间松弛模量.以此识别参数获得了BTG塑料合金的分数导数Kelvin本构模型,同时...     

A three-stage constitutive model for the creep behaviours of high-Cr steels at elevated temperatures

In this paper, a three-dimensional constitutive model is proposed to simulate the creep behaviours of high-Cr steels at elevated temperatures. In the model, the minimum creep rate and the average creep rupture time at different temperatures and stress levels are predicted by adopting two Larson–Miller parameters. The decrease of the creep rate during the primary creep stage is captured by introducing an internal variable representing the strain hardening effect. The material parameters of the model can be identified by using the conventional experimental results. Both the strain- and stress-driven algorithms are designed to solve the constitutive evolution equations. The response of high-Cr steels during the whole creep procedure can be predicted at a quantitative level by the current model. Further implementing the model into a finite element software, the global creep behaviours of high-Cr components under realistic loading conditions can be simulated.     

汽车控制臂衬套在整车工况下的有限元仿真

汽车控制臂衬套对汽车的操控性和舒适性都有很大影响,分析橡胶臂衬套在整车载荷中的变形规律对于产品设计和验收有很大意义。该文首先分析了控制臂衬套在整车中的受力特点;然后进行了橡胶部件的力学性能实验,确定了材料模型和参数;对控制臂衬套在球头销处承受整车x向和y向载荷的工况进行了仿真。结果表明控制臂衬套在该文安装方式下,整车x向力下后衬套的变形接近K1方向;在整车y向载荷下,后衬套变形可以忽略,载荷主要由前衬套承担。该文对衬套刚度设计和台架疲劳寿命实验有指导意义。     

Experimental and numerical evaluations of stress relaxation in A356 aluminium alloy subjected to out-of-phase thermomechanical cyclic loadings

Abstract

In this study, the stress relaxation has been measured experimentally and has been also calculated numerically by the finite element method in the A356·0 aluminium–silicon–magnesium alloy, under out-of-phase thermomechanical cyclic loadings. To get this objective, strain based thermomechanical fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical specimens, at an out-of-phase condition. In this loading condition, when the temperature was maximum, the mechanical strain was compressive and vice versa. These fatigue experiments were repeated at various dwell times, in which the temperature was held at the maximum temperature. This hold time was considered as 5, 30, 60 and 180 s and then the stress relaxation was measured during the mid-life cycle of each test. Besides, the finite element analysis was also conducted on the material to simulate the stress relaxation numerically. A two-layer visco-plastic model was applied to simulate the high temperature cyclic behavior of the material. Finite element results showed a good agreement with experimental results, which were obtained from thermomechanical fatigue tests on the A356·0 aluminium alloy. The two-layer visco-plastic model could properly predict the stress relaxation at elevated temperatures, during various dwell times.     

钛合金锥形件温热剪旋热力耦合有限元模拟

成形过程中的温度场变化对钛合金锥形件温热剪旋成功与否,以及产品的精度影响很大.在数值模拟时叠加符合实际的热源边界条件显得非常重要.针对TC4钛合金锥形件建立了三维热力耦合有限元模型,在有限元模拟过程中叠加了火焰加热边界条件.计算了成形过程中工件和芯轴上温度场的分布情况.所建立的有限元模型更加符合实际工况,模拟结果更加真实可靠.     

Triaxial behavior of granular material under complex loading path by a new numerical true triaxial engine

A new numerical true triaxial engine based on discrete element method accounting for rolling resistance contact is developed. By this engine, we have simulated mechanical behavior of granular materials under complex stress loading path in this study. Stress-strain responses of a kind of typical granular sand under several stress loading path in meridian and deviatoric stress space are provided. The results show that the three dimensional effects like the intermediate principal stress play an important role in the modeling processes. Theoretical analysis in strength characteristic implies the strength criteria with three parameters such as unified strength criterion and van Eekelen strength criterion are capable of describing cohesionless granular material behaviors in three dimensional stress states. Moreover, the case study for Chende sand further demonstrates the numerical true triaxial engine, is a potential tool. As compared to conventional triaxial compression test, this new developed apparatus could be widely used to “measure” elastic-plastic behavior in three dimensional stress space for finite element analysis in geotechnical problems.     

新型BTG塑料合金关于温度-频率-振幅的动态阻尼性能模型

建立了描述一种新型BTG塑料合金的温度-频率-振幅的动态阻尼性能数学模型。通过动态热分析仪DMA242, 获取了BTG塑料合金的频率扫描、温度扫描和幅值扫描的动态阻尼损耗因子实验数据。通过分析实验数据, 将温度扫描的阻尼损耗因子量分离为仅与频率相关以及与频率、温度均相关的两个分量, 并分别用Kelvin分数导数的阻尼损耗因子模型和高斯函数模型来表达这两个分量, 再以此为基准, 考虑振幅对阻尼损耗的影响, 由此建立了综合考虑温度-频率-振幅的阻尼损耗数学模型。结果表明, 所建立的综合考虑温度-频率-振幅的阻尼损耗数学模型能准确描述实验数据。      

Numerical simulations and experimental measurements of the stress intensity factor in perforated plates

A numerical procedure, which combines two hybrid finite element formulations, was developed to analyse the stress intensity factors in cracked perforated plates with a periodic distribution of holes and square representative volume elements. The accuracy of the method in predicting the stress intensity factor was verified by a comparison with experimental measurements, carried out by a photoelasticity method, and by commercial finite element software. Several simulations were executed by varying both the crack length and the hole diameters, and the effects of the holes on the stress intensity factor are illustrated. The method shows high accuracy and efficiency, as small differences were observed when compared with the traditional finite element method, notwithstanding a strong reduction in degrees of freedom and mesh complexity.     

基于有限元法的正交各向异性复合材料结构材料参数识别

以大型商用有限元软件ABAQUS为计算平台,提出了正交各向异性复合材料结构材料参数的识别方法。将材料参数识别的问题转化为极小化目标函数的问题,其中目标函数定义为测量位移与有限元计算的相应位移之差的平方和。采用Levenberg-Marquardt方法极小化目标函数,其中灵敏度的计算基于复合材料的有限元离散结构的求解方程对识别的材料参数求导。数值算例表明本文中提出的方法是有效的。在识别参数过程中,参数的初值以及搜索范围的确定对于识别结果有着重要影响。因此必须充分利用材料参数的先验信息。ABAQUS是高效可靠的商用有限元软件,提出的参数识别方法基于这类商用软件,因而该方法有很强的实用性。     

Combination of the material force concept and the extended finite element method for mixed mode crack growth simulations

A novel approach to simulate crack growth within an extended finite element framework is presented. The introduced approach combines the material force concept and the extended finite element method (xFEM) that is not straight forward and faces the major problem that a crack tip node, which is required for the evaluation of the material force, is not available within an xFEM framework. The introduced concept enables an efficient single step evaluation of the crack state and the crack growth direction based on a continuum mechanics approach and represents an alternative to the common procedure of using the stress intensity factor solution within a stress or energy‐based empirical formulation for the determination of the crack growth direction. Two different approaches are introduced that evaluate the crack tip material force within the xFEM based on a domain or contour approach, both providing equivalent results. After an evaluation of the method, a major focus is set on crack growth investigations with increased complexity, including mixed mode loading and crack interaction with other discontinuities. The influence of different evaluation parameters is studied by comparing the results with empirical, experimental and alternative numerical solutions and confirms the applicability and capability of the proposed combination of both concepts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of muscle behaviour by the finite element method using Hill's three-element model

We present a numerical algorithm for the determination of muscle response by the finite element method. Hill's three-element model is used as a basis for our analysis. The model consists of one linear elastic element, coupled in parallel with one non-linear elastic element, and one non-linear contractile element connected in series. An activation function is defined for the model in order to describe a time-dependent character of the contractile element with respect to stimulation. Complex mechanical response of muscle, accounting for non-linear force–displacement relation and change of geometrical shape, is possible by the finite element method. In an incremental-iterative scheme of calculation of equilibrium configurations of a muscle, the key step is determination of stresses corresponding to a strain increment. We present here the stress calculation for Hill's model which is reduced to the solution of one non-linear equation with respect to the stretch increment of the serial elastic element. The muscle fibers can be arbitrarily oriented in space and we give a corresponding computational procedure of calculation of nodal forces and stiffness of finite elements. The proposed computational scheme is built in our FE package PAK, so that real muscles of complex three-dimensional shapes can be modelled. In numerical examples we illustrate the main characteristic of the developed numerical model and the possibilities of solution of real problems in muscle functioning. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纸浆模塑材料参数对其缓冲性能影响的仿真研究

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS对纸浆模塑制品进行动态压缩仿真分析,通过对纸浆模塑制品材料参数的研究,讨论了材料的泊松比、杨氏模量、剪切模量、屈服强度的变化对其缓冲性能的影响,为纸浆模塑制品的设计提供基础.     

Numerical simulation of residual stress relaxation around a cold‐expanded fastener hole under longitudinal cyclic loading using different kinematic hardening models

Cold expansion of fastener holes creates compressive residual stresses around the hole. This well‐known technique improves fatigue life by reducing tensile stress around the holes. However, cyclic loading causes these compressive residual stresses to relax, thus reducing their beneficial effect. Estimation of the fatigue life without considering the residual stress relaxation might lead to inaccurate results. In this research, numerical studies were carried out using 2D finite element (FE) models to determine the initial tangential and radial residual stress distributions generated by cold expansion and their relaxation under cyclic loading. To predict the stress relaxation, four nonlinear kinematic hardening models were applied in simulation of stress/strain path. The results obtained from the FE analysis were compared with available experimental results. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental results was observed.     

Prediction of machining chatter in milling based on dynamic FEM simulations of chip formation

Chatter vibration is a major obstacle in achieveing increased machining performance. In this research, a finite element model of chip formation in a 2D milling process is used to predict the occurrence of chatter vibrations, and to investigate the effects of various machining parameters on this phenomenon. The dynamic properties of the machine tool at the tool tip are obtained based on experimental modal analysis, and are used in the model as the cutter dynamics. The model allows for the natural development of vibration as the result of the chiptool engagement, and accounts for various phenomena that occur at the chip-tool interface ultimately leading to stable or unstable cutting. The model was used to demonstrate the effects of the machining parameters, such as the axial depth of cut, radial immersion, and feed rate, on the occurrence of chatter. Additionally, the phenomenon of jumping out of the cut region could be observed in this model and its effect on the chatter process is demonstrated. The numerical model is verified based on comparisons with experimental results.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40436-018-0228-7.pdf     

老河道下充分采动地表移动变形研究

针对1930煤矿河流改道后5#煤层充分开采后地表移动变形进行研究。通过理论计算得到地表下沉值为2803.56 mm,倾斜值为29.01 mm/m,曲率值为0.44×10~(-3)/m。基于相似理论进行相似材料模拟试验,取几何相似常数200、容重相似常数1.5、应力相似常数300按配比建立模型,共推进90步,每步开采2 cm。试验结果表明在开采结束后42 d内,地表移动变形速率最大,各变化曲线呈现出相对采空区中央布对称分布的规律,最大下沉值为2273.16 mm,最大倾斜值31.32 mm/m,最大曲率为0.43×10~(-3)/m。观测线实测数据与理论计算及物理试验结果相吻合,开采后形成的下沉盆地将威胁矿井安全生产。     

Effect of the stress distribution in simple welded specimens and complex components on the crack propagation life

While a long stable crack propagation phase was observed during experiments of complex welded components, very conservative estimations of the fatigue life were achieved in the past. The difference was explained by the stress gradient occurring over the plate thickness. This paper deals with numerical crack propagation simulations which were performed for geometrically different variants. The variants differ in global geometry, boundary conditions and weld shape. The analyses aim to investigate how the crack propagation is altered if the structural configuration gets more complex. In conclusion, the stress gradient over the plate thickness, the effective plate thickness due to vertical web plates and high notch effects slow down the crack propagation rate if the same stress value being effective for fatigue appears at the weld toe. Thereby, the load-carrying grade of the weld, the weld flank angle and the geometrical configuration also have an impact on both the notch effect and the local stress concentration.     

皇冠梨静压力学特性及模拟研究

目的 建立皇冠梨生理特性与力学损伤关系模型,实现果实静压过程的模拟研究。方法 通过材料松弛试验和静态压缩试验,研究果实材料力学特性。使用三维扫描方法辅助建立果实有限元模型,并对果实静载损伤过程进行模拟。结果 使用Maxwell黏弹性材料本构模型,成功模拟了果实流变特性。通过静压试验将所建立的梨果实黏弹性材料模型与传统弹塑性材料模型进行对比,误差降低了7%,从而验证了模拟的准确性。根据von Mises等效应力分布结果进行预测,发现在静载力为161.21 N时梨果实会出现明显损伤。结论 以上研究使用2种材料对静态压缩试验进行仿真模拟,进一步验证了使用数值模拟方法对水果静力学过程模拟的可靠性。为皇冠梨果实机械化采摘、储存包装及加工搬运过程提供了理论依据。     

Modelling of the material flow of Nd-Fe-B magnets under high temperature deformation via finite element simulation method

Abstract

Hot deformation of Nd-Fe-B magnets has been studied for more than three decades. With a good combination of forming processing parameters, the remanence and (BH)_max values of Nd-Fe-B magnets could be greatly increased due to the formation of anisotropic microstructures during hot deformation. In this work, a methodology is proposed for visualizing the material flow in hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets via finite element simulation. Material flow in hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets could be predicted by simulation, which fitted with experimental results. By utilizing this methodology, the correlation between strain distribution and magnetic properties enhancement could be better understood.     

Finite element crash simulations of the human body: Passive and active muscle modelling

Conventional dummy based testing procedures suffer from known limitations. This report addresses issues in finite element human body models in evaluating pedestrian and occupant crash safety measures. A review of material properties of soft tissues and characterization methods show a scarcity of material properties for characterizing soft tissues in dynamic loading. Experiments imparting impacts to tissues and subsequent inverse finite element mapping to extract material properties are described. The effect of muscle activation due to voluntary and non-voluntary reflexes on injuries has been investigated through finite element modelling.     

高强度聚焦超声作用下体模组织温度上升研究

为研究高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)作用下组织温度上升规律,建立了高强度聚焦声场和组织温度场有限元仿真模型,并通过体外辐照实验对仿真模型进行了验证。通过仿真对水和组织域中的聚焦声场进行建模,计算吸收声能并将其用作热源以计算组织内的温升。进一步制备仿生物组织凝胶体模,利用热电偶进行HIFU作用下体模组织焦点处的测温。结果表明:该模型可有效预测HIFU治疗时的温度上升,与实验所得温度误差不超过 3℃;体模组织受到超声辐照时温度会立即升高,起初温升速率较快,随着辐照时间延长,温升速率逐渐降低,停止辐照后温度立即下降。