Florida's Planning Requirements and Affordability for Low-Income Households

Growth management states in the USA, such as Florida, Oregon, and Washington, require their local jurisdictions to plan for an adequate supply of housing for all current and future residents, including low-income households. This research uses regression analysis to test the relationship between the strength of local comprehensive plans toward affordable housing and subsequent changes in housing affordability for low-income households. Semi-structured interviews with local planners about their perceptions of the efficacy of local plans provide insight into the quantitative findings. The initial plans passed after Florida's Growth Management Act were not associated with subsequent changes in housing affordability, but more recent plans were. Planners in a number of jurisdictions indicated that Florida's planning mandate increased awareness among public officials of affordable housing issues and the tools available to address them, despite the state's weak oversight.     

Consideration of Shape Characteristics for Apartments Incorporating Daylight and Energy Performance

The objective of this paper is to design units with well-lighted environment and low-energy consumption in the apartment building. Their daylight and energy performance can be determined by the building shape and orientation. The paper initially produced the results of illuminations and energy efficiency using the daylight and thermal simulations by Autodesk ＂ECOTECT＂. It then provided the comparison on simulation results of two type buildings： Flat-type and L-type apartment. The available options for the design incorporating the environmental performance have less flexibility in fiat-type apartments than in L-type ones. The best unit in the fiat apartment is fixed from -45 to 45 degrees rotation, however, that in the L-type one can change depending on rotating the building. Moreover, if the upper level units had the appropriate environment, the lower level could have larger window areas in order to meet those daylight performance needs. Results show that the facade design should have the different window areas depending on the location of each unit. It can assist in the comfort and low-energy consumption design by using simulation tools that achieve the more predictable understandings.     

既有公共建筑节能改造的全寿命周期费用研究

以既有公共建筑为研究对象,采用全寿命周期费用分析的方法,分析出所发生的四大费用:改造费用,使用费用,拆除费用和政府的补贴,以及详细的费用构成,建立了节能改造的LCC估算模型。详细介绍了既有公共建筑节能改造全寿命周期费用中节约费用的计算方法,并且引入碳排放权交易理论,运用碳交易价格确定出公共建筑节能改造后,每年可以节约的费用,不仅可以更好地衡量出节能改造的经济效果和减排效果,而且为我国进入国际碳交易市场打下基础。     

Year 15 and Preservation of Tax-Credit Housing for Low-Income Households: An Assessment of Risk

This paper examines the risk associated with the expiration of the initial 15-year period protecting affordability for housing units developed using the federal Low-Income Housing Tax-Credit (LIHTC). The paper finds that the primary determinants of risk for properties with credit allocated between 1987 and 1989 are reduced by three factors: whether not-for-profit sponsors are part of the ownership structure of the projects, the existence of additional affordability restrictions, and the rehabilitation costs associated with the conversion to market rental. The proportion of properties in need of rehabilitation increased substantially in the post-1989 period, representing a different type of risk for tax-credit projects. It is concluded that state agencies have the opportunity to promote and support preservation measures by adding additional affordability restrictions as part of any refinancing related to capital improvements, by supporting non-profit sponsorship of projects, and by providing funding for rehabilitation.     

节能住宅全寿命周期费用研究

从节能住宅全寿命周期费用的涵义入手,对节能住宅考虑全寿命周期费用的必要性、全寿命周期费用的构成及进行全寿命周期费用分析的时机等方面做了较为详细的分析与论证.     

基于全寿命周期费用的节能住宅投资决策研究

开发节能住宅是我国建设资源节约型社会的重要保障。通过对节能住宅全寿命周期费用含义的理论分析,建立了节能住宅全寿命周期费用估算模型,并以兰州鸿运润园节能住宅为例进行实证研究。     

分布式能源利用的经济性与环境影响研究——基于DER-CAM模型

分布式供能系统是一种先进的供能系统,具有高效、环保、经济等特点,在降低建筑能耗方面潜力巨大。采用DER-CAM模型模拟我国不同气候区的商业建筑分布式能源的经济性与环境影响,得到多技术集成优化能有效减排降本、政策引导与经济刺激会促进分布式能源技术应用等启示,为我国能源合理规划、适宜技术选择以及提升能源效率及经济性提供参考。     

节能技术对建筑能耗及运行费用的影响

本文分析了节能建筑规范中提出的“节能50%”的概念,对江苏省江阴地区某办公楼进行能耗及运行费用的模拟计算分析,指出节能率应因地区、气候等因素差异而有所不同,不能单纯应用“节能50%”的指标。     

浅谈建筑物建筑节能与建筑造价管理

目前,建筑行业发展的基本要求就是建筑节能。建筑节能已经成为我国节能的重中之重,建筑节能的关键是节约成本。本文对建筑物建筑节能和建筑造价的关系进行了分析,从而让建筑节能的工作能够更好的发展。     

住宅产业化与传统建设方式成本比较研究

住宅产业化是未来住宅建设的发展趋势,但普及速度一直有限,其中成本偏高是主要原因之一。通过对北京市某住宅案例住宅产业化和传统建设方式成本的对比研究,分析得知现阶段产业化住宅生产方式的成本略高。产业化住宅减少了人工费成本,但投资建设预制件工厂成本、预制件物流成本和建筑工程中的材料费、机械费费用较高。通过对人工和材料未来价格的预测,发现住宅产业化生产方式可大大减少人工费成本,这一特征将使得北京市的产业化住宅生产方式在9 年后获得成本优势。考虑到产业化住宅节能环保等方面的优势,政府在现阶段应研究出台鼓励政策,并将其纳入绿色建筑评价体系。相关企业也应积极采取行动,把握先机。     

基于大数据和BIM的工程造价管理研究

从信息视角分析工程造价管理的成功要素及其存在不足,指出大数据和BIM技术有助于改善造价管理绩效;探讨造价大数据的构成和应用特点,在此基础上建立基于大数据和BIM的工程造价管理模型,并从大数据获取、技术应用和人才储备等三个方面提出实施建议。     

浅议墙体的节能形式及造价

随着科学技术的日新月异,能源短缺已不容忽视,节约能源受到世界性的普遍关注,在我国亦不例外.国家已发出对建筑节能强制实行50％、推广应用65％的国策.合理利用能源,提高能源利用率是我国社会发展的根本大计.建筑物外墙围护结构节能技术的改进、保温材料的更新对建筑能耗的降低具有极其重大的意义.     

Unequal access to energy efficiency in US multifamily rental housing: opportunities to improve

The energy efficiency of US multifamily rental housing is compared with other housing types. A real and growing energy efficiency gap is documented, particularly for lower income households. Findings are based on data from the 2005 and 2009 US Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Individual energy efficiency features related to HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling) systems, appliances, and the building envelope are analysed along with weighted and unweighted total energy efficiency indices. Multifamily units occupied by low income renters had 4.1 fewer energy efficiency features in 2005 and 4.7 fewer in 2009 compared with other households. If the number of efficiency features was on par with other housing, the savings could be in the range of US$200–400 per year for most lower-income renters in multifamily buildings. There is an astonishing lack of information on how efficiency retrofits would affect property (real estate) metrics such as cash flow and value. Available evidence suggests that millions of US properties could be good retrofit investment opportunities. Better efficiency would allow renters to increase spending on food, healthcare and other essentials. This is not only an economic issue: it has implications for household health, social equity and environmental problems tied to energy consumption.     

天然气总能系统制冷性能及成本分析

探讨了天然气总能系统(IES)制冷方式和利用尾气余热为吸收制冷提供热量的方法。对电机驱动压缩制冷，天然气直燃吸收制冷，燃气发动机驱动压缩制冷，燃气轮机发电和吸收制冷系统的一次能源利用率和装置成本进行了比较分析。     

浅析建筑节能对建安成本的影响幅度

浅析建筑节能的必要性,为实现可持续发展,降低建筑能耗是十分必要的。建筑节能导致建安成本增加,确定其影响的幅度。应扶持建筑节能产品的生产企业,规模发展,从而降低建安成本。     

基于全寿命周期成本理论的既有建筑节能经济效益评价

为了对既有建筑节能改造的经济效益进行评价,本文采用全寿命周期成本理论,界定了既有建筑节能改造项目的全寿命周期概念,分析了既有建筑节能改造项目的全寿命周期成本的组成,建立了既有建筑节能改造项目的经济效益评价模型及评价指标。     

节能建筑的能耗及运行费用模拟计算分析

本文分析了节能建筑规范中提出的“节能50%”的概念,应用BIN法对江阴地区某办公楼进行能耗及运行费用的模拟计算分析,得出节能率应因地区、气候等因素差异而有所不同,不能单纯应用“节能50%”的指标。     

费用效率法在工程项目全寿命周期成本评价中的应用

工程项目全寿命周期成本分析秉承可持续发展思想,从项目全寿命周期来考虑成本问题,涉及项目的初始投资、运行维护和报废回收以及社会环境效益等多方面的因素。本文介绍了当前我国工程项目全寿命周期成本研究的基本情况,并结合实例应用费用效率法对某工程项目方案进行评选,结合其结果说明全寿命周期成本分析方法可以对工程项目全寿命周期成本进行有效控制,从而实现工程项目的经济性与合理性,为投资者决策提供参考意见。     

节能建筑定额编制的意义和内容探讨

建筑节能是我国目前建筑行业的一项重点工作,是建筑行业可持续发展的基础.建筑节能在设计方面已经有了一些标准,为推进建筑节能工作,有必要编制独立成册的"节能建筑定额",既有利于建筑节能的实施,也可以为节能建筑提供计价依据和评价指标,在政策上引导,推动建筑节能工作的开展.     

Design Drivers for Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Developing Countries

Current demand for housing worldwide has reached unprecedented levels due to factors such as human population growth, natural disasters and conflict. This is felt no more so than in developing countries which have experienced disproportionate levels of demand due to their innate vulnerability. Many current approaches to housing delivery in developing countries continue to utilize inappropriate construction methods and implementation procedures that are often problematic and unsustainable. As such affordability and sustainability are now vital considerations in the international development debate for housing the poor in developing countries in order to meet the long term sustainable development goals and needs of housing inhabitants. This paper utilized an extensive scoping study to examine the various facets impacting on design decision making relative to sustainable and affordable housing delivery in developing country contexts. Aspects of affordability, sustainability, design decision making, appropriate technology use, cultural awareness, as well as current barriers to affordable and sustainable construction in developing countries are examined in detail. Results highlighted the capability of indigenous knowledge, skills and materials as well as selected appropriate technology transfer and cultural awareness by foreign bodies can be utilized in innovative ways in addressing current housing needs in many developing country contexts.