Urban modernization and heritage in the historic centre of Santiago de Chile (1818–1939)

ABSTRACT

Architecture and urban heritage have been decisive in the modernization of the historical centre of Santiago de Chile. As early as the first half of the nineteenth century they added value to this area of the capital. Public authorities, with the support of regulations, identified valuable urban heritage, incorporating it into urban transformations. For various practical or historical reasons, buildings and public spaces were preserved and eventually reused, giving birth to a renewed idea of planning, which took advantage of this existing heritage. The incorporation of new typologies into the colonial urban fabric, together with the conservation of traditional buildings and public spaces, produced memorable places, both in the republican and modern city. They enriched the urban practices and the city landscapes, offering a valuable continuity with the colonial and republican past. The integration of old and new stimulated the emergence of an urbanism of quality. This article focuses on three specific moments of that peculiar modernization process: the consolidation of the original colonial grid (1818–1846), Vicuña Mackenna’s Transformation Plan (1872–1875) and Santiago's first official Urbanization Plan (1939).     

大象无形 大美无声 陕西秦始皇陵国家遗址公园规划设计浅析

我国历史悠久,前人留下了众多的文化遗产,其中如秦始皇陵一样在规模和文化价值上异常突出为数不少,以遗址公园形式实行大遗址保护是多种保护形式中的一种。遗址公园有别于一般公园,具有遗址保护、历史文化教育、生态环境保护的特殊职能,因此在景观规划上具有自身的独特性。本项目通过对景观空间特征进行分析,提出遗址公园的景观空间规划应尊重遗址景观动态的发展过程、尊重遗址的空间格局、尊重遗址的历史环境、尊重遗址原貌、尊重遗址所形成的文化斑块的景观规划理念,使秦始皇陵这一人类的共同财富,更好地、更长久地伴随着我们,成为承载着一个国家、一个地区历史文化发展的永恒记忆。     

Serendipitous conservation: faith-to-faith conversion of historic churches in Buffalo

ABSTRACT

US cities with shrinking populations have faced tremendous challenges in conserving their built heritage. Often, conservation work involves adaptively reusing existing buildings. Most reuse activity is fuelled by the developer and market-driven rehabilitation of historic properties through tax credits and other incentives. Places of worship like churches, however, are difficult to rehabilitate, and cities lose this urban heritage after years of vacancy and neglect, and eventual demolition. In many shrinking cities, particularly those now welcoming new immigrants and refugees, serendipitous conservation of vacant churches through faith-to-faith conversion can be an asset to local planners and preservationists in their fight to save urban heritage from demolition. This paper examines two former Roman Catholic Churches in the City of Buffalo: one converted into an Islamic mosque, and another into a Buddhist temple, to argue that faith-to-faith conversions can be a viable tool for other US cities experiencing similar threats to their urban heritage.     

Re-Imagining Psychiatric Asylum Spaces through Residential Redevelopment: Strategic Forgetting and Selective Remembrance

The closure of psychiatric asylums across the western world has brought significant amounts of ‘brown field’ land onto the market over the past few decades. Situated on the edge (or former edge) of many cities, these sites have proven attractive for residential redevelopment. Drawing on two case studies from the UK and New Zealand, we consider the implications of such recycling in the built environment for the memory of the former use, asking how redevelopment addresses the stigmatised past of the asylum. We discuss issues associated with the ‘re-imagining’ of heritage buildings and landscapes and examine the extent to which the past is strategically forgotten or selectively remembered in the repackaging of the asylum as housing. We conclude that while stigma continues to cast a shadow over reuse of former asylum spaces, in both case studies impacts seem to dissipate over time. In the UK, this dissipation appears to be enhanced by the presence of policies that cast redevelopment for housing as a source of funding for heritage conservation.     

工业遗产地区整体保护的规划策略探讨——以上海市杨树浦地区为例

通过分析杨树浦地区工业发展历程和地区环境特征,在对地区范围内的工业遗产进行调查研究的基础上,从历史文化、科学技术、艺术审美和开发利用等方面对工业遗产建筑进行了价值评估,针对工业遗产建筑的不同类型和法定身份提出了分级分类保护的措施;针对城市重要的工业遗产滨水地区,从规划设计创新、低碳生态利用、宜人社区塑造和整体风貌维护等角度,深入探讨工业遗产地区整体保护和全面复兴的规划策略.     

上海世博会园区规划设计及其哲学思考

中国2010年上海世博会是世博会150多年历史上首次以"城市"作为主题的世博会。上海世博园规划设计总面积6.68km2,跨黄浦江两岸。此次园区规划设计立意于城市未来走向"和谐城市"的三个向位的思考,以规划设计演绎世博会的主题"城市,让生活更美好",将世博园区作为巨型综合展件,实验和示范未来城市方向,重点演示城市文化历史遗产保护、生态城市绿色建筑可持续技术和城市建设中社会和谐的价值观,以此探讨对城市面临的挑战和未来走向的理解。     

A comprehensive approach in green space site planning: an application of a three-stage multi-criteria decision support system

ABSTRACT

To green space site planning, this paper deals with ‘Regional Park site planning’, and presents a concept of ‘criteria screening and selection’. Through a three-stage decision support system, this paper, firstly, identifies general criteria for green space site planning and then comes up with specific criteria for Regional Park site planning within Shiraz metropolitan area. The paper contributes to the literature by improving the existing approaches of criteria selection, and points out that the list of selection criteria aggregated from literature should be adapted to case specific characteristics before being used to select a new location for public green spaces.     

对保护规划的再认识——墨尔本遗产保护规划的启示

在墨尔本遗产保护规划中,城市遗产包括城市街道、建筑、公园、水岸、绿地等一切历史遗留下来的物质实体;设有专门机构负责立案、调查、分析、研究工作,定期对保护对象作出评价;遗产保护是经过立法程序确定下来的,有立案和相关记录,具有公共属性,任何个人、组织不得更改;侧重保证城市生活质量、再现城市活力,延续城市历史;注重公众参与,等等,为我们提供了很好的启示.     

强化公共属性，助力城市发展：德国 慕尼黑城市公园建设及启示

广泛的国际经验研究可为中国的公园城市建设提供科学、有效的策略支撑，并推动其相关理论的完善。系统梳理了德国慕尼黑在不同历史时期城市公园的发展脉络，总结了其城市公园系统的分级、分类与分布特征，解析了慕尼黑公园建设中表达其公共属性的4项特征，即全员化的运动场地设置、全方位的社会服务供给、丰富多样的文娱活动，以及灵活高效的功能转换。这些宝贵的经验将为我国新时期的城市发展建设提供有益的借鉴与启示。     

工业遗产保护与再利用现状及规划对策

工业遗产是工业化的历史见证和城市发展生命链条中的重要一环,由于未被纳入法定"文物"和"历史建筑"范畴,正面临湮灭或毁坏的风险。结合杭州实际,在现状及问题分析基础上,提出加快立法、明确管理职责、建立保护名录、完善规划编制、明确用地分类及放宽控制指标等保护与再利用的规划对策。     

A New Step for a Sustainable and Balanced Urban Policy in Asian Living Historic City Conservation: The Case of Qufu,China

Taking the case of Qufu(birthplace of Confucius), China, a world cultural heritage site and a Chinese living historic city, the author analyses the current situation/issues of culture heritage assessment and the planning of urban conservation, renewal and development. The objective of this article is to explore related issues to generate guidance for selecting appropriate methodologies(strategies) and principles(tools/planning/tasks/action) to assess cultural heritage values and cultural signifi cance in the Asian living historic city context as part of an integrated culture-oriented development planning. The author calls for the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to realize such development planning, with the participation of researchers and specialists from interdisciplinary areas: city planning, transportation, housing, territory studies, tourism, cultural heritage preservation, history, sociology, economy, archaeology, architecture, anthropology, museum studies, art/aesthetic studies, etc., for a new step in a sustainable and balanced urban policy.     

Buffering external threats to heritage conservation areas: a planner's perspective

This paper centres on the fundamental issue of environmental conservation from a planning perspective. For many years planners have been criticised for not integrating conservation with the need for development with one usually occurring in isolation to the other. Thus, this paper reviews environmental planning to disclose a gap that may exist in current practice in relation to protection of cultural heritage places from threats generated within their surrounds.As conservation of the built and natural environment confronts in practice common problems, it is suggested that a technique applied in natural heritage protection to ‘buffer’ national parks from external threats occurring outside the legal bounds of protected places can be adapted to the urban environment in the protection of cultural heritage. This technique is the buffer zone planning (BZP) technique developed by Kozlowski and Ptaszycka-Jackowska.From the limited application that has been undertaken of the technique as applied to heritage conservation and which is summarised here, it is evident that the technique shows certain strengths suggesting that with further development BZP may become an important planning tool in conserving built heritage. This paper therefore presents the findings of this application in the hope that it will generate constructive discussions in relation to the technique in an urban application.     

Understanding the context of neighborhood parks: a method for public space classification

Neighborhood parks are recognized as key urban public spaces that serve the social, economic, and environmental needs of adjacent neighborhoods. However, relevant studies primarily focus on the contribution of neighborhood parks as discrete spaces, instead of neighborhood parks as built spaces within an urban context. This research provides a better understanding of the inter-relationships between various urban form measures and an alternative way of constructing public space typology based on the surrounding urban form. The research employs factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of 150 neighborhood park contexts in the City of Chicago, Illinois. 150-neighborhood park surroundings are classified into six categories based on an understanding of the dimensional structure of urban form elements; however, the Chicago Park District currently classifies them into one broad category. The study also provides guidelines for urban design and physical planning strategies for neighborhood park development.     

美国社区公园规划与管理模式

社区公园是城市公园系统中与居民日常生活联系最紧密的公园绿地类型之一。科学、完善的社区公园规划体系和管理模式有助于促进城市可持续发展和增进公众健康福祉。以美国多个城市为例,梳理归纳其城市公园与开放空间规划、城市公园服务分区规划和社区公园规划设计3个尺度的社区公园规划特色,并总结社区公园项目投资建设、公园评价和运营维护的管理内容。最后,分别从规划体系、投资模式、评估机制和公众参与4个方面对中国社区公园的规划与管理提出建议。     

Protection value and functional service life of heritage timber buildings

ABSTRACT

The development of objective methodologies for the preventive conservation of historic buildings is extremely relevant to mitigate the deterioration of buildings and sites with exceptional cultural value. In this sense, there is a growing need to develop comprehensive, coherent plans to manage, preserve and protect heritage buildings in areas that are extremely susceptible to natural disasters, such as the case of the Pacific coast of South America. Two methodologies are presented in this study to assess the functional service life and protection level of cultural heritage in Chile. This research intends to establish a correlation between the functional performance of heritage buildings and the Chilean code related to the definition of the preservation of historic heritage buildings. This study applies both methodologies to 25 heritage buildings (timber housing) located in the city of Valdivia, Chile. A multiple linear regression analysis is applied in order to rank the influence of the variables used to define the protection level, according to the Chilean standard, in the functionality index of timber heritage constructions. The information obtained in this study is exceptionally relevant for the researchers and stakeholders responsible for the definition and implementation of maintenance programmes in building stocks.     

History,civilization and urban planning development in China — report from the 10th Academic Committee of Planning History & Theory Conference: 26–29 October 2018, Guilin,China

ABSTRACT

The 10th Academic Committee of Planning History & Theory (ACPHT) Conference took place on 26–29 October 2018, in the Guilin University of Technology (Guilin, China). The annual conference was held for the first time in 2009. Themed ‘Urban Planning in the Course of Civilization’, the 2018 conference probed the continuation and evolution of planning history from different civilizations, defined here as cultural characteristic at a particular place and time. More than 200 delegates attended the conference, bringing together researchers from the fields of planning history, architectural history, city design, public administration, cultural heritage protection, archaeology, art and media, municipal aviation, to socialize and share their work with each other, and to gain insight into interdisciplinary historical research methods. Based on a selection of relevant panels and roundtables, the report explores four prominent themes discussed in the conference: planning history in different historical periods, urban form and heritage, the practical role of planning history, and interdisciplinary approach. The relationship between civilizations development and planning history is illustrated through four topics. It also summarizes the academic consensus, theoretical significance, problems and difficulties, and future-oriented experience of the conference.     

上海城市遗产的保护策略

通过对上海城市遗产的基本状况和主要特征分析,探讨了优秀历史建筑和历史文化风貌区等城市遗产保护实践中所面临的问题。从制定有利于城市遗产保护的社会政策,通过规划控制强化历史风貌的整体保护,市场经济条件下有效的保护手段,以及推动市民参与的保护运动等方面,探索在都市快速发展过程中积极保护城市遗产的有效途径和政策措施。     

Towards a framework of public space governance

Public spaces are the loci of complex interactions among multiple stakeholders whose decisions and activities affect places' qualities. The paper builds upon governance theory to provide a holistic in-depth approach in understanding the complexity and quality of the place-shaping processes in public spaces. In the absence of adequate conception of governance in urban design and public spaces, the paper introduces a framework for analysing governance capacity of public spaces and applies the framework to a flagship but highly contested public space in Brisbane, Australia namely South Bank Parklands. The proposed framework encompasses four major components of 1) actors and stakeholders, 2) governance structure, 3) governing tools, and 4) governing tasks. The framework puts special emphasis on the contextual factors, the way public spaces are shaped and governed, and political economy of the space. The case study application showcases the applicability of the PSGF which helps holistically analyse the trends in public space governance structure accounting for the diversity and complexity of all elements involved. The findings reveal that South Bank Parklands governance is mix-structured, hierarchical, and highly political. It is, however, a likeable public space for which civic engagement in the decision-making processes is notably limited.     

论“文化创意”躁动下城市遗产蝶变的尴尬——兼论遗产型创意产业园区规划制度创新

随着创意产业的兴起,城市遗产与文化创意结合成为了遗产保护新类型。本文针对全国掀起的创意园区"造园"热潮所引发的一系列问题,结合上海田子坊创意园区的调研,揭示了引发尴尬的根源:一,对新兴创意产业及其相关理论认识上的偏误;二,对"经济利益"的过度追逐;三,常态的保护规划与新兴的创意产业之间的不合辙。据此,提出了突破"尴尬"的方法,即寻找文化的新坐标,探寻遗产保护与创意产业联姻发展的规划创新制度。     

The Colonel Light Gardens Garden Suburb Commission: building a planned community

Colonel Light Gardens, about 6 km south of Adelaide, South Australia, is recognized as a national and international exemplar in the field of garden suburb planning. The first objective of the suburb's Development Plan seeks the conservation and reinforcement of its ‘original three dimensional garden suburb design’ and statements supporting other objectives detail its ‘essential’ urban design and land use elements. However, town planning is more than the design of urban places and spaces. It is also concerned with how these may be achieved effectively and how the services and facilities required by citizens are properly supplied and located. This crucial other side of the ‘town planning coin’ has been demonstrated in the Colonel Light Gardens' development. The Garden Suburb Act of 1919 established a Garden Suburb Commission with powers similar to what, in later years, would be known as urban development corporations. Hence, it was first in a line of such organizations in South Australia and stands with international exemplars such as the British garden cities and new towns.