建筑装饰工程项目成本控制过程后评价方法述评

目前这种将建筑装修工程项目的效益后评价和过程后评价相结合的成本控制过程后评价研究较少,为此,本文在综合项目效益后评价和过程后评价相关理论基础上,结合建筑装修工程项目实例,对建筑装修工程项目成本控制过程后评价问题进行研究。     

建筑装饰工程项目成本控制过程后评价方法述评

目前这种将建筑装修工程项目的效益后评价和过程后评价相结合的成本控制过程后评价研究较少,为此,本文在综合项目效益后评价和过程后评价相关理论基础上,结合建筑装修工程项目实例,对建筑装修工程项目成本控制过程后评价问题进行研究。     

百香果采后特性与保鲜技术研究综述

百香果成熟于高温时节,采后极易失水皱缩、腐败劣变,采后贮运难度较大。因而研究百香果采后保鲜技术,对延长百香果货架期具有重要经济意义。该文阐述了百香果采后生理变化以及采后病害,并从物理、化学、生物、复合保鲜等方面综述了百香果采后保鲜技术的研究进展,展望了百香果贮藏保鲜技术未来发展趋势,为百香果采后保鲜技术的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。     

什么是后现代主义的设计

<正>现代的人,喜欢讲后什么什么的,比如后奥巴马时代、后金融危机、后伊拉克战争、后911……好像什么东西都有"后"。后奥巴马时代,我的理解是:奥巴马由于他所属的民主党失去参众两院的多数席位,实权旁落,成为跛脚鸭总统,因此他最后不到两年的任期,成为了"后奥巴马时代"。那后现代主义的设计呢?是不是原来的设计主流"现代主义",由于什么原因而不再是主流了,成为了后现代主义设计了?然而奥巴马还是总统,很多政策他仍然     

“70后”接班的冷思考

就安徽地区而言,不论现在还是将来,由"70后"老总独掌印刷业的局面难以出现,"70后"老总今后成为行业主流领导者群体的可能性很小。作为一个年龄段,"70后"和"70后"老总正在安徽印刷业大显身手。他们和"80后"并驾齐驱,共同肩负着行业承前启后的历史使命。"70后"老总在业内的现状安徽现有注册印刷企业近四千家,老总们的年龄,从"40后"到"80后"都有;以五六十年代的人居多,"40后"最少,"70后"和"80后"较少;国有、合资、民营三大类企业皆如此。其原因是,老     

小麦后熟期间碳水化合物变化研究进展

小麦后熟是小麦收获后必须经历的过程,后熟期间小麦籽粒内部反应剧烈,籽粒特性以及生理特性变化较大,研究小麦后熟对小麦加工以及小麦的储藏具有重要意义。主要介绍小麦后熟期间碳水化合物及酶类变化的研究进展,并对小麦后熟发展前景进行展望。     

宰后贮藏过程中羔羊肉食用品质的变化

研究宰后不同时间羔羊肉食用品质的差异。以羔羊背最长肌为研究对象,测定4℃贮藏条件下,宰后不同时间(1、6、12、24、72、120、168 h)羔羊肉中心温度、菌落总数、pH值、肌节长度、剪切力、肉色、肌红蛋白相对含量和蒸煮损失的变化。结果表明:宰后羔羊肉的pH值从宰后1 h的6.45下降到宰后120 h的5.40左右;宰后1 h和6 h羔羊肉的肌节长度无显著变化(P0.05),宰后12 h最短,宰后24 h后开始变长,而宰后120、168 h变化不显著(P0.05);羔羊肉亮度值(L*)随宰后时间的延长呈上升趋势,红度值(a*)和黄度值则先升高后降低,且氧合肌红蛋白相对含量与a*变化规律一致;羔羊肉剪切力呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在宰后12 h达到最大;宰后1 h羔羊肉的蒸煮损失最低,随后不断增加,168 h时达到最大。综上,宰后6 h前的羔羊肉处于僵直前期,宰后6～24 h时处于僵直期,宰后24～120 h处于解僵期,宰后120 h时解僵过程完成;僵直前和解僵后羔羊肉的食用品质存在差异,僵直前羔羊肉的保水性较高,成熟后羔羊肉的嫩度较高,L*和a*较高。     

接种PVY^N后烟草叶片SOD活性和MDA含量变化研究

对接种马铃薯Ｙ病毒脉坏死株系后烟草叶片内超氧化物岐化酶活性及其同工酶谱带和丙二醛含量进行了分析。结果表明,接种ＰＶＹＮ后烟草叶片内超氧化物岐化酶活性发生明显变化,接种后１４ｄ内其活性值均较对照增高,其中接种后第８ｄ达高峰值,约比对照增加７２．３％,１４ｄ后超氧化物岐化酶活性开始下降,至接种后１６ｄ约低于对照２８．０％。接种后ＳＯＤ同工酶谱带与对照相比差别不大,仅在接种后第８ｄ出现了一条新带。接种后烟草叶片内丙二醛含量逐渐增加。     

采后热空气处理对嘎拉苹果品质及后熟特性的影响

研究采后热空气处理(38℃/4d)对嘎拉苹果品质及后熟特性的影响。嘎拉苹果采后立即经38℃、4d的热空气处理,后0℃冷藏6w。冷藏结束后取出,20℃下存放1w模拟货架。贮藏中或货架后测定各品质及后熟指标。研究发现,热空气处理降低了贮藏过程中果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,加速了固酸比的上升和果皮的黄化,延缓了贮藏过程中果实的软化,降低冷藏末期和货架期后的细胞膜透性。货架期后,热处理组嘎拉苹果保持了更好的质地品质,感官评定发现热处理提高了贮藏后嘎拉苹果的硬度和脆度,提高了可接受度。可见,该热处理能较好保持嘎拉苹果贮藏品质,同时延缓其后熟。     

冷藏后南果梨常温后熟期香气成分变化

研究0℃冷藏70d后南果梨常温后熟阶段香气成分的变化。使用固相微萃取法提取香气成分,气相色谱-质谱法对提取成分进行分析,结果表明:对于常温下不采用冷藏后熟的果实而言,采后未熟果实中仅能检测到4种香气成分,果实自然成熟至最佳风味期时香气成分增加至16种,其中,酯类物质占75%,之后随着果实的后熟衰老,香气成分种类又逐渐减少。冷藏后,常温后熟过程中,果实的香气成分也在逐渐形成,其总体变化趋势与采后直接常温后熟过程相似,并且果实仍然可以正常后熟。但冷藏对乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯3种香气成分的影响较大。与采后直接常温后熟相比,在最佳风味期时,冷藏造成丁酸乙酯和己酸乙酯相对含量减少,乙酸乙酯相对含量增加。     

DHA奶片的研制

以DHA、白砂糖、脱脂奶粉为主要原料,探讨压片生产工艺过程,确定产品配方。     

The use of atomic force microscopy to measure the efficacies of various chemical sanitizers in removing organic matter from glass surfaces

Improper washing and sanitizing of tableware items is a significant public health risk. Residual food soils left on food-contact surfaces can harbor pathogenic microorganisms and may even allow them to form biofilms. This study investigated the effect of various sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compound, neutral electrolyzed water and an acidic formulation) for removal of various milk-based products (whole, 2% reduced fat, chocolate low-fat and skim milk) from underlining glass surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the thicknesses of the milk films left after attempts to clean the glass surfaces. Results showed that PRO-SAN® (the acidic formulation) significantly reduced the amount of residual food soil when compared with the other sanitizers. This could be due to sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (a surfactant) being present in the acidic formulation. The data also showed that whole and chocolate milk would be more difficult to clean when compared with 2% and skim milk.     

椰子乳饮料的研制

以全脂乳粉、椰浆为原料,探讨了椰子乳饮料的制备工艺条件。通过正交试验研究了椰子乳饮料产品配方及乳化稳定剂的复配方案。结果表明:椰子乳饮料最适配料为全脂乳粉5.0%、椰浆2.0%、白砂糖5.0%、椰子香精0.1%;椰子乳饮料最佳稳定剂为酪朊酸钠0.1%、结冷胶0.03%、蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.02%、单,双甘油脂肪酸酯0.08%。     

Lactation performance of Holstein cows treated with 2 formulations of recombinant bovine somatotropin in a large commercial dairy herd in Brazil

The objectives of this controlled study were to compare the effects of 2 different formulations of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on milk yield, milk composition (fat and protein), milk somatic cell count, and body condition score (BCS) among dairy cattle in a large commercial herd. Regulatory approved 500-mg zinc sesame oil base rbST (ZSO-rbST; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) and vitamin E lecithin base rbST (VEL-rbST; LG Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea) formulations were administered per the manufacturers' recommendations every 14 d over 17 injection cycles starting at 57 to 70 d of lactation (90 cows per rbST group). Control cows (n = 60) received no rbST. Somatotropin-treated animals (VEL-rbST and ZSO-rbST combined) had increased average milk yield and protein percentage and lower average BCS compared with control cows. For primiparous cows, average milk yield was 37.75 kg/d with the ZSO-rbST treatment and 35.72 kg/d with the VEL-rbST treatment. For multiparous cows, average milk yield was 40.13 kg/d with the ZSO-rbST treatment and 38.81 kg/d with the VEL-rbST treatment. There were no differences in milk fat percentage between VEL-rbST and ZSO-rbST treatments, but milk protein content was greater with VEL-rbST treatment than with ZSO-rbST treatment. Nonetheless, cows treated with ZSO-rbST yielded more kilograms of fat and protein per day than cows treated with VEL-rbST. No significant differences in BCS were found between both rbST treatment groups. The differential increase in milk yield between cows treated with ZSO-rbST and VEL-rbST was driven by rbST response differences both within the 14-d cycle and throughout the 17 injection cycles. The cows treated with VEL-rbST demonstrated a more variable 14-d milk yield response curve, with more pronounced valleys between injections compared with the ZSO-rbST formulation. In addition, only the ZSO-rbST treatment was effective in modifying the lactation persistency compared with control cows. Compared with the VEL-rbST formulation, the ZSO-rbST formulation yielded more kilograms of milk, fat, and protein with less milk variation throughout the seventeen 14-d lactation cycles for both primiparous and multiparous cows.     

清爽型玫瑰花乳饮料的研制

以全脂乳粉、玫瑰花汁为主要原料,探讨了清爽型玫瑰花乳饮料的制备工艺条件。通过正交试验,研究了清爽型玫瑰花乳饮料产品配方及乳化稳定剂的复配方案。结果表明：清爽型玫瑰花乳饮料最佳配方为全脂乳粉4．0％、白砂糖10．0％、玫瑰花汁4．0％、蜂蜜1．0％。清爽型玫瑰花乳饮料最佳稳定剂为可溶性大豆多糖0．20％、果胶0．30％、复合磷酸盐0．08％。     

Manure nutrient excretion by lactating cows fed exogenous phytase and cellulase

The effect of an exogenous phytase and cellulase-containing enzyme formulation on nutrient digestibility and excretion was evaluated in 24 Holstein cows. Cows were fed corn silage- and alfalfa silage-based diets with or without a cellulase-phytase blend for 31 d in a continuous random design. Treatment groups were balanced for parity, days in milk, and mature-equivalent projected milk yield. Diets contained 37% forage, 18.3% crude protein, 35.4% neutral detergent fiber, 18% acid detergent fiber, and 0.42% P (no supplemental P). Cows were fed once daily in Calan doors and milked 2 times daily. Body weight and milk yield were recorded at each milking. Milk samples were collected on d 28 to 31 at 8 consecutive milkings. On d 28 to 31, fecal grab samples were collected every 8 h, with sampling times advanced by 2 h each day. Feces samples were pooled by cow. Feed and feces samples were analyzed for acid detergent lignin (used as an internal marker) and for N, P, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Days in milk were similar between treatments, and body weight and milk yield were unaffected by treatment. Cows fed the enzyme formulation had reduced fecal dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber excretion and reduced fecal excretion of N and P. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and N tended to increase with the enzyme formulation. Addition of an exogenous phytase and cellulase enzyme formulation to diets for lactating cows reduced fecal nutrient excretion.     

Effect of a direct-fed fibrolytic enzyme formulation on nutrient intake,partitioning, and excretion in early and late lactation Holstein cows

The effect of a fibrolytic enzyme formulation on N and P intake, partitioning, and excretion was evaluated in dairy cows in early and late lactation. Twelve lactating Holstein cows (6 early lactation, 6 late lactation) were fed diets with or without the enzyme formulation in a switchback design with three, 4-wk periods. Diets for the early lactation group contained 45% forage, and late lactation diets contained 61% forage. Cows fed diets containing the enzyme formulation gained more weight than those on the control diet; this weight gain with enzyme addition was greater in early lactation cows than in late lactation cows. The main effect of enzyme treatment did not significantly affect apparent digestibility or excretion of N and P, or retention of these nutrients in body tissue. Interactions observed between the effects of group (stage of lactation) and treatment indicated differences in the nature of the milk yield and manure excretion responses to enzyme treatment between early and late lactation cows. These interactions were due to numerical increases in milk yield, feces excretion, and N excretion in early lactation cows fed diets containing the enzyme formulation compared to control, and slight decreases in these measures in late lactation cows with enzyme addition. Cows fed diets containing a direct-fed fibrolytic enzyme formulation had increased body weight gain, but the effect of addition of the enzyme formulation on milk yield and manure nutrient excretion differed for early and late lactation cows.     

奶啤的研制

以牛奶、麦芽和酒花为主要原料,通过二次生物发酵研制出具有奶香和啤酒风味的奶啤饮料。通过实验确定奶啤的最佳配方及生产工艺流程并对奶啤的稳定性进行探讨,从而研制出即有啤酒的低酒精度、泡沫丰富和适度的二氧化碳,又具有酸乳饮料的酸甜可口、营养全面的奶啤饮料。