Electromagnetic shielding of nylon-66 composites applied to laser modules

Electromagnetic shielding of nylon-66 composites applied to laser modules was studied experimentally and theoretically. The effects of conductive carbon fiber length and weight percentage upon the shielding effectiveness (SE) of nylon composites were investigated. The SE of long carbon fiber filled nylon-66 composites was found to be higher than short carbon fiber composites under the same weight percentage of carbon fibers. In addition, higher electromagnetic shielding was obtained for the composite with higher carbon fibers contents at the same length. The SE of conductive carbon fiber filled nylon-66 composites was measured to be 42 dB at a low frequency of 30 MHz and 50 dB at a high frequency of 1 GHz. The SE predicted by theoretical models and measured by experiments were in good agreement for filled nylon-66 composites with different length fiber.     

Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/Fused Silica Composites

A series of novel, dense, and interesting ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC)/fused silica composites with different carbon contents has been prepared by a controllable but simple sol‐gel method followed by hot‐pressing. In the as‐sintered OMC/fused silica composites the carbon particles still exist in the form of perfectly ordered carbon nanowires. Conductivity measurements on the composites indicate that these novel composites are electrically conductive and have a typical percolation threshold of 3.5–5 vol% OMC. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE) of an OMC/fused silica composite containing 10 vol% OMC is as high as 40 dB in the X band which is higher than that of a carbon nanotube (CNT)/ fused silica composite with the same carbon content (～30 dB). This indicates that these conductive OMC/fused silica composites are very suitable for an application as EMI shielding materials. Upon increasing the volume content of OMC in the composite the overall contribution as well as the increase rate of the microwave absorption are larger than those of the microwave reflection, which suggest that OMC/fused silica composites may also be promising electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials. Based on the promising properties of these composites this work will hopefully lead to the development of new low‐cost and highly efficient EMI shielding or EM wave absorbing materials.     

结构/屏蔽一体化复合材料研究现状及发展趋势

面对电子设备和系统的综合性迫切需求,现有电磁屏蔽材料在屏蔽效能、带宽、密度、强度以及极端环境适应性等方面各有优缺点,结构/屏蔽一体化复合材料已成为近几年电磁防护材料技术领域的研究重点和热点。重点介绍了国内外在结构/屏蔽一体化复合材料方面的研究情况,并对铝镁合金、树脂基电磁屏蔽复合材料等典型结构/屏蔽一体化复合材料的发展趋势进行展望。     

Shielding and reflection properties of periodic fiber-matrixcomposite structures

The plane-wave shielding and reflection properties of a single-layer composite material are analyzed, based on a filament-current phase-correction model that treats the composite material as a lossy periodic structure of fibers situated in a dielectric matrix. The scattering effect of the fibers is dealt with by calculating the scattered fields from the fiber currents, which are assumed to be concentrated along the centers of the fibers. To include the effect of the dielectric matrix, multiple reflection and transmission at the air-matrix interfaces, as well as the phase correction across the fiber grating, are incorporated in the analysis. In this study, only numerical results for the TM case are presented for graphite/epoxy composite materials. In particular, the parameters that influence the shielding and reflection characteristics, such as the angle of incidence and the frequency of the incident wave, the conductivity and radius of the fibers, and the dielectric constant of the matrix, are investigated in detail. Also included are results to illustrate the frequency-selective phenomena associated with composite structures     

Propagation modeling of periodic laminated composite structures

A new model based on filament-current and thin-current assumptions is proposed to analyze the propagation problem associated with the lossy periodic multilayer structure of conducting fibers situated in a dielectric matrix. To discuss the combined effect of fibers and dielectric matrix, reflection and transmission matrices at the air-matrix, and grating interfaces together with suitable phase correction are incorporated in the model in which the fiber grating is regarded as a thin Floquet layer. To reduce the central processing unit (CPU) time, an extended filament-current model for the same multilayer structure is also examined. In this study, numerical results for the graphite/epoxy (G/E) fiber-reinforced planar laminated composite materials are presented and discussed. In particular, the parameters that influence their shielding and reflection characteristics are investigated in detail. The new model is useful in characterizing the G/E fiber-reinforced laminated composites even up to the frequency of 100 GHz     

Low-cost and low-electromagnetic-interference packaging of optical transceiver modules

The low-cost and low-electromagnetic-interference (EMI) packaging of optical transceiver modules employing housings of plastic composites are developed and fabricated. Optical transceiver modules fabricated by the plastic composites with transmission rates of 1.25 and 2.5 Gb/s are tested to evaluate the electromagnetic (EM) shielding against emitted radiation from the plastic packaging. The results show that these packaged optical transceiver modules with their high shielding effectiveness (SE) are suitable for use in low-cost and low-EMI Gigabit Ethernet lightwave transmission systems. By comparison of cost, weight, and shielding performance for optical transceiver modules fabricated by the housings of nylon and liquid-crystal polymer with carbon fiber filler composites, woven continuous carbon fiber (WCCF), and nanoscale hollow carbon nanocapulses (HCNCs) epoxy composites, the WCCF composite shows lower cost, lighter weight, and higher EM shielding than the other types of composites. Future studies may develop the low-cost and low-EMI optical transceiver modules using nanoscale HCNCs that have the combination of excellent physical and mechanical properties, light weight, and thinness compared with the conventional fabrication techniques.     

A carbon nanotube polymer-based composite with high electromagnetic shielding

A novel, polymer-based carbon nanotube (CNT) composite with high electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding effectiveness (SE) and high mechanical properties was developed. Two types of CNTs with different aspect ratios and morphologies are compared in this study. Amorphous carbon and graphite powder are used as reference materials. The liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) are used as polymer matrices to study the orientation effect of CNTs in a polymer matrix. The influences of orientation, aspect ratio, mass fraction, and morphology of CNTs upon the shielding effectiveness (SE) of CNT/polymer composites are investigated. The experimental results show that the higher the orientation, the aspect ratio, and the weight percentage of nanomaterials are in the composite, the higher the polymer composites’ SE. The nanomaterials’ morphology, especially CNTs, also affects the SE value of the polymer composite. The highest SE for the CNT/LCP composite obtained is >62 dB. The theoretically calculated SE data are consistent with experimentally obtained data.     

Plane-wave shielding characteristics of anisotropic laminatedcomposites

The EM plane-wave shielding properties of anisotropic laminated composites are analyzed, based on a model that treats each lamina as a homogeneous and anisotropic sheet and then uses a method that cascades the wave-transmission matrices in the computation, Numerical results are presented for graphite/epoxy laminates. In particular, the parameters that influence the shielding effectiveness, such as material properties, laminate thickness, fiber orientation and anisotropy of laminates, and angle and polarization of incident wave, are investigated in detail. For design purposes, empirical formulas are also proposed to estimate the shielding effectiveness of the laminated composites in the lower frequency range     

Hybridization of oxidized MWNT and silver powder in polyurethane matrix for electromagnetic interference shielding application

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are chemically modified with respect to various different oxidative conditions, including the acid concentration, treatment time, and temperature. The conductivity of polyurethane (PU) composites filled with the MWNTs oxidized under optimal condition is measured as a function of frequency with the content of MWNTs and analyzed using percolation theory. Because the PU composites filled only with the MWNTs cannot satisfy the requirements for materials providing shielding against electromagnetic waves, conductive polymer composites are fabricated by the hybridization of MWNTs with Ag flakes. It is observed that a small amount of the MWNTs remarkably enhances the conductivity and shielding effectiveness of the MWNT/Ag flake/PU composites, by bridging the gap between the flaky Ag clusters. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the composites can be controlled from about 60 dB to more than 80 dB at an extremely low loading level of both the MWNTs and the Ag flakes in the frequency range from 10 to 1000 MHz.     

A novel structure of woven continuous-carbon fiber composites with high electromagnetic shielding

A novel structure employing the woven continuous-carbon fiber (CCF) epoxy composite with high electromagnetic (EM) shielding is presented experimentally and theoretically. The influences of weave type, number, and angle of overlapped plates upon the shielding effectiveness (SE) of the woven CCF-epoxy composite are investigated. The minimum SE of the single, double, and triple-plain or balanced-twill woven CCF-composite plates was measured to be as high as 50 dB, 60 dB, and 70 dB, respectively. More than 100 dB in SE was obtained for the triple-overlapped, plain-weave CCF composite at a frequency of 0.9 GHz. The weight percentage of the single CCF-composite plate required for electronic application is 4.8% only, which is less than one quarter of the CF content, and the performance in SE is 10 dB higher in comparison with long, CF-filled, liquid-crystal polymer (LCP) composites. The SE calculated theoretically is consistent with that measured by the experiment.     

Nickel filament polymer-matrix composites with low surface impedance and high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness

The processing of nickel filaments of 0.4 Μm diameter gives polyethersulfone-matrix composites with high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, high reflection coefficient and low surface impedance at 1-2 GHz. With 7 vol.% nickel filaments, the composite exhibited shielding effectiveness 87 dB (compared to 90 dB for solid copper), surface impedance 1.2 Ω (same as for solid copper), tensile strength 52 MPa, modulus 5 GPa, ductility 1.0%, and density 1.87 g/cm³.     

A Method for the Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Samples Requiring No Sample Edge Preparation or Contact

A method is presented for the measurement of shielding effectiveness of planar materials with nonconducting surfaces such as carbon fiber composites. The method overcomes edge termination problems with such materials by absorbing edge-diffracted energy. A dynamic range of up to 100 dB has been demonstrated over a frequency range of 1–8.5 GHz, depending on the size of the sample under test. Comparison with ASTM D4935 and nested reverberation measurements of shielding effectiveness shows good agreement.      

Near-field shielding and reflection characteristics of anisotropiclaminated planar composites

A theoretical model is proposed to study the near-field shielding and reflection characteristics of anisotropic laminated planar composites. Specifically, the plane-wave spectral representation is used to express the dipole field and the wave-transmission matrix technique is employed to deal with the transmitted and reflected fields. In this study, numerical results for graphite/epoxy (G/E) and boron/epoxy (B/E) composites are presented to discuss, in detail, the effects of varying the observation distance, number of layers, lamina thickness, fiber conductivity, and fiber orientation pattern. Comparison with the measured results and the previous published ones are also included to confirm the accuracy of this proposed model     

Plane-wave shielding properties of anisotropic laminated compositecylindrical shells

The plane-wave shielding properties of advanced composite cylindrical shells are analyzed. Based on a rigorous theory that clearly displays the propagating nature of the electromagnetic field in an anisotropic, multi-layered, and lossy cylindrical shell structure. In this study, numerical results are presented for graphite/epoxg fiber-reinforced composite shells. In particular, the parameters that influence the shielding effectiveness, such as material properties, cylinder configuration, fiber orientation, and incident wave polarization, are investigated in detail. For design purposes, an empirical formula is also proposed to estimate the shielding effectiveness in the lower frequency range. Finally, a sharp reduction of shielding performance due to resonance is also examined     

High Electromagnetic Shielding of a 2.5-Gbps Plastic Transceiver Module Using Dispersive Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

A novel polyimide film, consisting of finely dispersed multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an ionic liquid (IL), is demonstrated to be high shielding effectiveness (SE) for use in packaging a 2.5-Gbps plastic transceiver module. The IL-dispersed MWCNT composite exhibits a high SE of 40 ~ 46 dB. By comparison, the composite fabricated by nondispersive process requires a higher loading of MWCNTs at 50 wt- % than the IL-dispersed process at only 30 wt-%. The electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) performance is experimentally evaluated by the eye diagram and bit-error-rate for a 2.5-Gbps lightwave transmission system. The package housing fabricated by the dispersive MWCNT composites shows an enhanced EMS performance, an improved mask margin, and a lower-power penalty. These results indicate that the IL-dispersed MWCNT composites are suitable for packaging low-cost and high-performance optical transceiver modules used in the fiber to the home lightwave transmission systems.     

Effective electromagnetic shielding of plastic packaging in low-cost optical transceiver modules

A low-cost plastic package of the standard 1 /spl times/ 9 type with effective electromagnetic (EM) shielding ability is developed. Optical transceiver modules with transmission rates of 155 Mb/s and 1.25 Gb/s are tested to evaluate the EM shielding against emitted radiation from the plastic packaging. The results show that the packaged optical transceiver modules exhibit shielding effectiveness (SE) of over 20 dB. The EM shielding properties of plastic materials consisting of nylon66 and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) with carbon fiber reinforced are investigated. The effects of weight percentage of fibers, carbon fiber length, and material thickness on the SE of the plastic composites are studied both from the plane-wave and near-field sources approaches. The packaged plastic optical transceiver modules with their good SE are suitable for use in low-cost and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) Gigabit Ethernet lightwave transmission systems.     

Effects of sample thickness and fiber aspect ratio on EMI shieldingeffectiveness of carbon fiber filled polychloroprene composites in theX-band frequency range

The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and return loss of short carbon-filled polychloroprene rubber composites of varying sample thickness and fiber aspect ratio were studied in the frequency range of 8 to 12 GHz (X-band). It was observed that composites prepared by the cement-mixed method with high fiber aspect ratio (L/D=100) show higher shielding effectiveness and lower return loss than the composites prepared by the mill-mixed method with low fiber aspect ratio (L/D=25). This indicates that loss due to absorption increases with increasing fiber aspect ratio. A similar effect has also been observed with increasing sample thickness     

The influence of fiber orientation on electromagnetic shielding in liquid-crystal polymers

The influence of conductive carbon-fiber orientation and weight percentage on the electromagnetic (EM) shielding effectiveness (SE) in liquid-crystal polymer (LCP) composites was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results show that the SE of LCP composites with longitudinal fiber orientation is higher than random fiber orientation under the same weight percentage of carbon fibers filled. This is because longitudinal fiber orientation is parallel to the electric field of the incident EM wave, and most of the energy of the incident wave is reflected by the longitudinal fiber. In comparison with nylon66 composites, the SEs of LCP composites with longitudinal fiber orientation are also higher than nylon66 composites with the same content of carbon fibers. Furthermore, the SE of 20% conductive carbon-fiber-filled LCP composites was measured to be 50 dB at a frequency of 0.3 GHz and 53 dB at 1 GHz, which is at least 10 dB higher than that of nylon66 composites. The SE predicted by theoretical models and measured by experiments was in good agreement for carbon-fiber-filled LCP composites of longitudinal and random fiber orientations.     

提高高精度光纤陀螺磁场适应性的方法研究

光纤环在磁场中产生磁致非互异性误差,成为制约高精度干涉型光纤陀螺（以下简称高精度光纤陀螺）应用的主要因素之一,而误差与磁场强度、光纤扭转率有关。由于光纤扭转导致的光纤环磁场灵敏度达到10 (°)·h?1·Gs?1以上,即使采用坡莫合金对磁场屏蔽,屏蔽效能仅能达到30 dB左右,难以满足高精度光纤陀螺的应用需求。文中通过等效电路模型和有限元仿真分析了屏蔽材料连接缝隙对屏蔽效能的影响,通过公式计算了扭转率对磁场灵敏度的影响。根据分析,提出了将屏蔽材料由螺钉连接改为激光焊接并对光纤进行退扭的改进方法。通过光纤退扭,光纤环磁场灵敏度降低了89.3%;通过对连接缝隙激光焊接,屏蔽效能由 31 dB 提高到 64 dB以上,磁场灵敏度由 0.026 5 (°)·h?1·Gs?1 降低到了 0.000 4 (°)·h?1·Gs?1以下,且变温环境下陀螺零偏稳定性提高了7.5%以上。改进措施能够提高光纤环在磁场和温度环境下的精度,满足高精度光纤陀螺性能要求。     

Radiofrequency Shielding by Polypyrrole-Coated Nano and Regular Fibrous Mats

This work investigates radiofrequency shielding by polypyrrole (PPy)-coated fibrous mats consisting of nano and regular fibers. Radiofrequency shielding protects human beings as well as electronic devices from the harmful effects of radiofrequency waves. The results of this study show that, generally, lowering the fiber diameter of the coated mats increases the reflection but decreases the absorption of radiofrequency radiation in the range of 5 GHz to 8 GHz. Moreover, absorption of higher frequencies is greater than that of lower frequencies, whereas for reflection the opposite trend is observed. The sum of absorption and reflection of radiofrequencies in the range of 5 GHz to 8 GHz by PPy-coated mats is not affected by the fiber diameter of the mats. PPy-coated regular poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber mats with weight per unit area of 16.67 mg/cm² provide radiofrequency shielding above 85%. Nanofibrous mats with weight per unit area of nearly 60 times less showed similar radiofrequency shielding effectiveness as regular fiber mats, highlighting the importance of the high specific surface area of nanofibers.