蠕变对PE80管材焊缝裂尖应力奇性的影响

具有优良的耐寒、耐蚀和很好抗开裂性的聚乙烯(PE)管材在压力管道领域已得到广泛应用。评价这种粘弹性的PE管材的承载性能时需要考虑蠕变的影响。本文测定了燃气用PE80管材热板焊接接头的蠕变柔量,研究了蠕变对焊缝裂尖应力场的影响。结果表明在外载恒定的情况下,蠕变的发展会使焊缝裂尖的应力奇性增加,裂纹扩展的驱动力增大。     

高温材料的多轴蠕变试验方法

综述了多轴蠕变的试验方法,并推荐了基于试验数据评价工程结构蠕变寿命的参考应力法.介绍了目前常用的薄壁管试验、环向缺口圆棒试验、环向缺口薄壁管试验、构件模拟试验、穿孔二向板试验、十字形二向板试验和紧凑拉伸试验等多轴蠕变试验方法;讨论了这些方法的优缺点及其适用范围.在分析欧盟ESIS P10-02缺口圆棒多轴蠕变试验规范的基础上,讨论了如何根据蠕变构件的参考应力、节点应力和失效模式来预测其多轴蠕变断裂寿命.     

内压支撑下薄壁管弯曲变形力学分析

管件内压弯曲又称为管件充液弯曲,具有减小截面畸变,延缓薄壁管内侧失稳起皱,提高弯曲成形极限等优点。支撑内压在其中起到了关键性的作用,对于环向和轴向的应力应变分量具有重要影响。采用塑性理论,对内压和弯矩共同作用下的薄壁管弯曲变形进行理论分析。考虑内压对微元平衡方程的影响,建立一个新的理论分析模型,通过求解非线性方程组,得到薄壁管应力应变的分布规律,定量分析内压对薄壁管应力应变的影响趋势。同时通过将有限元分析得到的应力应变分量的信息,与理论解进行对比发现,理论预测和模拟结果相符合,验证所建立的理论分析模型的可靠性。结果表明,轴向和环向应力随内压升高均大大提高,环向应变随内压升高线性递增,而厚向应变线性减小。     

高温316L钢非线性疲劳蠕变损伤演化模型及其应用

为了研究高温两级和多级疲劳蠕变载荷作用下计及载荷历程效应的寿命预测方法,文中首先基于韧性耗竭理论提出一种非线性疲劳蠕变损伤演化模型,并通过316L不锈钢高温单级应力、温度疲劳蠕变试验,确定模型中的损伤指数,以该损伤模型结合多级加载的损伤破坏准则对高温两级应力、温度疲劳蠕变载荷作用下316L钢的寿命进行预测,得出与试验较...     

钢丝缠绕增强塑料复合管蠕变行为研究

钢丝缠绕增强塑料复合管(PSP)是我国自主研发的一种高新技术产品。由于基体高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的粘弹性特性,PSP呈现出时间相关的力学行为。提出一个PSP线粘弹性结构力学模型,研究其各层应力、应变随时间变化规律;对PSP样管进行蠕变试验研究表明:在恒定内压下,周向应变随时间变化缓慢,轴向应变随时间逐步增加,6000 min内应变增加较快,然后逐渐变缓,14000 min后轴向应变约增加了0.16%,理论结果与试验值吻合较好,证实了所建立的三层粘弹性模型可用来预测同类管材的蠕变特性。     

PE100管材慢速裂纹扩展行为研究

从PE100管材中直接制取环切圆棒试件(Cracked Round Bar,CRB),根据ISO 18489在不同应力比R=0. 1,0. 2和0. 3下进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验并得到裂纹扩展规律。采用外推法将试验结果外推得到R=1(即表示蠕变)时的裂纹扩展规律。对含有内部环向半椭圆表面裂纹缺陷的PE管材进行剩余寿命计算,得到了在50年服役寿命下的最大允许裂纹尺寸和相应的应力强度因子值。     

基于有限元的调心滚子轴承接触应力和疲劳寿命分析

建立调心滚子轴承接触有限元分析模型,计算其接触应力,研究游隙和接触角对应力分布的影响,分析轴承的疲劳寿命。结果表明:套圈滚道的最大接触应力在最下端滚子与滚道的接触面上,并沿套圈圆周方向逐渐减小;游隙为正的轴承最大接触应力随游隙的增大而增大,游隙为负的轴承最大接触应力随游隙的变化不稳定;轴承的疲劳点首先出现在最下端滚子与套圈的接触处,内圈的疲劳破坏程度远大于外圈,内圈首先产生疲劳失效;随着材料残余压应力的增大,调心滚子轴承的对数疲劳寿命呈近线性状增长,且残余应力深度越大寿命越长。     

基于ASME规范案例2843的加氢反应器蠕变-疲劳强度分析与考核

对ASME规范案例2843进行较为具体的解读,并在蠕变和疲劳交互作用下,结合高温加氢反应器的实例进行了说明。该蠕变-疲劳分析的过程包括应力强度校核、忽略蠕变影响的判定、应变和变形校核、蠕变分析、疲劳分析和蠕变-疲劳交互曲线验证。与ASME规范案例2605-2相比,ASME规范案例2843所适用的材料更广泛,对应的温度范围和最大服役寿命也更明确。得到的结论是:蠕变损伤的破坏大于疲劳损伤,工程实际应更多关注蠕变损伤,进行足够的结构加强,减小蠕变失效。     

高密度聚乙烯塑料压力管道热板焊接头应力分布有限元分析

基于热粘弹性积分型本构关系,考虑材料性能依赖于温度变化及相变潜热的影响,利用AN SYS热-力耦合及载荷步功能模拟结晶型高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)塑料压力管道热板焊接过程,并对焊接接头的应力分布进行有限元分析,得到了环向、轴向以及径向瞬态应力分布的基本规律。采用盲孔法和锯切法测量焊后残余应力,实测结果与数值分析基本符合     

离心力作用下的螺旋槽干气密封环强度分析

高速下运行的螺旋槽干气密封,存在较大的离心力作用,由碳化硅等脆性材料制成的旋转环可能破裂,造成密封失效,甚至危害到主机。基于弹性力学理论方法和数值模拟方法,考察旋转密封环在离心力作用下的应力分布,并给出具体的案例。结果表明：数值分析方法与弹性力学理论方法得到的结果接近;旋转环径向应力随着半径的增大,呈先增大后减小的趋势,而切向应力在内径处最大,随半径增加而减小;径向和切向应力均随着角速度的增加而增大;由于切向应力远大于径向应力,强度校核时主要针对切向应力;当切向最大应力超过其强度极限时,认为密封旋转环即产生裂纹或断裂,从而失效。     

含环向减薄缺陷主蒸汽管道蠕变应力变化规律研究

厚壁耐热钢广泛应用于高温电厂的主蒸汽管道。局部减薄缺陷是高温压力管道常见的体积型缺陷,局部减薄缺陷的存在对高温环境下运行的管道应力重分布会产生较大的影响,降低管道的承载能力。采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对在蠕变条件下运行、受内压作用含环向减薄缺陷主蒸汽管的蠕变应力进行了有限元数值模拟,获得了应力重分布的变化过程。结果表明,含环向减薄缺陷直管,由于存在结构不连续,导致应力水平提高。在高温环境下,应力最大位置和应力集中系数最大位置可能会随蠕变时间的变化而改变,给出了含环向减薄管道应该主要关注的位置。研究结果可为高温含环向减薄缺陷管道的安全评定和完整性分析提供依据。     

Approximate elastic stress estimates for elbows under internal pressure

This paper presents closed-form approximations to elastic stresses in thick- and thin-walled elbows with attached straight pipes under internal pressure, based on three-dimensional elastic finite element analysis. Elastic stresses in the centre of an elbow are found to be close to an existing closed-form solution, suggesting that the hoop stress varies with the longitudinal position. The FE results indicate that the hoop stress varies linearly with the longitudinal position. Moreover, stresses in the junction of an elbow and straight pipe are shown to be the average of those in the centre of the elbow and in the straight pipe.     

Crack initiation in expanded fully plastic thick-walled rings and rotating discs

Radial expansion of thick-walled discs can produce a hoop tensile plastic instability after which failure occurs by an oblique shear fracture in the neck. However, in discs manufactured from metallurgically dirty meals (containing many inclusions) cracks can be initiated before the instability strain and failure occurs along an essentially radial path without necking. In this second case, crack nucleation sites are within the outer half or third of the annulus. While criteria of fracture based on maximum tensile or shear stresses fail to predict such locations of first cracking within the walls they are well predicted by McClintock-type ductile fracture integrated damage functions. Damage concerns the growth and coalescence of voids and is a function of strain and hydrostatic stress. The functions also show qualitatively why the sites of cracks initiated after necking (in materials with cleaner microstructures) are located much closer to the bore. In rotating discs which fracture, cracks are also initiated sometimes within the annulus, which again is not anticipated by failure criteria based on stress alone, but McClintock damage functions well predict the experimentally observed behaviour.     

Effect of defects on the burst failure of butt fusion welded polyethylene pipes

With the increasing demand of Medium density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes for gas transmission, the safety concern related with welding defects is becoming a serious matter. In this paper, experimental burst tests and finite element analyses were employed to study butt fusion welded MDPE pipe joints with spherical and planar defects of various sizes. These defects were used to simulate lack of bonding during the welding. Test results showed that in all pipe test cases, the failure location originated from pipe substrates, even though the defect size was increased to 45% of the pipe’s wall thickness. The burst pressure could be estimated by the expression employed in the ASME BPVC, and in the burst pressure, the hoop stress was 20.28 MPa. Simulation results showed that the failure position was not only affected by the defect size, but also by the welding bead. It can be argued that a single welding defect whose maximum size is smaller than 15% of the thickness can be used without failure during short-term usage, even when there is no welding bead in the welded joint.     

基于有限元分析的三通接箍设计优化

三通接箍是工业管道中的上常用结构,用来在主管道上接出分支.研究的三通接箍为采油地面设备使用,由于现场发现接箍位置经常发生管道破漏的情况,希望通过力学计算分析,找出原因,并改进设计.所采用的具体方法是:通过CATIA软件建立结构的三维模型,通过ABAQUS软件计算结构承受内压时的应力分布.通过这些有限元分析,计算结构的应...     

过热器管爆管原因的失效分析

通过金相、扫描电镜、能谱等分析手段,确定本次爆管裂纹起源于内壁,有别于文献中所述长期过热引起的爆管开始于外壁。内外壁的温差应力导致了内表面裂纹的产生。温差应力、蒸汽压力以及烟气温度波动等产生的热冲击使得裂纹从内壁向外壁扩展。当裂纹扩展到一定厚度,氧化层和裂纹深度的叠加导致爆管处受到较高的周向应力,在高应力下产生蠕变疲劳断裂。爆管断口呈脆性特征,也说明不是瞬时过载断裂的,还经历过一个缓慢的疲劳过程。     

Rupture instability in hydroforming deep-drawing process

The critical fluid-pressure locus above which rupture by tensile instability may occur in the hydroforming deep-drawing process, is formulated and tested. The formulation is based on the classical theory of plasticity (with simple power-law hardening and Mises-Hill normal anisotropic yielding) assuming plane strain tensile failure. Further simplifications, such as assuming constant blank thickness and a constant Coulomb friction coefficient, enable one to account for the coupling effect between the self-adjusted blank curvature and the governing material parameters on rupture. Experiments with copper blanks are aimed to demonstrate that under certain conditions, failure by rupture may be prevented if the path of the working fluid pressure nowhere exceeds the predicted critical-pressure locus path. On the other hand, it is shown that the working fluid pressure should nowhere be lower than a predetermined minimum pressure locus to prevent wrinkles at the rim. Thus a distinct operating zone, lying between the upper and the lower pressure loci, is identified and recommended for practical use.     

控制棒驱动机构管座法兰母材性能评估

针对控制棒驱动机构（CRDM）下部Ω环的热电偶（TC）管座母材在水压试验后出现缺陷的问题,参照 CRDM／TC 管座法兰母材的采购技术规范要求,对管座母材进行材质分析,比较了业主与制造厂提供的同批次材料性能差异。分析结果显示,业主提供的部分批次理化检验余料除晶粒度不符合采购技术规范外,内部还有较大尺寸夹杂,但材料的其他性能指标均满足采购规范技术要求。原材料内部存在混晶现象,材质性能分布不均匀。为此,结合材料失效机理研究了母材应力腐蚀裂纹扩展性能,试验结果表明,在一回路高温高压水环境下,超标夹杂的存在未对材料的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率产生明显影响。     

天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的几个热点问题

全面阐述了天然气输送钢管研究与应用中的热点问题：高压输送与高钢级管线钢的研究开发;抗HIC管线管及其技术条件;富气输送及其对钢管性能的要求;直缝埋弧焊管和螺旋缝埋弧焊管的比较与选择;输气钢管延性断裂的止裂;管线在近中性pH土壤环境中的应力腐蚀开裂;管线管的残余应力及控制;高强度管线钢的屈强比问题;在役管道的适用性评价及风险管理等。     

多层压配组合冷挤压凹模和高压容器的优化设计

本文对多层压配冷挤压凹模和高压容器的应力和应变以及优化设计的原理进行了系统的论述。优化条件分为：（一）内圈内壁在工作内压作用下允许出现拉应力和（二）内圈内壁在工作内压作用下不出现拉应力两种情况。文章提出根据所选材料和工作内压来确定各层组合圈壁厚和过盈量的计算公式。