一种新型太阳能海水淡化系统的实验研究

介绍了一种新型的太阳能海水淡化方法,即结合太阳能空气集热器和太阳能热管、利用空气增湿除湿来实现海水淡化。分别进行了电吹风模拟太阳能空气集热器的蒸发器实验,以及结合3m2太阳能空气集热器和热管集热器的实际装置实验。结果表明,影响蒸发量的主要因素为热空气温度、热空气流量、初始水量、水温、出气孔直径和数量。实验结果表明,装置可获得的最大冷凝量为790g/h,计算出系统的产水率和热力学效率分别为5.59×10-5kg/kJ和12.4%。     

一种竖管降膜蒸发太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

设计了一种竖管降膜—横管冷凝的太阳能海水淡化装置。以电加热作为供热热源,在不同的运行参数下进行了实验研究,分析了影响装置性能的各种因素。分析表明:在供能相同的情况下,闭式循环的单位能耗产水率比开式循环提高了约1.0~1.5倍;提高循环热水进口温度有利于提高产水率和单位能耗产水率;海水流率有一个理想取值范围。     

一种多级满液蒸发回热式太阳能海水淡化装置的设计

设计了一种多级满液型间接加热蒸发回热式太阳能海水淡化装置。装置中太阳能集热器与蒸发/冷凝部分通过热管联接为一整体,14个集热单元,分为7级;从第2级开始,均采用集热/蒸发/冷凝三位一体的单元,常压运行,不须使用真空泵。使用逐级降温回热法加强蒸汽的气化潜热回收利用,有效地提高了系统制水率和能量利用率。研究表明,在冬季运行工况下,装置的最高单位集热面积制水量为6.16 kg/m2,最大平均回热效率为65.83%。     

横管降膜蒸发内回热式太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

设计建造了一台利用太阳能或其它余热驱动的横管降膜蒸发内回热式海水淡化装置，并利用模拟热源对该装置进行了实验研究，由于在系统的蒸发及冷凝过程中，大部分水蒸汽的凝结潜热被重复利用于海水的预热及蒸发过程，因而系统具有较高的产水率，同时，由于在气流的闭式环过程中，蒸发腔中处于负压状态，冷凝腔中处于正压状态，强化了系统的产水性能，使系统的产水效率比传统的盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了3倍左右，介绍了系统的瞬态特性及运行温度，供海水流率与产水量的相互关系，对影响系统产水率的其它因素进行了讨论。     

多级降膜式太阳能蒸馏器的模拟实验研究

用热水作为供热热源,对一台小型多级降膜式蒸馏器进行模拟实验研究。介绍了实验装置,给出了不同条件下的产水量。研究了蒸发－凝结板偏离铅垂线的角度θ与产水量同蒸馏器单级和四级时的比产水率曲线。     

小型太阳能海水淡化装置

基于空气增湿-除湿海水淡化技术,采用热海水与空气逆流对喷的空气加湿器,设计了结合太阳能集热器的小型太阳能海水淡化系统。试验结果表明,该结构的空气加湿器具有很好的加湿效果,出口空气相对湿度可达到98%以上。当喷水温度为60℃、空气流量为11.8 L/s时,该小型海水淡化装置产水率可达3.42 kg/h。     

具有折皱底面的多级迭盘式太阳能蒸馏器的模拟实验研究

设计制作了一台蒸发面积为0．2025m^2，各盘具有折皱底面的多级迭盘式太阳能蒸馏器，用普通电热器作为热源对之进行了模拟实验研究。对装置的瞬态和稳态性能进行了测试，给出了在不同迭盘数的情况下，蒸馏器的运行温度、能耗与产水量的关系，并计算了在不同运行温度下装置的性能系数。结果表明，当温度大于70℃时，内强化传热多级迭盘式太阳能蒸馏器有良好的产水性能．对影响产水率的其它因素也作了讨论。     

掺砾膨胀土的侧限压缩增湿变形试验研究

为研究掺砾膨胀土作为填筑材料的湿化变形特性,采用常规固结仪对掺砾膨胀土进行了侧限压缩条件下的增湿试验,研究初始含水率和应力水平对增湿膨胀率及增湿后压缩性的影响。结果表明,增湿膨胀率随应力水平的增加而减小,存在从增湿膨胀转化为增湿体缩的分界应力。增湿后的压缩性受制样含水率及应力水平的影响显著,初始含水率越低,在加压的初始阶段,膨胀率随压力的增加降低得越快,且分级加压结束后的膨胀率越低;增湿时所处的应力水平越低,增湿稳定后分级加载时,试样的压缩变形量越大。研究成果为掺砾膨胀土作为填筑材料的可行性提供了参考。     

直接空冷火电机组实时热耗率和冷端损失分析

针对330MW亚临界直接空冷燃煤火力发电机组,建立了实时运行工况的热耗率和冷端损失的计算模型,定量分析了负荷、环境温度和背压等因素对机组效率、乏汽湿度和凝汽器端差的影响规律。结果表明,实时热耗率模型能较好地适用于空冷机组的性能分析。冷端损失能量占总输入能量的52.8%,占总损耗能量的87.2%。从长期稳定运行的趋势来看,在滑压变负荷运行模式下低压缸排汽湿度随主蒸汽压力增加而单调增大。在某些工况下,乏汽湿度大于15%,可能会引起叶片水蚀,降低末级叶片寿命。由于直接空冷凝汽器表面换热系数随负荷波动较小,直接空冷凝汽器的传热端差和平均换热温差均随负荷增加而单调增大。研究成果可为空冷机组的热耗率实时定量分析、冷端运行优化和乏汽湿度控制提供参考。     

基于Matlab的分级回热式增湿淡化过程模拟

针对太阳能海水淡化过程中回热效果差的问题,设计分级回热的空气增湿海水淡化装置,建立其数学模型,并利用Matlab进行仿真模拟。研究结果表明:该装置的最佳水气比为0.75,前置冷凝器最佳冷却水流量为空气量的1.0~1.5倍,该装置的回热效果提升了25%~30%,产水率为7.75 kg/(m2·d),淡化装置的整体热效率达到79.2%。     

Effect of nonequilibrium condensation of moist air on transonic flow fields

luttoductionMany studies on condensation occwhng in the caseof the rapid expansion of moist air mr steam in asupersonic nozzle have been performed experimentallyand numerically, and the characteristics of condensationhave been nearly clchfiedll4]. Schnerr et al.[5] and lriya atal.le] investigated the effect of condensation on thestrength of shock wave on suiface of wing, drag and liftnumerically. However, the. effect of condensation on theshock wave on s~e of wing and talulences behindshock wa…     

Effect of Non-Equilibrium Condensation of Moist Air on Flow Field in Ludwieg Tube

The time-dependent behavior of non-equilibrium condensation of moist air through a Ludwieg tube with a diaphragm downstream is investigated by using a computational fluid dynamics work. The two-dimensional, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations, fully coupled with the condensate droplet growth equations, are numerically solved by a third-order MUSCL type TVD finite-difference scheme with a second-order fractional time step. Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is employed to close the governing equations. The present computations represent the experimental flows well. The results obtained show that for an initial relative humidity over 40 %, the periodic excursions of the condensation shock occurs in the Ludwieg tube, and the frequency increases with the initial relative humidity. It is also found that total pressure loss due to non-equilibrium condensation in the Ludwieg tube should not be ignored even for a very low initial relative humidity. Furthermore, the variations of condensation properties are also di     

蒸汽和空气在下流水柱表面接触冷凝的压力影响分析

含不凝气体的蒸汽直接接触冷凝在工业中应用广泛,冷凝参数对设备设计至关重要。数值模拟了蒸汽和空气在下流水柱表面的接触冷凝换热;分析了压力对下流水柱表面温度、空气质量分数的影响,以及凝结热流和凝结传热系数的变化规律。结果发现,下流水柱表面温度、凝结热流和凝结传热系数沿着流动方向下降,下流水柱表面空气质量分数沿着流动方向升高。随着压力增加,下流水柱凝结长度增加,在凝结长度末端,下流水柱表面空气质量分数高达90%以上,凝结热流和凝结传热系数均增加。下流水柱初始温度的升高会降低接触凝结传热系数和凝结热流。将计算结果和Celeta等的实验数据做了比较分析。     

核桃壳热解分级冷凝产物分布特性研究

为研究热解温度、载气流量和冷凝温度对核桃壳热解产物分布的影响,在实验室研制的生物质热解与分级冷凝装置上对核桃壳热解进行实验研究,结果表明:液体产物收率随着热解温度的升高而增加,但增加速率逐步降低;载气流量对液体产物总收率及各级液体产物收率影响较小;冷凝温度对液体产物总收率影响较小,但对各级生物油的收率影响较大。GC/MS分析表明:热解温度为450～500℃时,酚类物质含量达到最大值;随着二级冷凝器温度的升高,二级生物油中酚类物质富集程度逐渐提高,酸类物质的富集程度逐渐降低,二级生物油的收率逐渐下降。     

考虑空气量影响时蒸汽凝结放热系数的计算方法分析

空气量对蒸汽凝结放热系数影响的计算，目前还没有一个人们普遍公认的计算方法。文中首先对空气对轻微流动蒸汽、受迫流动蒸汽以及抽气器运行时蒸汽凝结放热系数影响进行了综述分析，然后对目前常用的几种计算空气量对蒸汽凝结放热系数影响的计算方法进行了计算分析，指出各种计算方法的特点及其存在的问题，为进一步研究空气对蒸汽凝结放热系数的影响奠定了一定的基础。     

Effect of Nonequilibrium Homogenous Condensation on Flow Fields in a Supersonic Nozzle

INTRODUCTIONManystudies[1-131onthecondensationshockwaveoccurringinthecaseoftheraPidexPansionofmoistairorsteaminasupersonicnozzlehavebeenper-formed,andthecharacteristicsofcondensationshock'wavehavenearlybeenclarilied.Acondensationshockwavealsooccursinthebladepassageinasteamturbinel14,15]andsuchacondensationshockwavinteractswiththeboundarylayeronthesurfaceoftheblade.Thus,thefiowinthebladepassageofthesteamturbinewiththecondensationshockwavehasnotyetbeenclariliedl16'17].InthepreseDtstudythee…     

Transonic moist air flow around a circular arc blade with bump

The unsteady phenomena in the transonic flow around airfoils are observed in the flow field of fan, compressor blades and butterfly valves, and this causes often serious problems such as aeroacoustic noise and the vibration. In recent years, the effect of bump wall on the flow field around an airfoil has been investigated experimentally and as a result, it was observed that the bump wall is effective for the control of shock wave on the airfoil. In the transonic or supersonic flow field, a rapid expansion of moist air or steam gives rise to non-equilibrium condensation. In the present study, the effect of non-equilibrium condensation of moist air on the self-excited shock wave oscillation around a circular arc blade with or without a bump on the blade was investigated numerically. The results showed that the non-equilibrium condensation significantly reduced the flow field unsteadiness such as root mean of pressure oscillation and frequency compared to the case without the non-equilibrium condensation.     

Experimental comparison of film-wise and drop-wise condensations of steam on vertical flat plates with the presence of air

This paper presents experimental results comparing film-wise and drop-wise condensations. The condensing plates were developed to promote film-wise or drop-wise condensation respectively. Rates of heat transfer have been measured on a single face of water-cooled flat plates suspended vertically in a cylindrical test section as steam and mixtures of steam and air flowed over it. In the pure steam cases, the drop-wise condensations showed much higher heat transfer rates than film-wise condensations, which showed good agreements with the Nusselt theory of natural convection condensation. However in the steam and air mixture cases, as expected, both modes of condensations fell in similar range of heat transfer rates. Due to the difference in the condensate flows, the drop-wise condensation showed even lower heat transfer rates than film-wise condensation with the presence of air.     

Effect of non-equilibrium homogeneous condensation on the self-induced flow oscillation of supersonic impinging jets

Supersonic impinging jets are characterized by a strong coupling between the flow and acoustic fields with a self-contained feedback mechanism. This self-induced oscillatory flow make thermal and mechanical loading more severe and produces severe noise at discrete frequencies, which may cause sonic fatigue of the structures and also may damage various instruments and equipments. These loads are also accompanied by dramatic lift loss, severe ground erosion and hot gas ingestion. To control the flow it is needed to clarify the characteristics and mechanism of oscillation. However, in actual jet flows, the working gas may contain condensable gas such as steam or moist air. In these cases, non-equilibrium condensation may occur at the region between nozzle exit and an object. The jet flow with non-equilibrium condensation may be quite different from that without condensation. Therefore, the numerical investigation of the self-induced flow oscillation of supersonic impinging moist air jet was carried out in this study. Moreover, this paper aims to clarify the effect of non-equilibrium condensation on the characteristic of pressure fluctuations during the impingement of under-expanded supersonic moist air jets on a perpendicular flat plate.     

Numerical analysis of shock induced separation delay by air humidity

In this paper numerical calculations of the dry and humid air flows in the nozzle are presented. The dry air flow (adiabatic flow) and the humid air flow (flow with homogeneous condensation, diabatic flow) are modeled with the use of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The comparison of these two types of flow is carried out. The influence of the air humidity on the shock wave location and its interaction with the boundary layer is examined. Obtained numerical results present a first numerical approach of the condensation and evaporation process in transonic flow of humid air. The phenomena considered here are very complex and complicated and need further in-depth numerical analysis.