实施地下水开发利用总量控制关键问题探讨

近年来,一些地区为维持经济社会发展,大量超采地下水,导致地下水水位下降,并引发了一系列环境地质问题.为满足最严格水资源管理制度要求,严格地下水管理和保护,需要实行地下水开发利用总量控制,严格控制地下水开采,逐步削减地下水超采量,实现采补平衡和地下水资源的可持续利用.分析探讨了实行地下水开发利用总量控制的关键问题,包括总量控制指标确定、加强节水、优化开采布局以及加强地下水开发利用监督管理等.     

凉州区地下水开发利用现状分析与保护研究

在分析地下水资源开发利用与管理现状的基础上,坚持事实求是、科学合理的原则,针对区域地下水超采、水质恶化现状,通过落实严格的取水许可制度,控制地下水开采量、落实水权管理,加大执法力度,加强地下水资源保护,维护全区正常的地下水开采秩序,使地下水资源管理步入制度化、法制化、科技化的良性轨道。     

实施最严格水资源管理制度下河北省石家庄市平原区地下水开采量控制评估指标初探

为落实用水总量控制红线,以石家庄平原区为示范区建立地下水开采量控制的评估指标,评估方法客观科学、易于操作,对北方以地下水为主要供水水源的地区实施最严格水资源管理制度具有一定的推广和借鉴意义.     

青海省黄河流域水资源开发利用总量控制阶段性控制指标分解方法

以青海省内黄河流域为例,提出一种水资源开发利用总量控制阶段性控制指标的分解方法,包括用水总量指标分解和地下水、外调水和地表水不同水源的开发利用指标分解。选取地表水开发利用总量、地下水开采总量和外调水用水总量作为水资源开发利用总量指标,并按流域和行政区分解水资源开发利用总量;非常规水资源利用量不计入水资源开发利用总量,但参加水资源配置。得到青海省内黄河流域2015年水资源开发利用阶段性控制指标分解和水资源开发利用程度分析成果。     

黄河流域地下水开采总量控制方案

针对黄河流域内各区域地下水开发利用的特点,结合黄河流域水资源综合规划配置方案,对黄河流域地下水赋存与开发的不同层位、不同地貌单元、不同功能分区等分类提出地下水开采总量控制原则和方案。2020年和2030年,黄河流域地下水开采总量分别控制在125.7亿m3和125.3亿m3。不同层位地下水开采控制方案为:流域浅层地下水2020年、2030年开采控制量分别为123.7亿m3和125.3亿m3;深层承压水2020年开采控制量为2.0亿m3,2030年全部退出开采。不同地貌控制方案为:2020年,平原区地下水开采量控制为92.4亿m3,山丘区为33.2亿m3;2030年,平原区和山丘区地下水开采量控制在92.1亿m3和33.2亿m3。不同功能分区浅层地下水控制方案为:2020年开发区102.4亿m3,保护区16.9亿m3,储备区4.4亿m3;2030年开发区104.4亿m3,保护区17.0亿m3,储备区3.9亿m3。     

营口市地下水取水工程现状调查分析与对策

针对营口市因地下水过度开采,地下水位大幅下降,造成的地面沉降、海水入侵、地下水污染等系列生态环境问题,结合当地地质、地貌岩性及水文条件,对该地区地下水开发利用现状进行分析,提出对地下水开采总量实行控制,禁止超采地下水等措施,从而抑制地下水位下降,保护地下水资源,保障城镇供水,促进经济可持续发展。     

黑龙江省地下水超采区划定标准初探

为了合理开发利用、有效保护地下水资源,对历史负责,为后人造福,进行地下水超采区的划定,是非常必要的.确定"地下水开采控制水位"是划定地下水超采区的依据.一个地区的"地下水开采控制水位"应充分考虑当地水文地质条件、主要开采目的层的地下水流场特征,并紧密结合当地经济建设的需求,进行分析研究后合理确定.     

南通市地下水开发利用及保护对策

为加强地下水资源保护,在对南通市地下水资源开发利用情况进行回顾总结的基础上,探讨了当前地下水资源开发利用存在的问题,并就管理保护工作提出意见。历史上,南通市地下水开采可概括为初始开采阶段（上世纪80年代以前）、超量开采阶段（上世纪80～90年代中期）、控制开采阶段（1997—2012）和压采阶段（2013至今）等4个阶段,随着对地下水管理的逐步严格化和精细化,南通市地下水位得到不断回升,全市深层地下水水位已经回升至30 m以浅。未来,南通市要进一步严格地下水用水总量和水位控制、加大取用水计量、加强地下水监测站网建设完善,强化地下水管理和保护。     

山西省平原区地下水“双控”研究框架设计

实现地下水位的止将回升、地下水开采总量控制是最严格水资源管理制度的具体行动。在论述开展地下水"双控"管理必要性的基础上,回顾了国内外研究进展,提出了地下水"双控"研究总体框架和管理流程,对于促进地下水研究与管理具有重要意义。     

黑龙港平原区地下水利用水位水量控制指标分析

选取河北省黑龙港地区平原地下水开采区——沧县为典型示范区,在了解该区域基本情况的基础上,介绍了浅层和深层地下水开采量监测的几种方法,即:统计法、典型点法以及水电转化法;对运用这几种方法来计算工业、农业和人畜生活等地下水开采量的过程进行了分析研究。在分析过程中,借助于SPSS软件进行了多元回归分析;并建立了月水位变化与月开采量相关关系、年水位变化与年开采量相关关系,定性地确立了水位与埋深的相关关系。与此同时,根据典型示范区的实测地下水埋深等数据资料,与地下水开采量指标进行了拟合。分析结果可为水位控制和取水总量控制提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

Groundwater Risk Assessment of the Third Aquifer in Tianjin City, China

More than 70 % of Tianjin city’s water supply comes from groundwater. As water demand increases, this reliance on groundwater has caused serious geological problems, such as seawater intrusion. The third aquifer is the main water supply aquifer for Tianjin city. According to supply conditions, water abundance, exploitation conditions, and water quality of the third aquifer, the type of ecological environment system, protection targets and requirements, the present situation of groundwater exploitation and utilization, the groundwater exploitation demand, and utilization for regional water resources allocation as well as national overall scheme about reasonable exploitation, utilization and protection of groundwater resource, groundwater in Tianjin has been divided into seven function areas. After analysis of influencing factors, like water abundance, exploitation intensity and well density, risk factors have been classified using AHP and GIS. Then the comprehensive evaluation model of groundwater exploitation and utilization risks was built. Using this model, the exploitation and utilization risks of the third aquifer in years 2015, 2020, and 2030 have been forecasted. The results show that the risk grade of this aquifer in 2015 is higher than now, while lower in 2020 and 2030. But the risk grade of the 3rd and 4th aquifer increases, since the water yield of this aquifer must still meet a certain amount to support the basic demand of this city.     

Application of Fuzzy Multi-Objective Function on Reducing Groundwater Demand for Aquaculture in Land-Subsidence Areas

In Taiwan, due to its relatively low development cost, groundwater has been the main source of water supply for most aquacultural industry in costal areas. The overdraft of groundwater has caused serious land-subsidence in many parts of Taiwan. In addition to providing enough surface water for aquaculture freshwater demand, revising the aquaculture structure is one approach to reduce the reliance on fresh groundwater. Due to the most serious land-subsidence in Tachen Village, Changhua County, Taiwan, which may be caused by overusing groundwater for mainly raising freshwater clams, alternative techniques, such as changing the method of water use or revising the kinds of fish with less freshwater demands and higher gross profits, were studied in the study to reduce the dependence on fresh groundwater. The fuzzy multi-objective function comprising three single-objectives, viz. reducing saltwater demand, reducing freshwater demand, and increasing the total fisheries gross profit, was coupled with a global optimization algorithm to find suitable aquaculture scenarios in the study area. Analytical results can be provided to the fisheries authorities as references for revising the aquaculture structure.     

地下水功能区保护与管理

加强地下水功能区保护与管理,对实现地下水分区分类精细化管理,实施最严格水资源管理制度具有重要意义。分析了地下水功能区水量控制目标、水位控制目标以及水质保护目标的确定方法。应根据各功能区地下水的资源供给功能、生态保护功能以及地质环境稳定功能的属性要求,在综合考虑区域水资源条件。区域用水需求的基础上,确定地下水功能区保护目标。同时,应强化地下水监测计量,实行功能区地下水开采总量控制,加强水质保护。     

Application of Bayesian Decision Networks for Groundwater Resources Management Under the Conditions of High Uncertainty and Data Scarcity

This paper presents management of groundwater resource using a Bayesian Decision Network (BDN). The Kordkooy region in North East of Iran has been selected as study area. The region has been sub-divided into three zones based on transmissivity (T) and electrical conductivity (EC) values. The BDN parameters: prior probabilities and Conditional Probability Tables - CPTs) have been identified for each of the three zones. Three groups of management scenarios have been developed based on the two decision variables including “Crop pattern” and “Domestic water demand” across the three zones of the study area: 1) status quo management for all three zones represent current conditions; 2) the effect of change in cropping pattern on management endpoints and 3) the effect of future increased domestic water demand on management endpoints. The outcomes arising from implementing each scenario have been predicted by use of the constructed BDN for each of the zones. Results reveal that probability of drawdown in groundwater levels of southern areas is relatively high compared with other zones. Groundwater withdrawal from northern and northwestern areas of the study area should be limited due to the groundwater quality problems associated with shallow groundwater of these two zones. The ability of the Bayesian Decision Network to take into account key uncertainties in natural resources and perform meaningful analysis in cases where there is not a vast amount of information and observed data available – and opportunities for enabling inputs for the analysis based partly on expert elicitation,emphasizes key advantages of this approach for groundwater management and addressing the groundwater related problems in a data-scarce area.     

Simulation supported scenario analysis for water resources planning: a case study in northern Italy.

The work presents the results of a comprehensive modelling study of surface and groundwater resources in the Muzza-Bassa Lodigiana irrigation district, in Northern Italy. It assesses the impact of changes in land use and irrigation water availability on the distribution of crop water consumption in space and time, as well as on the groundwater resources. A distributed, integrated surface water-groundwater simulation system was implemented and applied to the study area. The system is based on the coupling of a conceptual vadose zone model with the groundwater model MODFLOW. To assess the impact of land use and irrigation water availability on water deficit for crops as well as on groundwater system in the area, a number of management scenarios were identified and compared with a base scenario, reflecting the present conditions. Changes in land use may alter significantly both total crop water requirement and aquifer recharge. Water supply is sufficient to meet demand under present conditions and, from the crop water use viewpoint, a reduction of water availability has a positive effect on the overall irrigation system efficiency; however, evapotranspiration deficit increases, concentrated in July and August, when it may be critical for maize crops.     

Impact of Urbanization on the Hydrology of Ganga Basin (India)

Large scale emigrations from rural areas to urban areas and population growth have been uninterrupted and accelerating phenomena in parts of Ganga basin, where urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Urban agglomeration is causing radical changes in groundwater recharge and modifying the existing mechanisms. Majority of the cities are sited on unconfined or semi confined aquifers depend upon river water and groundwater for most of their water supply and disposal of most of their liquid effluents and solid residues to the rivers and ground. There has also been an inevitable rise in waste production. Drainage of surface water has been disrupted as the small natural channels and low lying areas have been in filled, often with municipal waste. Total water potential of the Ganga basin including surface water potential and ground water potential is around 525.02 km³ and 170.00 km³ respectively. Basin supports approximately 42% of the total population in India. Water tables are declining at approximately an average of 0.20 m per year in many parts of the basin and there is a trend of deteriorating groundwater quality. The demand of water has been increased many folds and most of the areas are highly reliant upon the groundwater to meet this increasing demand for water, but unfortunately degradation of groundwater both in terms of quantity and quality has deteriorated the situation. Studies shows that change in climate may increase temperature by 2 to 6°C and can reduce precipitation up to 16%, which could reduce the groundwater recharge by 50%. In densely populated Ganga basin urban drainage consumes a high proportion of the investments into urban infrastructure and needs integrated approach for the sustainable development of water management, water education regarding conservation and pollution caused by urbanization.     

Analysis of the Water Resources Status in Kuwait

The acute lack of natural water resources in Kuwait is indisputable. The country essentially has one limited natural water resource that is groundwater, while the majority of the country's demands are met by seawater desalination. Notwithstanding this scarcity calls for careful foresighted utilization of the water resources, no clear plans is being followed. Attempting to initiate the planning process, this paper gives an assessment of the current status of water resources availability, production, future demand and expected increases in production, in Kuwait. While the desalination and wastewater reuse are only bounded by economical considerations, considerable efforts have already been made in assessing the baseline of the groundwater resources in Kuwait; nonetheless, no estimation is available of the aquifer system potential for sustainable development or even mining. The total water budget in 2001 is estimated at 655 Million m³, with desalination, groundwater production, and wastewater reuse constituting 59%, 32% and 9% respectively. The projected water demand for 2010 is 1020 Million m³. The plans of the Ministry of Electricity and Water and the Ministry of Public Works indicated that groundwater would cover 52% of the planned additional production, while desalination and wastewater reuse would cover 44% and 4% respectively. While the proposed increase in groundwater production would inevitably consume the only natural water resource of the country, only 40% of the generated wastewater is to be utilized. The absence of integrated planning is also manifested in the total planned production that surpasses the projected demands by more than 17%.     

Groundwater Exploration and Assessment in Rural Communities of Yobe State, Northern Nigeria

The provision of adequate water supply and sanitation to the rapidly growing urban populations is increasingly becoming a problem for governments throughout the world. The continuing expansion of the numbers of people in cities who need water and sanitation services form a continuous pressure to either invest in additional production capacity or to stretch the available supplies to serve more people. Due to rapid increase in population growth in the Yobe State north of Nigeria, there is a shortage in the water supply to Damaturu city the capital of the state and surrounding villages. At the present the total water supply is about 10,000 m³/day abstracted form the shallow alluvial groundwater aquifer using 29 production wells. Due to the expected increase in water demand and the limited potentiality of shallow aquifer system, other deep aquifers were explored and investigated to evaluate their potentiality for future water demand. Vertical Electrical Sounding Method was used for the geophysical survey of the study area. Groundwater flow model was developed and calibrated against the historical information. Three wellfields were designed to provide Damaturu city and surrounding villages with the required water. The calibrated model has been used to evaluate the aquifer potentiality and the effect of future withdrawals on the deep aquifer system. It was found that the aquifer system within the study area consists of two main layers. The upper layer is the Chad formation comprises an alluvial sand and gravel with intercalation of thin sility clay layers. The second layer is Keri-Keri formation consists of sandstone formation which is not explored before. During this study the Kerri-Kerri aquifer system was investigated as an alternative source for groundwater for future demand. The study presents an integrated groundwater resources management strategy for present and future water supply for rural communities.     

串联水库联合供水的风险分析

为干流多个串联水库与地下水库联合对区域供水系统建立风险分析模型。以系统分析的思想为基础，考察来水和用水的不确定性，利用地表水和地下水联合调配数学模型，采用随机模拟技术对串联水库联合供水的风险进行定量描述。对石家庄地区的分析计算结果表明，该方法充分考虑了区域工农业需水量约束和生态环境需水约束，得出的结论对区域决策具有参考意义。     

基于单位象元尺度的黑龙港流域农用地下水资源供需分析

水资源匮乏和土地资源相对贫瘠是黑龙港流域最为严重的资源环境问题,基于对研究区遥感图像进行监督分类后得到的农业种植结构的分析,并运用作物缺水量和地下水资源供需短缺量、供需比的计算模型,开展了单位象元尺度的农业水资源供需平衡研究。结果表明,研究区冬小麦、水果和蔬菜分布较多的区域缺水最为严重,缺水量2 400m3/hm2以上的达到1.45万km2,占总面积的42.2%。据此,提出了区域水土资源优化配置方案,即在水资源短缺、土壤盐渍化或沙化地区,以种植耐干旱和耐盐咸的作物为主;在水资源丰沛、土壤有机质含量高和保蓄能力强的地区,以种植对水土资源要求高的作物为主。