Fire safety engineering: comparison of a new degree programme with the model curriculum

The curriculum design of a new degree programme in Building Services Engineering with Fire Engineering Specialism for the local fire engineering professionals in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is reported. The programme was approved by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and offered in September 1997 with an intake of 25 students per year. The aims are to train fire engineers who can handle not only ‘traditional’ fire engineering systems, but also perform the ‘new’ procedure of fire safety engineering hooked up with the development of ‘performance-based fire codes’ in an ‘engineering approach’. Subject contents to be included in a fire safety engineering degree programme are proposed. A comparison of this new scheme with the model curriculum in Fire Safety Engineering is made. Coverage of topic areas on fire engineering and teaching hours are compared. Differences in the curricula have been identified and discussed.     

火灾科学与消防工程学发展现状及学科体系构架

火灾科学与消防工程学具备火灾科学、消防技术和消防工程所形成的完整知识体系，其下属学科包括火灾学、防火工程、灭火工程、消防管理工程、消防指挥学、火灾调查学及其他相关学科。消防风险管理研究、火灾模化技术、火灾心理和火灾行为以及消防可靠性数据的研究将成为新世纪火灾科学与消防工程学的优先研究领域。     

我国开展建筑性能化防火设计技术研究的思路

建筑物性能化防火设计方法是目前国外消防科学研究中的一个前沿的热门研究领域。性能化设计思想是以危险性和经济性评估为手段,利用现代科技成果来指导建筑防火设计,根据建筑物的火灾发展特性、建筑及其使用人员的特征来确定建设防火设计,从而实现消防安全和投资等的统一。我国也正积极开展这方面的技术研究并向实用化方向努力,目前正在编制“建筑物性能化设计导则”及开展相关评估模型的研究。在总结国内外有关建筑物性能化研究阶段性成果的基础上,提出了我国开展建筑物消防安全工程设计技术研究的一些基本思路。     

中国火灾科学基础研究进展

为了获得对自然火灾现象的深入了解,从而促进消防安全设计／工程、消防管理以及灭火技术的发展,在中国NKBRSF（国家重点基础性研究基金）的赞助下,承担的“火灾动力学演化与防治基础”五年计划项目。该项目从2002年开始实施以来,与中国几个著名大学以及从事消防基础科学研究的研究所之间的合作,取得了一定的进展。对2002—2004之间的最新研究进展情况做了总结,对中国基础火灾科学研究的前景进行了展望。     

大型地下商业建筑防火分隔方案优化

以某大型地下商业建筑为例,从安全疏散时间、阻烟效率、分隔物可靠性和经济性分析等方面对其6种防火分隔方案进行分析评价,并应用消防价值工程法优选出最佳防火分隔方案.结果表明,采用消防价值工程法能将防火分隔方案的功能与工程成本相结合,有助于防火设计过程中设计方案的选择优化.     

建筑工程消防安全管理与保险制度的良性互动机制

建筑工程消防安全管理（以下简称“建筑消防管理”）是贯彻落实“预防为主、防消结合”消防工作方针的重要组成部分。现行的单一行政强制性管理手段已不适应生产力发展水平和建筑消防技术进步的要求，本文以现代管理学的视角，对如何建立建筑消防管理与保险制度的良性互动机制进行了初步研究。     

The process of fire safety design—development ofFire Engineering Guidelines in Australia

Australia is quickly moving toward adopting performance-based regulations for building fire safety. This approach offers owners and designers more flexibility, greater opportunity for innovation, and more cost-effective construction.To help introduce a performance approach, the Fire Code Reform Centre has developedFire Engineering Guidelines, which document an agreed methodology for performance-based design and draws on earlier Australian research and similar developments in a number of countries.The guidelines are the first step in a broader research program to develop a full risk assessment methodology as the basis for fire safety design in Australia.     

The fire situation and progress in fire safety science and technology in China

Since the 1950s, the direct property damage due to fire has increased with the development of industrialization and urbanization in China. The number of fire casualties has come down significantly since the 1980s while fire incidents with high casualties has occurred occasionally. Research on fire safety science and technology and its application have advanced, encouraged by Government at all levels, the Fire Service Department of the Ministry of Public Security and all of society. In recent years, the fire situation in China has become relatively stable and an effective strength in fire research has been established, comprising the four Fire Research Institutes of the Ministry of Public Security, the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, fire enterprises and other fire research institutes. Since the 1990s, research has been carried out on fire detection and alarm, fire suppression techniques, structural fire-resistance, fire prevention techniques, fire modeling, performance-based fire protection design, urban fire protection planning, fire-fighting and rescue, fire protection standardization, fire dynamics and the fundamentals of fire protection. In the next 5 years, research will be focused on the theory of fire dynamics; evaluation techniques for fire risk and fire and rescue services of urban areas; new techniques of fire suppression systems and equipment and their engineering application; modernization of fire department apparatus and equipment; techniques for evaluation and design of structural fire resistance; human behavior in fire; development of a fire database; fire protection engineering economics; and performance-based fire protection design.     

Summary of workshop for fire structure interaction and urban and wildland-urban interface (WUI) Fires–operation Tomodachi–fire research

A workshop, known as “Operation Tomodachi—Fire Research” was held in Tokyo, Japan from July 1 to July 4, 2012. Tomodachi means friendship in Japanese. This workshop, under the direction of Dr. Samuel L. Manzello of EL-NIST and Dr. Tokiyoshi Yamada of the University of Tokyo, was conducted in partnership with the Japan Association of Fire Science and Engineering (JAFSE). The objective was to: (1) develop scientific knowledge and translate it to building codes and standards that will be of use to both countries to reduce the devastation caused by unwanted fires, (2) provide a forum for next generation researchers to present their work in order to develop new research collaborations, (3) and allow USA participants a chance to visit excellent large-scale research facilities available in Japan that are of use to the research topics of this workshop. This is a formal continuation of the kickoff meeting held at NIST's Engineering Laboratory (EL-NIST) in June 2011. USA presentations were delivered from: NIST, Purdue University, University of Texas-Austin, Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), University of California-Berkeley, California Polytechnic University (CALPOLY), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and the University of Delaware (organizations are listed based on the order of oral presentation). Japanese presentations were delivered from: The University of Tokyo, Building Research Institute (BRI), Takenaka Corporation, Center for Better Living, Shimizu Corporation, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM), Kyoto University, National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster (NRIFD), Yamagata University, and Kobe University (organizations are listed based on the order of oral presentation). All of the presentations are documented in a recent NIST Special Publication (NIST SP 1137). The present paper provides a detailed summary for the need of this workshop as well as the findings obtained from the event. It is desired that this activity will motivate the next generation of researchers to explore and develop research collaborations related to emerging areas of fire safety science. The authors are hopeful that new and exciting activities specific to other countries may come out of this type of event.     

我国火灾形势与消防科学技术的发展

20世纪50年代以来,我国火灾直接经济损失随着经济社会的发展有较大幅度的上升.80年代以后,火灾伤亡人数明显下降,但群死群伤火灾问题比较突出.近年来,我国火灾形势基本稳定.在各级政府、公安消防部门和全社会的努力下,推进了消防科技的研究和应用.目前,我国已经形成了一支以公安部直属四个消防研究所、中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室及其他消防科研院所和大型消防企业为主体,相关教育科研单位和人员为补充的消防科技力量.90年代以来,我国开展了火灾探测报警与灭火技术、建筑耐火性能和防火技术、火灾模化技术及性能化消防安全设计、城市消防规划与灭火救援、消防标准化、火灾动力学演化与防治基础等方面的研究,并重点进行了高层建筑火灾预防与扑救技术、地下与大空间建筑火灾预防及控制技术、城市火灾与重大化学灾害事故防范与控制技术等项目的研究.在未来五年中,我国将重点开展火灾动力学理论与火灾风险理论、城市区域火灾风险与消防安全保障能力评估技术、新型消防设施及工程应用技术、消防装备与器材的现代化、建筑结构耐火性能评价与抗火设计技术、人在火场中的行为特征、火灾数据库和消防经济学与性能化消防工程方法等方面的研究.     

Fire safety objectives for buildings

Rapidly expanding interest in performance-based codes has created increased attention to the objectives of fire safety. One of the more circumspect yet cogent discourses on this subject was presented by Professor David Rasbash, retired Head of the Department of Fire Safety Engineering at the University of Edinburgh. The following is excerpted from a lecture given to The Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors at Morecambe, October 1977, with permission of the author.—The Editor     

Fire safety engineering in timber buildings

The combustibility of timber is one of the main reasons that many building regulations strictly limit the use of timber as a building material. Fire safety is an important contribution to feeling safe, and an important criterion for the choice of building materials. Historically, the combustibility aspect of wood has been a disadvantage for using timber as a construction material. The main precondition for an increased use of timber in buildings is providing adequate fire safety. This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges to reach this goal by implementing Fire Safety Engineering and Performance Based Design principles.     

消防安全研究进展与前沿分析

运用CiteSpace软件对2009-2018年消防安全领域的相关文献进行检索,梳理文献并绘制发文机构合作网络图谱、关键词共现网络图谱和时区知识演进图谱。从文献计量角度透视国内消防安全研究的研究进展和热点前沿。研究结果表明,近10年的消防安全研究领域可划分为建筑防火设计与数值模拟研究、灭火救援与应急救援研究、火灾风险与火灾风险评估研究、消防监督管理与火灾防控研究、复杂建筑与建筑消防设施研究等5个方向。研究还结合时区知识演进图谱总结出消防安全领域的3条发展前沿,并对消防安全领域下一阶段研究发展提出3条建议。     

The Development of a Fire Safety Evaluation Procedure for the Property Protection of Parish Churches

Incidences of fires in churches are currently exceeding those in all other historic building types. This trend is destroying irreplaceable national treasures as England and Wales contains one of the greatest collections, in terms of number and antiquity, of ancient parish churches in the world. This paper describes the development of a decision making tool to aid the custodians of parish churches in evaluating the existing fire safety provision and in gauging the cost of upgrading fire safety for property protection exclusively. The principles behind the evaluation procedure are detailed and the mechanics of assessment demonstrated. The tool, referred to as Fire(SEPC) [Fire Safety Evaluation Procedure for the Property Protection of Parish Churches] is unique in its evaluation configuration in that an acceptable level of fire safety is dependent on the vulnerability of the fabric and contents of individual churches.     

国家标准《岩土工程勘察安全规范》编制特点

国家标准<岩土工程勘察安全规范>是一本综合性、适用于各行业岩土工程勘察安全生产的通用标准,是编写岩土工程勘察纲要、危险源辨识、现场作业安全生产评价、安全生产管理工作的依据.根据编制国家标准<岩土工程勘察安全规范>的体会,简要介绍了该规范的编制背景、编制原则、主要内容和主要特点等.     

建规及高规的若干问题分析探讨

结合平时在办理建设工程消防设计审核业务过程中遇到的一些问题,重点分析了GB 50016-2006建筑设计防火规范和GB 50045-95高层民用建筑设计防火规范中关于＂安全出口＂＂商业服务网点＂＂中庭＂和＂袋形走道＂等几个问题的设计要求。     

消防防火监督工作中的创新方法探讨

消防安全事关经济发展、社会和谐稳定,关乎人民生命财产安全。我国消防工作实行“预防为主、防消结合”的方针,防火监督工作是消防工作的重点。经济迅速发展,催生很多新生事物,消防监督工作面临着诸多新的挑战,及时创新消防监督管理模式显得尤为重要。文章结合当前防火监督工作中面临的难点,按照中央深化消防执法改革意见要求,在实际工作中就如何创新消防监督检查模式、优化执法方式、规范执法行为、提升监管效能进行了调研探讨。     

Fire Safety Code for Historic Structures

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) periodically updates each fire safety code and standard that it develops. Acknowledging the need for a document to prescribe fire safety for historic buildings, a complete and thorough rewrite of NFPA 914 was undertaken. The former recommended practice has now been issued as the Code for Fire Protection in Historic Structures. The 2001 edition identifies a process for analyzing fire safety needs in historic buildings, outlines generic approaches to dealing with specific provisions of other codes that may endanger historic integrity, and includes a performance-based approach to fire safety in historic buildings. This paper describes the background, revision process, and current proposed content NFPA 914.     

公共建筑火灾风险评估及安全管理方法研究

本文在介绍相关基础理论知识的前提下,从公共建筑的设计、施工、使用三个环节出发,分别对公共建筑火灾风险评估及安全管理方法进行了初步研究,为有效地采取措施预防公共建筑火灾提供了一定的借鉴。     

民族民居火灾危险性及预防对策

通过统计2006-2010年民居火灾数据,归纳少数民族地区民居火灾在地域、时段、季节、原因、起火物、建筑构件、人员伤亡、消防监管等方面的特征,系统分析导致民居火灾的相关要素,从民居布局、防火等级、火源电源的安全使用、消防器材配备、消防管理等方面提出了民居火灾的预防措施。