吴哥古迹保护修复的实践与理念发展脉络

柬埔寨吴哥古迹是人类历史上辉煌的遗迹,是人类共同的文化遗产,同时也是国际古迹保护修复的实践与理念的反映。其古迹保护修复理念及实践方法一直与国际上古迹保护修复的理念及方法同步。从最早作为法国殖民地,以西方的遗产保护理念对古迹进行修复;到新时期各国和国际组织发起的保护吴哥古迹国际行动中所运用的新理念,新技术,无一不反映各个国家在不同文化背景下的古迹保护修复方法和理念。他山之石,可以攻玉,通过梳理历史上吴哥古迹保护修复的实践与理念的发展,展示东西方文化古迹遗产的保护哲学,为国内的遗产保护提供参考与借鉴。     

Mapping the impact of climate change on surface recession of carbonate buildings in Europe

Climate change is currently attracting interest at both research and policy levels. However, it is usually explored in terms of its effect on agriculture, water, industry, energy, transport and health and as yet has been insufficiently addressed as a factor threatening cultural heritage. Among the climate parameters critical to heritage conservation and expected to change in the future, precipitation plays an important role in surface recession of stone. The Lipfert function has been taken under consideration to quantify the annual surface recession of carbonate stone, due to the effects of clean rain, acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants. The present paper provides Europe-wide maps showing quantitative predictions of surface recession on carbonate stones for the 21st century, combining a modified Lipfert function with output from the Hadley global climate model. Chemical dissolution of carbonate stones, via the karst effect, will increase with future CO₂ concentrations, and will come to dominate over sulfur deposition and acid rain effects on monuments and buildings in both urban and rural areas. During the present century the rainfall contribution to surface recession is likely to have a small effect, while the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration is shown to be the main factor in increasing weathering via the karst effect.     

The effect of frost weathering at the dinosaur tracksite in Seoyu-ri,Hwasun, Korea

Cultural monuments and geological heritage sites composed of natural stone are severely affected by frost weathering in cold regions or during the winter season in mid-altitude regions. The effect also occurs at the dinosaur tracksite in Seoyu-ri, Hwasun, Korea, which is not sheltered. To assess the influence of frost weathering on the tracksite, freeze–thaw experiments were carried out in the laboratory up to 100 cycles, simulating geological and meteorological conditions of the site. The variation on physical properties were measured at a core scale as weathering progressed. The decreases in dry weight, P- and S-wave velocity, and elastic modulus, and the increase in absorption rate and Poisson’s ratio showed the physical deterioration of the specimens. The microstructural properties were also measured using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images as weathering progressed. The variation on porosity (especially open porosity), pore size distribution, local thickness, and crack orientation showed the propagation and expansion of the pores and microcracks in rock specimens at a pore scale. Because every measurement was performed using non-destructive methods, the variation on the same specimens can be analyzed continuously. The results showed that frost weathering can cause damage to the tracksites. This research, therefore, suggests the construction of a shelter to maintain the temperature of the tracksite and to prevent groundwater seepage. This research can be applied to assess the effects of frost weathering at other cultural stone heritage or geological heritage sites.     

An evaluation of decision-making process on maintenance of built cultural heritage: The case of Visby,Sweden

Preventive conservation is a significant approach for the conservation of built cultural heritage. This approach aims to prevent major deteriorations through monitoring and a planned maintenance programme. Although Visby, as one of the most important world heritage sites of Sweden, has many governmental organizations for conservation, none has a particular focus on maintenance. This paper examines the perspective of the habitants about the maintenance of their dwellings in the World Heritage Site of Visby. In this context, a survey is carried out to determine the main tendency of the habitants regarding the maintenance of historic buildings inside the city walls. Thus, the survey requires not only quantitative methods based on statistical data, but also qualitative methods based on interpretative data. The questionnaire conducted with the owners and tenants is the primary data collection tool. Both the owners and the tenants agree with the necessity of a non-governmental organisation in Visby to provide advice on maintenance. Maintenance and regular monitoring prevent costlier and large-scale repairs and are essential to retaining the cultural significance of Visby. This study can be helpful for adopting the community's opinion to the regular maintenance programme and promoting cooperation between non-profit organizations and governmental organizations in cultural heritage.     

Reproducing the city? Heritage and Eigenlogik

The aim of this study is to explore the potential usefulness as well as the limitations of the paradigm of Eigenlogik for heritage studies. The contention is that Eigenlogik, understood as a lasting operative praxis that is locally specific and unconsciously implicit in all actions, should also be traceable in those practices and processes of negotiation that select, fashion and interpret monuments. Indeed, the example of medieval monuments in German cities shows that different communities attribute very different kinds of meaning to their built heritage; these observations in turn suggest that long-term, locally specific processes of meaning attribution and negotiation are in operation. Furthermore, it is argued that built heritage functions as an amplifier of Eigenlogik in as much as the monument embodies a particular structural form of self-reference, a locally specific mode of the reproduction of meaning that remains consistent through all ‘makings’ of it.     

解读里格尔的历史建筑价值论

奥地利艺术史学家里格尔被誉为“遗产保护的先知”,他第一次从遗产对人类的意义做深刻思考,提出了著名的历史建筑价值论,他从哲学、历史学的角度反复辨析历史建筑的各种价值及其相互关系,为19世纪欧洲各种保护与修复方法的争议找到了思想的根源,也为以后的文化遗产保护理论奠定了基础。可惜的是,里格尔的价值论在我国的遗产保护领域还没有引起人们的重视,甚至鲜为人知。本文通过对里格尔价值理论的解读,希望引起人们对遗产保护进行更加理性的思考,最后以里格尔的价值论为基础,重新审视我国当代文化遗产保护中的种种保护思潮与现象。     

特鲁埃尔城市发展项目，特鲁埃尔，西班牙

项目改造了从火车站到椭圆形步道的通路。那是一个建在城墙基址上的著名历史步道。这条步道是这座世界遗产城市中众多敏感的纪念物之一。     

Cultural heritage in suburban landscape planning: A case study in Southern Norway

In this study we ask how the planning process that coordinates the interests of various sectors on a municipal level affects the cultural heritage assets in suburban landscapes. Special attention is paid to the role the cultural heritage management sector plays in the overall planning processes that take place in such semi-urban regions.A case study is carried out in two suburban areas in Norway, Madla and Nannestad. The case-study design includes various methods; historical map overlay, visual methods, discourse analysis based on qualitative interviews and document studies. The case studies have been performed on two levels: a superior landscape analysis covering the total municipality, and a second and more detailed level.The results from this study show that the protection and caretaking of green interests in land-use planning is not necessarily a protection of cultural heritage interests. Cultural heritage is more to be seen as a derivate interest. Cultural heritage management seldom functions as a premise provider in municipal planning. The findings are discussed in conjunction with the need for comprehensive planning across administrative and disciplinary borders as cities grow into regions. There is also a need for the cultural heritage interests to play a stronger role in planning in order to obtain better preservation of the cultural monuments and landscapes.     

岩石在酸化环境下的强度损伤及其静态加速模拟

在不同质量百分比(1.0%,5.0%及10.0%)的3种酸溶液(H2SO4,HNO3和HCl)中,对大理岩和辉绿岩的水岩作用进行了静态长时(900d)加速浸泡试验模拟,分析了岩石单轴抗压强度、劈裂法抗拉强度和表面肖氏硬度的损伤对酸的敏感性和损伤机制。研究结果表明,在静水环境下,岩石强度损伤、硬度损伤及腐蚀速率与H 浓度及浸泡时间成非线性关系,岩石腐蚀所产生的环境效应不仅与岩性、酸种和H 浓度有关,而且与新成盐是否发生水解有关。     

当前欧洲对文物建筑保护的新观念

今天，历史文物建筑的生存环境在恶化，它们的生命周期在萎缩，如何保护和传继优秀的传统文化，本文着重介绍了当前在欧洲针对文物建筑保护出现的一些突出的新观念和新方法。     

德国历史文化景观要素体系构建对中国的启示——以德国萨克森州为例

历史文化景观是一种强调人地关系演变过程中历史层积的景观类型,是对现有文化景观构成体系的重要补充与完善.在德国,历史文化景观研究是文化遗产保护的关键切入点,同时也是空间规划的重要基础,德国各联邦州在该领域都具有丰富的实践经验.以德国萨克森州为例,系统介绍了该州历史文化景观要素体系的构建,包括景观要素的分析与提取、以要素体...     

Safeguarding Cultural Heritage in the Urban Fringe: The Role of Legibility

Abstract

This paper discusses the condition and legibility of prehistoric grave mounds and their landscape context and assesses legibility for experts and lay people by combining archaeological landscape analysis and visual historicity landscape analysis. The paper compares, on the one hand, the heritage object with inherited meanings, and on the other, how it is perceived and understood. The results reveal that legibility in archaeological terms and in visual terms sometimes overlap, but sometimes diverge. Divergences occur when visual legibility of a grave mound is high but where the prehistoric context and legibility are changed. In situations where the context of the mound is preserved and legibility of the mound is high in visual terms, the two overlap. At the fringe, the monuments were mostly both non-visible and had a changed context. Accepting that the prehistoric context has changed, within landscape planning and heritage management, recognising cultural heritage as features in the present-day landscape can be one way forward in urban fringe areas.     

Concepts of Wildland Fire Protection of Cultural Monuments and National Parks in Greece. Case Study: Digital Telemetry Networks at the Forest of Ancient Olympia

The concepts and particularities of fire protection planning for monuments of cultural heritage that are surrounded by national parks and other public wildlands are outlined, in the context of the general wildland fire problem of Greece. Typical examples of cultural monuments that were threatened by wildland fires in Greece are reported. A conceptual flowchart that combines optimal fire protection objectives with the protected values and functions of the national parks and cultural monuments is analyzed. A case-study presents the development of an electronic forest fire protection support system in the forest around the Ancient Olympia site in Greece, as an example of the potential deployment of innovative technologies in wildland fire protection. The aim of the system is twofold. First, the system supports remote monitoring of an extensive hydraulic network of pipelines, pumps and water-storage tanks build in the vicinity of the site. Second, the system provides means for remote operation of numerous revolving water-jets installed on top of heavy-duty tree-high metal towers, spread at key-locations inside the surrounding forest. All system telemetry data and command signals are transmitted through a single underground wire link requiring no external electric power at sensor/actuator locations inside the forest. Special user interfaces allow immediate system deployment either from a central graphics-based console screen or from purpose-build remote consoles installed at selected locations in the forest, thus achieving a high degree of readiness.     

Modelling the compressive mechanical behaviour of granite and sandstone historical building stones

Building stones, particularly sandstone and granite, are very important in the building elements of Portugal’s historical and cultural heritage. Experimental research, based on uniaxial compressive tests, was carried out on selected representative samples of lithotypes of rocks used in historic built heritage, with a view to evaluating the compressive mechanical behaviour of different building stones. The results showed that porosity plays a central role in the compressive behaviour of granites and sandstones. As porosity can be evaluated in field conditions with non-destructive tests it was decided to derive an analytical model to predict compressive behaviour based on the knowledge of porosity of the building stones. A cubic polynomial function was adopted to describe the pre-peak regime under compression to implement the model. Furthermore, a statistical correlation between mechanical and porosity data had to be defined. Good agreement between experimental and analytical compressive stress-strain diagrams, from which the mechanical properties like compressive strength and modulus of elasticity can be derived, was achieved.     

文化景观遗产保护视野下的社区规划

在文化景观遗产保护的研究视野下,论述兰亭遗产旅游开发应该为未来的文化景观遗产申报工作奠定基础.基于保护性开发原则,一方面在探讨了国内外保护区规划方法和依据后,阐述了兰亭文化景观遗产保护区划的规划思路,并提出遗产核心保护区域和建设控制范围以及内外交通控制的解决方案;另一方面,提出“旅游社区”规划概念,阐述兰亭书法修学游规划思路,提出“修学游”、“修学院”及“修学居”概念,并指出凝聚以书法修学为核心的旅游社区是兰亭文化遗产保护与旅游经济共赢发展的有效途径.     

Building materials as intrinsic sources of sulphate: a hidden face of salt weathering of historical monuments investigated through multi-isotope tracing (B, O, S)

Sulphate neoformation is a major factor of degradation of stone monuments. Boron, sulphur and oxygen isotope signatures were investigated for five French historical monuments (Bourges, Chartres and Marseille cathedrals, Chenonceau castle, and Versailles garden statues) to investigate the role of intrinsic sulphate sources (gypsum plasters and mortars) in stone degradation, compared to the influence of extrinsic sources such as atmospheric pollution. Gypsum plasters and gypsum-containing mortars fall systematically in the δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O range of Paris Basin Eocene evaporites indicating the origin of the raw materials (so-called "Paris plaster"). Black crusts show the typical S and O isotope signatures observed elsewhere in Europe that can be attributed to atmospheric pollution, together with a marine component for Marseille. Boron isotopes for black crusts indicate coal combustion as principal boron source. Mortar isotope compositions discriminate three types, one similar to gypsum plasters, one strongly depleted in ³⁴S, attributed to pyrite oxidation, and a third one close to atmospheric sulphates. The isotopic composition of sulphates and boron of most degraded building stones of the different monuments is well explained by the identified sulphate sources. In several cases (in particular for Chenonceau and Bourges, to some extent for Chartres), the impact of gypsum plaster as building and restoration material on the degradation of the stones in its vicinity was clearly demonstrated. The study illustrates the usefulness of multi-isotope studies to investigate stone degradation factors, as the combination of several isotope systematics increases the discriminatory power of isotope studies with respect to contaminant sources.     

Assessment of water penetration risk in building facades throughout Brazil

The penetration of atmospheric water (rain) into facades creates problems for building habitability and the durability of construction materials. This study analyses the exposure of Brazilian facades to the two main climate factors responsible for this penetration: wind-driven rain and driving rain wind pressure. Daily weather records (spanning 2005–14, from 171 weather stations) were analysed. Both exposure factors were combined to assess the risk of water penetration at each site. The relationships between the different exposure indices calculated from daily, monthly and annual records were determined and compared with results from other countries. From this analysis, detailed isopleth maps are provided that allow a graphical characterization of the moisture exposure conditions of facades anywhere in Brazil. A comprehensive characterization of the water penetration exposure in Brazilian enclosures is created and can be used to establish normative design requirements for actual climatic conditions in each area of the country. In general, an increased risk of penetration was identified in the flat areas of the South and Northeast regions of the country. The sites located in the Amazon basin present comparatively lower risks, despite a greater amount of rainfall, because the wind intensity is less in these inland areas.     

工业遗存的“遗产化过程”思考

工业建筑遗产或属“无意为之”的文物,建造之初,并未考虑长久保存与文化意义的流传。但在长期使用之后,由于观念转变,其中一些结构与建筑成为被欣赏的对象。工业遗存尽管在法律层面尚未得到相应的承认,但是当这些建筑与结构在人们的观念里一旦被认为是值得保存的东西,其就会成为工业建筑遗产。而在具体的遗产化过程中,工业遗存也面临多重利益相关者对它的命运决策,选择遗产的标准则体现了选择主体对于工业遗产的价值序列判断。     

An introduction to the karst geomorphology of the Bisetun–Taqe Bostan historical region (northeast Kermanshah,Iran) with special emphasis on karst development as a serious threat for the UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Bisetun–Taqe Bostan crushed carbonate massif (northeast of Kermanshah City) is a historical region that includes several famous monuments. Several types of karst features, the surface kind especially, have been developed in the area because of high rainfall in the area, tectonic crushing and high purity of the rocks. The field survey showed that the major karst features are karren, including rillenkarren, trittkarren, and solution runnels. Some of the monument stones by it have been deteriorating. Cavities and caves, solution dolines, and karstic springs are other observed karstic features in the area. Cavities and caves present mostly at intersections of shear faults or joint sets, which are considered the main location of water seepage throughout the limestone mass. Dolines in the region can be divided into two groups including solution and collapse dolines. The first group involves deep and large dolines without surface deposit cover, whereas the second group includes shallow dolines with smaller sizes covered by soil layers. Dolines are not problematic for the monuments because of their relatively high distance from them. There are a number of karstic springs in the study area; the Bisetun and Taq-e Bostan springs are the most important among them. Both springs discharge at a fault surface in vicinity of the monuments. As a part of the present study, deterioration occurring in the monuments due to the karst development was investigated. Moreover, some physical and chemical preservation methods were proposed to protect the monuments.

     

Degeneration of socio-urban fabric at Yenikapı and proposals for rehabilitation

This paper aimed to discuss urban conservation challenges along the axes of two streets in the neighborhood of Yenikapı leading towards Kumkapı. The Yenikapı area of the historic peninsula of Istanbul is known to have been inhabited since prehistoric times, and it was the site of an important late antiquity port. Many cultural assets, including monuments from a number of periods and nineteenth century houses, remain in the area, but jarring changes have occurred due to newly built constructions, town planning decisions, and the development of public transport. Before any proposal for future area conservation activities, the current state of conservation was inspected through onsite analyses conducted along Paşazade, Imrahor Hamamı, and Sepetçi Selim streets. By analyzing the pressures affecting the historical peninsula, the challenges in the conservation effort of the study area were determined, followed by some proposals for its enhancement and general conservation. The paper stems from the studio of Urban Preservation-Conservation for Graduate Studies Programme, which was run between February and June 2019 under the coordination of the authors. Highlighting the value of the cultural heritage and historic importance of the area, revitalization to preserve the urban character was suggested. The current state of conservation was investigated through recent onsite analyses, one of the most important tasks in understanding the integrity and authenticity of the area.