无线传感网络中基于无线能量补给的能量感知路由算法

针对无线传感网络中随机分布传感器节点能量消耗不均衡的问题,提出了一种基于无线能量补给的能量感知路由算法。休眠节点不仅可以在无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer,SWIPT)传输方式下通过功率分割方法进行无线能量补给,还可以在信息传输方式下通过无线能量收集方法进行能量补给,重新进入活跃状态,为信息传播提供更好的路由,提高传感器节点的能量利用,延长传感网络的使用寿命。在该算法中,通过优化节点间的信息和能量分配,最小化传输功率,引入能量路由度量方法,选择能耗最小的路径作为传输路径。仿真结果表明,本文提出的算法可以有效地利用节点资源,均衡多跳能量受限无线传感器网络中的能量分布。     

WSN中基于博弈论的节点功率控制算法

针对如何降低无线传感器网络中节点传输的能量消耗,延长网络生存周期,本文将博弈论引入WSN功率控制中,综合考虑节点的剩余能量、发射功率等因素构建效用函数,将剩余能量较大的节点作为下一跳节点,连接其他节点并承载较多的传输任务.节点在通信过程中以功率博弈算法作为策略方案,不断调整各自的策略,提高信息传输的准确率,并证明该算法纳什均衡的存在.仿真结果表明,与传统分布式功率控制算法相比,该算法通过控制节点传输功率实现了降低能耗的目的,能更快迭代出最优发射功率,并得到较大的信干比.     

基于单神经元PID的WSNs邻居节点级功率控制算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)中功率控制算法不能实时地调整节点功率和能量消耗较大等问题,提出了一种基于单神经元PID的邻居节点级功率控制算法.该算法结合WSNs传输功率模型,通过实时地控制邻居节点的数量,调整每个节点的功率,动态控制网络的能耗.仿真结果表明:该算法能根据网络连通性要求调整传感器节点的功率,实时性好,收敛速度快,有效地降低了网络的整体能耗.     

无线体域网低能耗功率控制与分布式调度算法

传输能耗在无线体域网的能耗中占比最大,降低传输能耗的核心是解决2个问题:传输时隙到来时选择哪个节点传输和所选节点以何种功率传输.针对前者现有调度算法忽视网络公平性要求的局限性,提出了一种包含公平性指数的分布式调度算法;针对后者当前功率控制算法采用固定函数模型的局限性,设计了一种基于比例—积分—微分的单输出神经网络(SPIDNN)自适应网络功率机制动态调整无线体域网中传感器节点的发射功率控制方法.仿真实验表明:相对其他方案,方案在保证网络公平性的前提下,降低了能量消耗.     

基于ANN的能量采集无线传感器网络中继选择策略

能量采集无线传感器网络(EH-WSN)中继节点的能量补给来源与选择算法是制约网络生命周期的关键因素。为提升EH-WSN可再生能源利用率与中继选择效率,引入配有太阳能电池板与电网供能的能量节点(EN),采用解码转发中继协议与改进的功率分割接收机传输模型,构建多中继EH-WSN协同通信模型。基于二维线性相控阵天线实现EN对中继节点的定向无线能量补给,根据EN能量的不同来源动态调整充能策略,提出最大化网络生命周期下的优化中继选择算法。建立基于人工神经网络(ANN)的中继选择模型,结合反向传播算法与交叉熵函数对模型结果进行修正。仿真结果表明：采用EH-WSN优化中继选择算法的网络生命周期相比于无线携能传输(SWIPT)的WSN增长62%,可再生能源利用率单天最高可达21%;基于ANN模型的中继选择结果准确率可达90%、选择效率提高92%,相比于具有遍历性的EH-WSN优化中继选择算法计算复杂度更低、实时性更高。     

基于蚁群优化的WSN功率自适应路由算法

为节省节点能量开销,延长无线传感器网络(WSN)的生命周期,在研究蚁群优化算法的基础上,提出一种基于蚁群优化的功率自适应路由算法。在蚂蚁寻路时考虑节点的传输方向、剩余能量和节点间距离。寻找到一条最优路径后,根据相邻两节点间的距离调整节点的发射功率,避免功率过大造成能量浪费。仿真实验结果表明,在节点非均匀分布的情况下,该算法能够有效节省网络开销,延长网络生命周期。     

基于功率控制的无线体域网能量有效传输算法

在资源受限的体域网中,人体移动特性使得体域网不适合采用固定功率发送数据.为此,提出一种适用于体域网的能量有效传输算法.该算法中的传感器节点利用周期信标帧的广播特性,对当前路径损耗进行估计,并通过回复帧动态调整路径损耗权重因子,减少估计误差值.最后在保障误包率的前提下,传感器节点根据信道状态调整发送功率.仿真结果表明,所提算法不仅能够减少发送能量的浪费,而且可以减少包平均发送次数,从而提高节点的能量效率.     

一种基于跨层功率控制的Ad hoc网络路由算法*

在无线Ad Hoc网络路由协议中引入功率控制不但可以降低网络能量消耗,同时还能改善网络的吞吐量、投递率等性能,已成为当前Ad Hoc网络的一个研究热点.本文提出了一种基于跨层功率控制的按需路由算法CPC-AODV(Cross-layer Power Control Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector).算法按需建立多个不同功率级的路由,节点选择到目的节点最小功率级的路由来传递分组,并对网络层的数据分组、路由分组和MAC层控制帧的传输采用不同功率控制策略来降低能量消耗.仿真结果表明:算法有利于降低通信能量开销,延长网络寿命,提高网络投递率及改善网络时延.     

大范围WRSNs的数据路由和无线充电算法

针对传统电池供电系统能量有限问题,提出一种大范围无线可充电传感器网络(WRSNs)的数据路由和无线充电算法.以无线感知识别平台为基础,利用等边三角形的强覆盖性,并综合考虑网络路由协议和无线充电器特性对节点能量的影响,提出一种基于六边形路径的动态无线充电算法(IJRC_HP).算法包括两部分:依据充电器特性设计数据路由方法,使得能量接收功率高的节点承担更多的通信任务;依据该路由的特点设计充电方案,为能耗速度快的节点分配更多的充电时间.与等边三角形算法(TRIANGLE)、GRID算法进行仿真对比,实验结果表明,IJRC_HP算法在网络寿命提升、能量均衡、充电器移动效率和节点平均充电延时等方面具有优越性.     

一种基于信噪比的自组网功率控制算法

能量是影响无线自组网性能的一个很大的瓶颈,作为事实上的无线自组网媒体接入协议,802.11并没有动态调整传输功率的能力,网络在实际应用中的节能效果不好.为了降低网络节点的能量消耗,在媒体接入层802.11协议基础上,,提出一种功率控制算法,以物理层信噪比为基础估计控制帧和数据帧的发送功率.通过OPNET网络仿真软件对算法进行了计算机仿真,仿真结果表明.相比802.11协议,算法有效降低了节点能量消耗,提高了能量利用率,延长了网络的生存时间,同时保持了网络的吞吐量性能,对自组网的理论研究和实际应用提供了一定的参考价值.     

一种基于功率控制的WSN自适应能量高效传输模式研究

无线传感器网络的能耗决定了网络的生存时间。本文提出了一种基于功率控制WSN自适应能量高效传输模式。分析了在功率控制方案中传输功率损耗与温度之间的关系。使用开环控制去补偿由于温度引起的链路质量的变化。通过结合开环温度感知的补偿与闭环反馈控制,可以在无线传感网络中显著降低传输功率控制的开销。仿真结果表明,与传统的在单一地域最大化增强发送功率来补偿温度的变化相比,该方案能够有效地适应传输链路质量的变化,并且有较少的控制报文开销。     

Joint Quality Enhancement and Power Control for Wireless Visual Sensor Networks based on the Nash Bargaining Solution

We propose a cooperative method for resource allocation with power control in a multihop Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access Wireless Visual Sensor Network (WVSN). Typical multihop WVSNs consist of visual sensors that record different scenes and relay nodes that retransmit video data until the base station is reached. The error prone wireless environment contributes to the end-to-end video quality degradation. Moreover, the limited battery life span of the network nodes poses challenges on the management of power consumption. The different resource requirements of the WVSN nodes necessitate a quality-driven and power-aware resource allocation mechanism. We formulate the joint Quality Enhancement and Power Control problem based on a utility function that reflects both the benefit in terms of video quality and the cost in terms of transmission power. This function is employed by the Nash Bargaining Solution, which achieves higher fairness in terms of end-to-end video quality among all nodes. For the fairness assessment, a new metric is introduced. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and explain the video quality-power consumption tradeoff as well as the resulting fairness-power consumption tradeoff.     

基于功率控制和冲突避免的无线Mesh网络低能耗MAC协议

为了解决IEEE 802.11协议在无线Mesh网络中能量利用效率低的问题,提出一种改进的低能耗MAC协议PCCA。PCCA协议在IEEE 802.11协议的基础上加入两个核心算法,即动态功率控制算法(DPCA)和冲突避免算法(CAA),以此降低能耗。DPCA通过接收节点计算发送节点所需的最佳发射功率,降低数据发送的能耗;CAA利用邻居通信状态表对潜在的冲突进行判断,让可能引起冲突的节点进入休眠以节约能量。仿真结果表明PCCA协议最多可降低约20%的能耗。     

Distributed control for energy-efficient and fast consensus in wireless sensor networks

The paper proposes a distributed control of nodes transmission radii in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks for simultaneously coping with energy consumption and consensus responsiveness requirement. The stability of the closed-loop network under the proposed control law is proved. Simulation validations show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in nominal scenario as well as in the presence of uncertain node power requirements and harvesting system supply.     

Wireless sensor node powered by aircraft specific thermoelectric energy harvesting

An energy autonomous wireless sensor system consisting of an energy harvesting power source, an energy management unit and a low power wireless sensor node is tested for aircraft applications. The autonomous power source combines aircraft specific outside temperature changes with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a heat storage unit. The temperature difference generated with the latter component artificially at the TEG is used to power the sensor node by thermoelectricity. Additionally, a high efficient low input voltage power management circuit is necessary to store the generated energy and to convert it to higher voltage levels needed to operate the sensor. The experimental data are compared with results from numerical simulation models to predict the energy conversion in the heat storage - TEG system. A new TEG prototype is tested and the energy output is improved by 14%. The power management storage capacitors are adapted to the available energy, thereby increasing storage voltage and conversion efficiency. Doing so, the efficiency of the complete system can be increased by around 50%.     

Hierarchical power management in disruption tolerant networks using traffic-aware optimization

Recent efforts in Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have shown that mobility can be a powerful means for delivering messages in highly-challenged environments. DTNs are wireless mobile networks that are particularly useful in sparse environments where the density of nodes is insufficient to support direct end-to-end communication. Unfortunately, many mobility scenarios depend on untethered devices with limited energy supplies. Without careful management, depleted energy supplies will degrade network connectivity and counteract the robustness gained by mobility. A primary concern is the energy consumed by wireless communication, and in particular the energy consumed in searching for other nodes to communicate with. In this paper we examine a hierarchical radio architecture in which nodes are equipped with two complementary radios: a long-range, high-power radio and a short-range, low-power radio. In this architecture energy can be conserved by using the low-power radio to discover communication opportunities with other nodes and waking the high-power radio to undertake data transmission. We develop a generalized power management framework for controlling the wake-up intervals of the two radios. In addition, we show how to incorporate knowledge of the traffic load, and we devise approximation algorithms to control the sleep/wake-up cycling to provide maximum energy conservation while discovering enough communication opportunities to handle that load. We evaluate our schemes through simulation under various mobility scenarios. Our results show that our generalized power management scheme can tune wake-up intervals of the two radios to balance energy efficiency and delivery performance. Also, when traffic load can be predicted, our approximation algorithms reduce energy consumption from 60% to 99% compared to no power management.     

无线局域网中时延感知的电源管理策略

因为移动需求,无线局域网的节点大多采用电池供电,节能对延长节点的工作时间极为重要。IEEE 802. 11 标准提出了电源管理策略,即允许无数据传递任务的节点进入休眠模式以节省能耗。对上述策略进行建模与分析,导 出了数据包传递时延、节点的连续休眠次数、活跃时间以及节点在活跃与休眠模式之间的切换次数等指标,提出了适 用于IEEE 802.n基础设施无线局域网的时延感知的电源管理策略并对之进行数值分析,这种方案可以让节点寻找 到最优的休眠时间长度以使能耗最低且满足给定的时延约束。     

移动自组网中能量有效的路由算法

在移动自组网中,减少移动节点电池能量消耗,延长网络总的使用时间,成为路由协议性能优劣的一个很重要的指标。该文提出了一种关于节点能量估价函数PCF(PowerCostFunction)新的计算方法,这个函数考虑了节点能量的剩余和当前能量的使用情况,能够很好地在一条路径中找到有效的关键节点。该文还结合路径的最小能量代价和PCF,提出了一种加权路由选择算法WRMPCF(theWeightedRouteMechanismbasedPCF),有效延长了瓶颈节点的生命和网络的使用时间。以DSR路由协议为例,通过ns-2模拟的结果显示WRMPCF路由算法比以前相关的路由算法具有更好的性能。     

Impact of Transmission Power Control in multi-hop networks

Many Transmission Power Control (TPC) algorithms have been proposed in the past, yet the conditions under which they are evaluated do not always reflect typical Internet-of-Things (IoT) scenarios. IoT networks consist of several source nodes transmitting data simultaneously, possibly along multiple hops. Link failures are highly frequent, causing the TPC algorithm to kick-in quite often. To this end, in this paper we study the impact that frequent TPC actions have across different layers. Our study shows how one node’s decision to scale its transmission power can affect the performance of both routing and MAC layers of multiple other nodes in the network, generating cascading packet retransmissions and forcing far too many nodes to consume more energy. We find that crucial objectives of TPC such as conserving energy and increasing network capacity are severely undermined in multi-hop networks.