夹具夹紧方案优化设计

综合分析夹具夹紧误差的各种影响因素及其影响方式,并根据影响方式归纳产生夹紧变形的两大原因,即由夹紧副变形导致的工件位置误差与由外力导致的工件变形,由此建立夹紧副变形与工件位置误差的通用关系模型;以工件位置误差最小为目标,建立了夹紧力的优化模型,可以同时实现夹紧力大小与作用点的稳健优化设计。最后用一典型实例说明了夹紧力的优化结果。所介绍的方法不仅适用于夹具设计,而且对机器人多手指抓取规划同样适用。     

基于MATLAB优化算法的汽车缸盖多重夹紧力的优化分析

首先通过分析缸盖与夹具定位元件、夹紧元件之间的接触特点,建立了相应的接触副模型。在假定夹具夹紧点的布局位置以及夹紧顺序固定的基础上,以定位元件与工件接触区域半弹性变形所导致的工件最小位移为第一目标函数,同时以接触点变形最小总余能为第二目标函数。根据工件的具体加工过程静力平衡列出约束条件,构建了夹紧力的多目标优化模型。最后,根据多目标优化模型得到相应的结果。夹具的多重夹紧力经过该模型优化后,对应所需的夹紧力显著降低,这对提高加工精度和减少成本具有重要的意义。     

机械式恒力夹紧装置

设计了一种机械式的可提供恒定夹紧力的夹紧结构,采用这种设计时,作用在工件上的夹紧力不随外加载荷的改变而变化,且在工作过程中即使工件产生微小变形,夹紧力也基本保持不变。此种夹紧结构适合对易碎、刚度差等工件的夹紧。     

夹紧力的施加顺序对薄壁机匣件装夹变形的影响

航空发动机机匣是典型的复杂薄壁件,具有尺寸大、壁厚小和零件的结构刚性较差等特点。为了保证工件加工过程的顺利进行,通常需要采用多个夹具。当夹紧元件对工件施加夹紧力时,由于施加夹紧力的顺序不同可能导致定位元件、夹紧元件与工件接触处发生变化,从而使工件变形。以航空发动机薄壁机匣件为研究对象,利用数学建模的方法分析夹紧力的施加顺序与工件产生变形的关系,建立有限元装夹模型,进一步分析对其变形的影响,运用实际装夹试验验证有限元模型的准确性。结果表明,施加夹紧力的顺序对薄壁件的装夹变形存在明显影响,且对与夹紧力直接接触表面的变形影响较大。     

数控车床液压三爪卡盘夹紧力测试

本文阐述了利用应变式传感器测力装置,既方便又准确的测量出数控车床液压三爪卡盘夹紧力大小。可以优化液压夹紧系统控制回路,发挥液压泵站最大效率。同时可以调整液压三爪卡盘夹紧力大小适当,既能保证工件在加工过程中其位置稳定不变、振动小,又能使工件不会产生过大的夹紧变形。     

高速开关阀控制的可变夹紧力夹具

针对恒定夹紧力夹具对零件加工精度的影响,提出一种变夹紧力夹具方案。该夹具根据切削力的大小,优化分析工件最佳的夹紧点位置及各点的夹紧力,能够自动调整夹紧力的大小,以适应切削力,减少加工系统的切削变形。采用同工步数字控制技术,实现自适应夹紧功能,采用高速开关阀作为液压系统的动态控制元件控制夹紧力的大小。     

工程陶瓷零件机械加工时的夹紧

介绍了陶瓷零件机械加工时，对陶瓷工件施加夹紧力应注意的一些问题，防止压伤、压裂陶瓷工件应采取的措施及有关夹紧误差的理论计算及实验测试方法。     

介绍一种夹紧装置

介绍了一种快速夹紧装置的原理与结构。该装置由螺纹机构和可快速伸缩的顶杆组成,螺纹机构施于工件夹紧力,快速伸缩顶杆为适应于不同尺寸的工件的频繁转换而设计,达到了快速卡紧工件的目的。     

实用的双向浮动夹紧机构

众所周知,工件在定位以后,必须选择合适的夹紧方法和夹紧机构,使工件在整个加工过程中始终固定在定位元件上,并使其产生的振动和变形最小,这是关系到工件加工质量的关键。在实际生产中,夹紧方法与夹紧装置的设计和选择多种多样,在此仅以摩托车发动机连杆的大小头孔加工为例,介绍一种简便有效的双向浮动夹紧机构。[1] 浮动夹紧机构的要求连杆是典型的杆类零件,考虑到其刚性及夹紧变形等问题,在选择夹紧力的方向时一般取垂直于连杆端面的方向,且夹紧力作用点选择在连杆两端大小孔端面上,夹紧方式采用液压夹紧,方便、稳定且有助于…     

铣削加工中最小夹紧力的计算

提出了一种计算铣削加工中夹紧工件所需最小夹紧力的简洁方法。首先,确定了工件与夹具元件之间的接触刚度;其次,建立了接触变形量与工件位移量的关系;然后,给出了工件的静态平衡方程。通过合并以上方程,建立了线性方程组计算工件与夹具元件之间的切向接触力,并根据最大切向接触力进一步计算出夹具元件与工件之间不发生相对滑动所需理论最小夹紧力。最后,通过算例验证了该方法的正确性。     

Improvement of flatness error in milling plate-shaped workpiece by application of side-clamping force

To improve flatness error of plate-shaped workpieces in milling under side clamp holding mechanisms, appropriate magnitudes of clamping forces and method of application are studied in this paper. The effect of side-clamping force on workpiece deformation is investigated by experimental and computational analyses for the case where the workpiece is clamped at a position higher than the neutral plane of bending of the plate-shaped workpiece. It is found that the thermal deformation and elastic deformation caused by clamping force are in two opposite directions. Then, an appropriate method is proposed to compensate for the workpiece thermal deformation caused by cutting heat with the opposite elastic deformation caused by the side-clamping force, so as to keep the machined top surface of the workpiece flat as much as possible. The proposed method has been confirmed through computational analyses and experiments. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.     

Error Compensation of Thin Plate-shape Part with Prebending Method in Face Milling

Low weight and good toughness thin plate parts are widely used in modern industry, but its flexibility seriously impacts the machinability. Plenty of studies focus on the influence of machine tool and cutting tool on the machining errors. However, few researches focus on compensating machining errors through the fixture. In order to improve the machining accuracy of thin plate-shape part in face milling, this paper presents a novel method for compensating the surface errors by prebending the workpiece during the milling process. First, a machining error prediction model using finite element method is formulated, which simplifies the contacts between the workpiece and fixture with spring constraints. Milling forces calculated by the micro-unit cutting force model are loaded on the error prediction model to predict the machining error. The error prediction results are substituted into the given formulas to obtain the prebending clamping forces and clamping positions. Consequently, the workpiece is prebent in terms of the calculated clamping forces and positions during the face milling operation to reduce the machining error. Finally, simulation and experimental tests are carried out to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposed error compensation method. The experimental measured flatness results show that the flatness improves by approximately 30 percent through this error compensation method. The proposed method not only predicts the machining errors in face milling thin plate-shape parts but also reduces the machining errors by taking full advantage of the workpiece prebending caused by fixture, meanwhile, it provides a novel idea and theoretical basis for reducing milling errors and improving the milling accuracy.     

Design and optimization of machining fixture layout using ANN and DOE

In machining fixtures, minimizing workpiece deformation due to clamping and cutting forces is essential to maintain the machining accuracy. This can be achieved by selecting the optimal location of fixturing elements such as locators and clamps. Many researches in the past decades described more efficient algorithms for fixture layout optimization. In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANN)-based algorithm with design of experiments (DOE) is proposed to design an optimum fixture layout in order to reduce the maximum elastic deformation of the workpiece caused by the clamping and machining forces acting on the workpiece while machining. Finite element method (FEM) is used to find out the maximum deformation of the workpiece for various fixture layouts. ANN is used as an optimization tool to find the optimal location of the locators and clamps. To train the ANN, sufficient sets of input and output are fed to the ANN system. The input includes the position of the locators and clamps. The output includes the maximum deformation of the workpiece for the corresponding fixture layout under the machining condition. In the testing phase, the ANN results are compared with the FEM results. After the testing process, the trained ANN is used to predict the maximum deformation for the possible fixture layouts. DOE is introduced as another optimization tool to find the solution region for all design variables to minimum deformation of the work piece. The maximum deformations of all possible fixture layouts within the solution region are predicted by ANN. Finally, the layout which shows the minimum deformation is selected as optimal fixture layout.     

A combined contact elasticity and finite element-based model for contact load and pressure distribution calculation in a frictional workpiece-fixture system

Contact forces between workpiece and fixture define fixture stability during clamping and influence workpiece accuracy during machining. In particular, forces acting in the contact region are important for understanding deformation of the workpiece at the contact region. This paper presents a model that combines contact elasticity with finite element methods to predict the contact load and pressure distribution at the contact region in a workpiece-fixture system. The objective is to determine how much clamp forces can be applied to generate adequate contact forces to keep the workpiece in position during machining. The model is able to predict the normal and tangential contact forces as well as the pressure distribution at each workpiece-fixture contact in the fixturing system. Model prediction is shown to be in good agreement with known industry practice on clamp force determination. The presented method has no limits on the types of materials that can be analyzed.     

Machining fixture layout design using ant colony algorithm based continuous optimization method

In any machining fixture, the workpiece elastic deformation caused during machining influences the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Placing each locator and clamp in an optimal place can minimize the elastic deformation of the workpiece, which in turn minimizes the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Design of fixture configuration (layout) is a procedure to establish the workpiece–fixture contact through optimal positioning of clamping and locating elements. In this paper, an ant colony algorithm (ACA) based discrete and continuous optimization methods are applied for optimizing the machining fixture layout so that the workpiece elastic deformation is minimized. The finite element method (FEM) is used for determining the dynamic response of the workpiece caused due to machining and clamping forces. The dynamic response of the workpiece is simulated for all ACA runs. This paper proves that the ACA-based continuous fixture layout optimization method exhibits the better results than that of ACA-based discrete fixture layout optimization method.     

Fixture Clamping Force Optimisation and its Impact on Workpiece Location Accuracy

Workpiece motion arising from localised elastic deformation at fixture-workpiece contacts owing to clamping and machining forces is known to affect significantly the workpiece location accuracy and, hence, the final part quality. This effect can be minimised through fixture design optimisation. The clamping force is a critical design variable that can be optimised to reduce the workpiece motion. This paper presents a new method for determining the optimun clamping forces for a multiple clamp fixture subjected to quasu-static machining forces. The method uses elastic contact mechanics models to represent the fixture-workpiece contact and involves the formulation and solution of a multi-objective constrained oprimisation model. The impact of clamping force optimisation on workpiece location accuracy is analysed through examples involving a 3-2-1 type milling fixture.     

Workpiece locating error prediction and compensation in fixtures

In machining process, fixture is used to keep the position and orientation of a workpiece with respect to machine tool frame. However, the workpiece always cannot be at its ideal position because of the setup error and geometric inaccuracy of the locators, clamping force, cutting force, and so on. It is necessary to predict and control the workpiece locating error which will result in machining error of parts. This paper presents a prediction model of a workpiece locating error caused by the setup error and geometric inaccuracy of locaters for the fixtures with one locating surface and two locating pins. Error parameters along 6 degrees of freedom can be calculated by the proposed model and then compensated by either using the “frame transformation” function of a numerical control (NC) system or modifying NC codes in post-processing. In addition, machining error caused by the workpiece locating error can be predicted based on a multi-body system and homogeneous transfer matrix. This is meaningful to fixture design and machining process planning. Finally, a cutting test has shown that the proposed method is practicable and effective.     

Analysis of Reactions and Minimum Clamping Force for Machining Fixtures with Large Contact Areas

This paper presents a model for analysing the reaction forces and moments for machining fixtures with large contact areas, e.g. a mechanical vice. Such fixtures transmit torsional loads in addition to normal and tangential loads and thus differ from fixtures using point or line contacts. The model is developed using a contact mechanics approach where the workpiece is assumed to be elastic in the contact region and the fixture element is treated as rigid. Closed-form contact compliance solutions for normal, tangential, and torsional loads are used to derive the elastic deformation model for each contact. A minimum energy principle is used to solve the multiple contact problem yielding unique predictions of the fixture–workpiece contact forces and moments due to clamping and machining forces. This model is then used to determine the minimum clamping force necessary to keep the workpiece in static equilibrium during machining. An example is given to demonstrate its effectiveness in analysing the clamping performance of a mechanical vice during machining.     

薄壁件的装夹变形机理分析与控制技术

系统地提出一个分析与优选夹紧力大小、作用点以及夹紧顺序的通用方法.基于由摩擦力引起的接触力历史依赖性,定量地分析多重夹紧元件及其作用顺序对薄壁件变形的影响,并建立装夹方案的数学模型.同时提出基于最小总余能原理的有限元求解方法.另一方面,基于装夹方案的优化模型,提出装夹变形的控制技术以便获得最高的工件加工精度.以典型铝合金航空材料构件为例,模拟与分析夹紧力及夹紧顺序对其变形的影响过程.     

弱刚度工件夹紧顺序与夹具布局的同步优化

针对弱刚度工件在定位、夹紧过程中易变形的问题,建立了夹紧顺序与接触力及节点位移增量之间关系的数学模型,给出了各夹紧步骤中工件夹具系统的静力平衡方程;在此基础上,根据最小余能原理及库仑摩擦定律,构建了装夹方案优化模型,提出了基于遗传算法的夹具布局与夹紧顺序同步优化方法。算例结果表明,该方法有效降低了由于装夹所引起的工件变形。提高了加工精度。