晶体塑性模型分析微圆柱墩粗变形尺寸效应机理(英文)

为了分析单个晶粒变形行为对微成形的影响,将自由表面的晶粒看作单晶体构建晶体塑性模型。基于率相关晶体塑性理论,考虑试样尺寸、初始晶体取向及其分布,分析微圆柱体墩粗变形中尺寸效应机理。结果表明,流动应力随着试样尺寸的减小而明显减小,晶体取向的分布对试样流动应力具有显著影响,并随着塑性变形的进行而减小。由于单晶体的各向异性,在试样表层发生了明显的非均匀变形,这将导致表面粗糙度的增加,小尺寸试样则更加明显。过渡晶粒的存在使得晶粒各向异性对表面形貌的影响减小。模拟结果得到了实验验证,这表明所建立的模型适合于以尺寸依赖性、流动应力分散性和非均匀变形为特点的微成形工艺分析。     

塑性变形引起自由表面粗化的研究现状

介绍了表面形貌的表征方法,并对塑性变形引起表面粗化的机理及影响因素进行阐述。表面粗化是由晶粒内的位错滑移和晶粒间的不均匀变形引起的,其中晶粒间的不均匀变形是表面粗糙度值的主要影响因素。塑性变形引起的表面粗糙度值与变形量及材料的晶粒尺寸大小呈线性关系,而且与变形材料的晶体结构类型和晶粒的取向有关。     

Analysis of surface roughening in AA6111 automotive sheet

The finite element method is used to numerically simulate the topographic development in an aluminium sheet, AA6111, under stretching. The measured electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data are directly incorporated into the finite element model and the constitutive response at an integration point is described by the single crystal plasticity theory. The effect on surface roughening of sample geometry, strain rate sensitivity, work hardening, imposed deformation path, as well as the EBSD step size, spatial orientation distribution and inhomogeneous deformation within individual grains are discussed. It is concluded that surface roughening is controlled by the spatial distribution of grain orientations through the thickness of the specimen.     

电沉积法制备的超细晶薄铜板拉伸及表面层效应

利用电沉积方法制备了晶粒大小均匀、致密的细晶薄铜板材料,研究了其在室温单向拉伸试验中由于晶粒大小、厚度变化引起材料强度和塑性的变化,通过表面层效应对产生的尺度效应进行了分析.随晶粒度的增大,材料的塑性和流动应力都发生了降低,这是由于表层晶粒所占份额增加.而且,由于表面层效应,随着试件厚度的减少,材料的流动应力降低.     

黄铜薄板单向拉伸第Ⅱ类尺寸效应

以黄铜薄板为研究对象,通过对不同厚度、不同宽度试样的单向拉伸,研究厚度和宽度变化对薄板单向拉伸过程应力和塑性性能的影响。实验结果表明,厚度变化对应力的影响十分显著。当厚度小于10倍左右内禀尺寸,薄板变形不均匀性加剧,不断增大的几何必需位错加强了薄板的硬化,流动应力随厚度的减小而增大,表现出明显的第Ⅱ类尺寸效应。但是当应变增大到0.013以后,几何必需位错所占比例不断减小,其对材料的硬化作用明显减弱。此外,随着厚度的减小,薄板的断裂机制由韧窝微孔聚集断裂转变为沿晶断裂,板料的塑性性能持续下降。拉伸试样宽度减小使流动应力略微下降,但对塑性性能影响不大。     

Out-of-Plane Constraint Effect on the Fracture Toughness of Single Edge Notch Tension SpecimensEI北大核心CSCD

The crack-tip stress and strain fields of single edge notch tension (SENT) specimen are similar to those of the full-scale pipe containing surface cracks under longitudinal tension and/or internal pressure. It is well known that material's fracture toughness is not constant, and the specimen size has a significant influence on fracture toughness. It is thus essential to consider the transferability from fracture specimens in laboratory testing to practical structures, i.e., size effects or constraint effects. However, the specimen dimensions for SENT specimens recommended by current design procedures have not validated the out-of-plane constraint effect on the fracture toughness. In this work, the effect of specimen thickness on the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of SENT specimen was investigated using an API X90 grade steel. Full-field deformation measurement by digital image correlation (DIC) technique and stretching zone width (SZW) examination were performed to analyze the size effects on fracture toughness. The results show that the critical crack initiation toughness is highly sensitive to specimen thickness, and decreases significantly as specimen thickness increases until the thickness-to-width ratio (B/W) equals to 4, beyond which the effect of specimen thickness becomes relatively weak. As the specimen thickness increases, the maximum longitudinal strain and stretching zone width decrease sharply, and the location of high-strain zones changes significantly; when B/W >= 3, strain is initiated from the area oppo-site the cracked side rather than from the crack tip, indicating a strong loss of plasticity for thicker specimens. A dimension size is recommended for the fracture toughness testing to take the out-of-plane constraint into account for SENT specimen.     

Deformation behavior of materials in micro-forming with consideration of intragranular heterogeneities

To describe the relationship between the whole material deformation behavior and each grain deformation behavior in micro-forming, experimental and numerical modelling methods were employed. Tensile test results reveal that contrary to the value of flow stress, the scatter of flow stress decreases with the increase of thickness-to-grain diameter (T/d) ratio. Microhardness evaluation results show that each grain owns unique deformation behavior and randomly distributes in each specimen. The specimen with less number of grains would be more likely to form an easy deformation zone and produce the concentration of plastic deformation. Based on the experiment results, a size-dependent model considering the effects of grain size, geometry size, and the deformation behavior of each grain was developed. And the effectiveness and practicability of the size-dependent model were verified by experimental results.     

微细黄铜板料尺寸效应

为研究微细尺度下材料的晶粒尺寸d、厚度t对其力学性能的影响,引入尺寸效应影响因子φ=t/d,在常温下对具有不同晶粒尺寸和板厚的H62黄铜薄板试样进行单向拉伸实验。结果表明,随着φ的减小,流动应力减小,延伸率下降;板料硬化指数n值,随板料厚度的增加而增大,随晶粒尺寸的增大而增大。拉伸试样均为韧窝微孔聚合型断裂,0.5mm和1.0mm厚度试样断口处韧窝多而浅,且为抛物线形,材料韧性好,塑性强;板厚0.1mm和0.2mm的试样断口韧窝深而大,硬化指数n值大,但塑性差。     

Deformation mechanism of tension of 2024Al alloy at semi-solid state

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Size effects on yield strength and strain hardening for ultra-thin Cu films with and without passivation: A study by synchrotron and bulge test techniques

We present a systematic study of the mechanical properties of different Cu, Ta/Cu and Ta/Cu/Ta films systems. By using a novel synchrotron-based tensile testing technique isothermal stress–strain curves for films as thin as 20 nm were obtained for the first time. In addition, freestanding Cu films with a minimum thickness of 80 nm were tested by a bulge testing technique. The effects of different surface and interface conditions, film thickness and grain size were investigated over a range of film thickness up to 1 μm. It is found that the plastic response scales strongly with film thickness but the effect of the interfacial structure is smaller than expected. By considering the complete grain size distribution and a change in deformation mechanism from full to partial dislocations in the smallest grains, the scaling behavior of all film systems can be described correctly by a modified dislocation source model. The nucleation of dissociated dislocations at the grain boundaries also explains the strongly reduced strain hardening for these films.     

Deformation behavior of thin copper films on deformable substrates

The role of strain hardening for the deformation of thin Cu films was investigated quantitatively by conducting specialized tensile testing allowing the simultaneous characterization of the film stress and the dislocation density as a function of plastic strain. The stress–strain behavior was studied as a function of microstructural parameters of the films, such as film thickness (0.4–3.2 μm), grain size and texture. It was found that the stress–strain behavior can be divided into three regimes, i.e. elastic, plastic with strong strain hardening and plastic with weak hardening. The flow stresses and the hardening rate increase with decreasing film thickness and/or grain size, and are about two times higher in (111)-grains compared to the (100)-grains. These effects will be discussed in the light of existing models for plastic deformation of thin films or fine grained metals.     

Effects of tensile test parameters on the mechanical properties of a bimodal Al–Mg alloy

The properties of aluminum alloy (AA) 5083 are shown to be significantly improved by grain size reduction through cryomilling and the incorporation of unmilled Al particles into the material, creating a bimodal grain size distribution consisting of coarse grains in a nanocrystalline matrix. To provide insight into the mechanical behavior and ultimately facilitate engineering applications, the present study reports on the effects of coarse grain ratio, anisotropy, strain rate and specimen size on the elastic–plastic behavior of bimodal AA 5083 evaluated in uniaxial tension tests using a full-factorial experiment design. To determine the governing failure mechanisms under different testing conditions, the specimens’ failure surfaces were analyzed using optical and electron microscopy. The results of the tests were found to conform to Joshi’s plasticity model. Significant anisotropy effects were observed, in a drastic reduction in strength and ductility, when tension was applied perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of extrusion. These specimens also exhibited a smooth, flat fracture surface morphology with a significantly different surface texture than specimens tested in the axial direction. It was found that decreasing specimen thickness and strain rate served to increase both the strength and ductility of the material. The failure surface morphology was found to differ between specimens of different thicknesses.     

2091铝锂合金超塑变形的晶内断裂

研究了２０９１铝锂合金超塑变形的断裂行为。扫描电镜观察表明,２０９１铝锂合金超塑变形中存在晶内断裂,光学金相观察表明断裂试样存在较活跃的动态再结晶和较多的大轴径比晶粒,透射电镜观察发现断裂试样内部存在较多的晶内位错。研究表明,由于再结晶缩小了大轴径比晶粒的横截面使其在超塑变形的晶粒转动中受到很大的弯曲应力而造成了晶内断裂。     

New strain-ratio-independent material constant of free surface roughening for polycrystal sheets in metal forming

A series of conventional studies on free surface roughening have shown empirically that the surface roughness increases linearly with the equivalent strain. However, the effect of the deformation mode on the rate of surface roughening has not been clarified. We continuously observed the evolution of surface roughening under the deformation modes of uniaxial tension, plane strain tension, and equal biaxial tension in the metal forming. The deformation modes affect surface roughening, especially as the equivalent strain increases. It is found that this is caused by the change in surface area with plastic deformation. By removing the effect, a new deformation-mode-independent material constant of free surface roughening is derived.     

Quantitative analysis of orange peel during tension of 6063 alloy spun tubes

Severe surface roughening during plastic deforming of aluminum alloy parts can produce “orange peel” defects. To analyze “orange peel” of 6063 aluminum alloy tube quantificationally, the tensile tests of trapezoidal specimens were carried out. The tubes with different grain sizes were obtained by spinning and subsequent annealing heat treatment. The macroscopical behavior of surface roughening was characterized by surface roughness R_a using a laser scanning confocal microscope. The corresponding microscopic behavior was reflected by microstructures of specimens and in-situ observation using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The obtained results show that the surface roughness increased firstly with increasing strain and then decreased slightly. There was a critical strain for aluminum alloy tube, below which “orange peel” defect would not occur. For the tube with a mean grain size of 80, 105, 130 and 175 μm, the critical strains were 10.17%, 5.74%, 3.15% and 1.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, the surface roughening behavior was produced by serious inhomogeneous deformation between grains as strain increased, and was aggravated as the grain size increased due to the larger local deformation in larger grains.     

钛镁合金的汽相淬火工艺

在总结超塑变形二维晶粒重排模型基础上，研究了超塑变形三维晶粒重排。金相观察表明：１号铝锂合金板状试样宽度方向边层微细晶粒填入了中心层大晶粒在拉伸方向产生的空洞而实现晶粒重排。通过扫描电镜观察了晶粒涌出及２号名锂合金中大Ａｌ３Ｚｒ相在变形时的转动情况。研究表明，微细晶粒是通过晶粒转动填入空洞的，该过程是一个能量降低的过程。宽度方向微细晶粒的运动解释了超塑变形的试样宽度尺寸的减小及试样板边缘局部颈缩迁     

黄铜箔拉伸屈服强度的尺寸效应

为了研究金属箔的塑性变形性能与尺寸的相关性,在常温下对不同厚度和晶粒尺寸的黄铜箔试样进行了单向拉伸实验.结果表明:随着厚度或晶粒尺寸的减小,箔的屈服强度都会升高,晶粒尺寸对屈服强度的影响满足Hall-Petch细晶强化关系,厚度减小使屈服强度升高也可以主要归结于晶粒尺寸的减小.此外,当箔的厚度小于100 靘时,厚度/晶粒尺寸比不能表征屈服强度的尺寸效应.     

垂直晶界铜双晶的拉伸变形行为

利用数字图像相关法研究了垂直晶界铜双晶试样的拉伸变形行为,获得了拉伸过程中试样表面的全场变形分布。结果表明:试样整体变形呈"双颈缩"现象,试样表面的应变分布不均匀,晶界附近的应变水平低于晶粒内部的,试样总是在软取向的晶粒内首先发生塑性变形并断裂。借助扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸实验观察到在拉伸过程中滑移带不能穿过晶界。以上结果说明,铜双晶试样拉伸变形行为与组元晶粒的晶体取向和晶界的属性有关,软取向的晶粒更容易发生塑性变形,而大角度晶界在拉伸过程中具有强化效应,对晶粒的滑移变形有阻碍作用。     

On the evolution of surface roughness during deformation of polycrystalline aluminum alloys

Surface roughening of polycrystalline Al–Mg alloys during tensile deformation is investigated using white light confocal microscopy. Materials are tested that differ only in grain size. A height–height correlation technique is used to analyze the data. The surface obeys self-affine scaling on length scales up to a correlation length which approximately equals the grain size and above which no height correlation is present. The self-affine scaling exponent increases initially with strain and saturates at a value around 0.9. A linear relation is observed between root-mean-square roughness and both strain and grain size. The observed roughness is explained as the result of the combined effect of a self-affine roughening on a subgrain scale and a grain scale roughening caused by orientation differences between neighboring grains.     

马氏体组织对SFPB处理双相钢表面纳米结构及力学性能的影响

目的 通过对不同微观组织铁素体/马氏体双相钢进行表面纳米化处理,探究材料表面晶粒细化和塑性变形机理。方法 采用超音速微粒轰击（SFPB）技术对经临界区退火（IA）、中间淬火（IQ）和分级淬火（SQ）后的双相钢进行纳米化处理,采用SEM、OM和XRD研究试验钢表面SFPB前后的微观组织特征,采用显微硬度仪测试其表面硬度,采用拉伸实验测试其力学性能。结果 热处理后,IA、IQ和SQ试样马氏体组织分别呈岛状、纤维状和块状,IQ试样平均晶粒尺寸最小,但马氏体体积分数最大。SFPB工艺处理后,双相钢表面形成了一定厚度的梯度纳米晶层（GNS）,该晶层内的晶粒尺寸均达到纳米级别,且随距离表面深度的增大而增大。IA-GNS、IQ-GNS和SQ-GNS试样表面硬度分别为285.9、266.7、382.1HV,抗拉强度分别为771.30、820.02、663.81 MPa,延伸率分别为8.89%、14.70%、10.04%。IQ-GNS试样断口以韧窝为主,SQ-GNS和IA-GNS试样断口韧窝较少,有明显裂纹开口。结论 表面产生强烈塑性变形时,由于位错的分割作用,表面晶粒尺寸细化至纳米级,材料强度大幅提高,同时纳米级纤维状马氏体微观组织的存在使得IQ-GNS试样保持了较高的塑韧性。