时效处理对形变Cu-10Fe-3Ag组织及性能的影响

研究时效处理对形变Cu-10Fe-3Ag复合材料组织和性能的影响,分析合金元素Ag在时效过程中的行为规律和作用机制。结果表明,Ag能够促进γ-Fe在Cu基体中的时效析出,同时也降低了Fe纤维的热稳定性;随着时效温度的升高,形变Cu-10Fe-3Ag复合材料的硬度和导电率都是先增加后降低,在475℃时效6h,导电率达到58.4%IACS。合金的断口均为韧性断裂,随着时效温度的升高,韧窝有变小的趋势,合金的塑性变好。     

Effects of Ti addition and heat treatments on mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Ni-Si alloys

The mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-5.98Ni-1.43Si and Cu-5.98Ni-1.29Si-0.24Ti alloys under heat treatment at 400 and 500 °C after hot- and cold-rolling were investigated, and a microstructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy was performed. Cu-5.98Ni-1.29Si-0.24Ti alloy displayed the combined Vickers hardness/electrical conductivity value of 315.9 Hv/57.1%IACS. This was attributed to a decrease of the solution solubility of Ni and Si in the Cu matrix by the formation of smaller and denser δ-Ni₂Si precipitates. Meanwhile, the alloyed Ti was detected in the coarse Ni-Si-Ti phase particles, along with other large Ni-Si phase particles, in Cu-5.98Ni-1.29Si-0.24Ti.     

预变形对Cu-6 wt%Ag合金时效析出及性能的影响

Cu-Ag合金是具有重要应用前景的高强高导合金,其形变加工和热处理工艺的改进对性能的进一步提高具有重要作用,但热处理前预形变的作用一直未受重视。本文通过XRD物相分析、维氏硬度、电导率、金相显微镜和扫描电镜等方法,研究了预变形对固溶+时效处理的Cu-6 wt%Ag合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,预变形促使Cu-6Ag合金发生再结晶,晶粒尺寸明显降低。同时,预变形降低了时效处理后Cu-6 wt%Ag合金的固溶量。预变形+时效处理的样品与未进行预变形的样品中均观察到非连续性析出相。预变形合金中的非连续析出相间距更小,为95±9.5nm。预变形合金的硬度稍低于未预变形合金,为85.8 HV,导电率与未预变形合金基本持平,为90.3 % IACS。     

Co对Cu-Cr合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Cu-Cr-Co合金经80%变形量冷轧和450 ℃时效后的组织和性能,并与Cr-Cr合金进行了对比。结果表明, Cu-0.66Cr-0.05Co和Cu-0.62Cr-0.22Co合金的性能在450 ℃时效4 h时达到峰值,此时的抗拉强度、硬度及导电率分别为376 MPa和410 MPa、143.7 HV0.5和138.4 HV0.5、84.1%IACS和66.2%IACS。峰时效态Cu-Cr-Co合金析出相为体心立方结构(bcc),并与基体呈Nishiyama-Wassermann取向关系,Co含量对Cu-Cr-Co合金的晶粒形貌几乎没有影响。与Cu-Cr合金相比,Co的加入使合金时效的时间延长,硬度有所增加,抗软化性能提高,但抗拉强度和导电率均下降。由于Cu和Co在422 ℃以上具有一定的固溶度,在时效过程中部分Co逐渐固溶进基体中,形成固溶体,并没有与预测一样分布在析出相外围,降低了合金综合性能。     

Precipitation Hardening of Cu-3Ti-1Cd Alloy

Precipitation strengthening of Cu-3Ti-1Cd alloy has been studied using hardness and tensile tests, electrical resistivity measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The alloy exhibited a hardness of 117 Hv in solution-treated (ST) condition and attained a peak hardness of 288 Hv after aging at 450 °C for 72 h. Electrical conductivity increased from 7%IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) in ST condition to 13%IACS on aging at 450 °C for 16 h. The alloy exhibited yield strength (YS) of 643 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 785 MPa in peak-aged (PA) condition. Strengthening in Cu-3Ti-1Cd alloy in PA condition is attributed to solid solution strengthening effect of cadmium (Cd) as well as fine scale precipitation of metastable and coherent β′-Cu₄Ti phase. On overaging at 450 or 500 °C, the alloy showed a decrease in hardness as a result of formation of equilibrium precipitate β-Cu₃Ti as continuous precipitation within the matrix and as discontinuous precipitation at the grain boundaries. While the tensile properties are better, the electrical conductivity of Cu-3Ti-1Cd alloy is less than that of binary Cu-2.7Ti alloy. The strengthening mechanism is the same in both binary and ternary alloys of Cu-Ti, i.e., precipitation of metastable and coherent β′-Cu₄Ti phase.     

形变热处理对Cu-Ti-Fe-Sn合金组织与性能的影响

利用真空熔炼法制备了Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金,通过均匀化退火、固溶+冷轧(变形量分别为40%、60%、80%)+450 ℃时效处理,研究了形变热处理对Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金显微组织、导电率及硬度的影响。结果表明:真空熔炼制得的 Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金铸态组织中含有大量的枝状晶组织,经固溶处理后组织中出现了晶粒长大;铸态合金的硬度和导电率分别为178.1 HV和10.85%IACS,固溶处理后硬度和导电率都相应降低,分别为102.7 HV和4.58%IACS。经过冷变形和时效处理后Cu-3Ti-0.2Fe-1Sn合金硬度明显提高,变形量为60%时,时效480 min时硬度达到峰值,合金硬度为310.2 HV,此时合金的导电率为18.59%IACS。     

镁与热处理对Al-4Si-(xMg)合金导电性及力学性能的影响

利用SEM、XRD、EDS、硬度计及电阻率测试仪等方法分析Mg元素和不同热处理对Al-4Si-(xMg)(x=0～1.5％,质量分数)系列合金导电率及硬度的影响.结果表明:随Mg添加量增加,铸态合金的导电率和硬度先增后减,最佳添加量为1.1％.Mg使铸态合金硬度显著增加,但恶化了其导电率.Al-4Si-(xMg)合金经...     

Aging Precipitation Characterics of Lead Frame Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg Alloy

This paper presents the effects of aging processes on the properties and microstructure of Cu-0.3Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg lead frame alloy. Optimal conditions for good hardening and electrical conductivity can be obtained by solution treating at 920℃ for lh and aging at 470℃ for 4h and at 550℃ for lh. The hardness and electrical conductivity can reach 108HV, 73%IACS and 106HV, 76%IACS, respectively. Aging precipitation was dealt with by transmission electronic microscope (TEM). At 470℃ aging for 4h the fine precipitation of an ordered compound CrCu2(Zr, Mg) is found in matrix as well as fine Cr and Cu4Zr. Aging at 550℃ for lh some precipitates are still coherent with matrix. The CrCu2(Zr, Mg) completely dissolves into Cr and Cu4Zr.     

微量铬强化B10合金形变热处理后的组织及性能

利用真空感应熔炼-铸造工艺制备了微量铬强化的B10合金(即Cu-10Ni-0.3Cr(mass%)合金),并对铸态合金进行固溶、冷变形及退火处理,采用光学显微镜、拉伸测试和四线制测量法等研究了不同处理状态下Cu-10Ni-0.3Cr合金的显微组织、力学性能和电导率。结果表明,铸态Cu-10Ni-0.3Cr合金晶粒为等轴状,晶粒中均匀分布着黑色颗粒状析出相;再结晶退火后合金的组织均匀细小,晶粒内有明显的退火孪晶。铸态合金的导电性最好,电导率为17.15%IACS,900℃固溶2 h后合金的导电性最差,电导率为12.30%IACS。冷轧态(50%变形量)合金的强度、硬度最高,分别为340 MPa、112 HB,延塑性最差,伸长率只有8%;再结晶退火态合金综合力学性能最好;随着退火温度升高,冷轧态合金形变组织逐渐消失,且退火温度愈高,形变组织消失得愈明显,同时晶粒在退火过程中发生长大,最终导致合金强度、硬度降低,塑性增加。     

Mechanism of precipitation in a Cu-2.5 pct fe alloy

The precipitation process in a Cu-2.5 pct Fe alloy was studied experimentally by means of X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements and light and electron microscopic observations. It was concluded that γ-Fe and α-Fe precipitate simultaneously, γ-Fe dominating in the early stages. During later stages, the particles of γ-Fe dissolve, providing the copper lattice with iron atoms which diffuse to the more stable α-Fe particles. The α-Fe particles continue to grow until all evidence of the γ-Fe is gone.     

Effects of Fe content on microstructure and properties of Cu–Fe alloy

Cu–Fe alloys with different Fe contents were prepared by vacuum hot pressing. After hot rolling and aging treatment, the effects of Fe content on microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Cu–Fe alloys were studied. The results show that, when w(Fe)<60%, the dynamic recrystallization extent of both Cu phase and Fe phase increases. When w(Fe)≥60%, Cu phase is uniformly distributed into the Fe phase and the deformation of alloy is more uniform. With the increase of the Fe content, the tensile strength of Cu–5wt.%Fe alloy increases from 305 MPa to 736 MPa of Cu–70wt.%Fe alloy, the elongation decreases from 23% to 17% and the electrical conductivity decreases from 31%IACS to 19%IACS. These results provide a guidance for the composition and processing design of Cu–Fe alloys.     

退火对冷轧Cu-Ag合金组织及性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉伸试验机和热电性能分析系统等研究了退火对Cu-24%Ag合金显微组织、力学性能以及电学性能的影响,通过构建电子界面散射模型对合金导电机制进行了研究。结果表明,通过退火对Cu-24%Ag合金的显微组织进行了有效调控,改善了其综合性能。与冷轧态相比,合金经350 ℃退火1 h后,抗拉强度下降至冷轧态的95%,合金导电率提升了4%IACS。经450 ℃退火1 h,由于Ag纤维的溶解,合金的抗拉强度显著下降,只有冷轧态的一半左右;Ag纤维的溶解降低了电子的散射几率,使得导电率大幅度提升。因此,合金在350 ℃退火1 h后综合性能最佳,其抗拉强度和导电率分别为622 MPa和81%IACS。     

合金化和形变处理对Cu-Mg-Te-Y合金组织性能的影响

制备具有高强高导性能的铜合金,研究添加Mg和微量的Y对合金的组织和性能的影响。通过变形和退火等工艺处理后,Cu-0.47Mg-0.2Te-0.04Y合金的性能指标可达到：抗拉强度510 MPa,伸长率11%,导电率大于63% IACS。稀土元素Y的熔体净化作用、细晶强化作用和添加适量Mg产生的固溶强化作用能够提高合金的力学性能和导电率。     

Cu-Cr-Fe-Ni合金形变热处理过程中的组织与性能

采用非真空熔炼并经热轧—固溶—冷轧—时效热处理工艺制备Cu-0.59Cr-0.078Fe-0.081Ni合金板,探究热处理和冷变形对合金显微组织、电导率和硬度的影响。结果表明:Cu-Cr-Fe-Ni合金大气熔铸后呈明显的枝状晶组织,经固溶处理后合金发生再结晶,硬度和电导率都相应的降低,分别为65.9 HV0.2、41.7%IACS;经过冷变形处理后合金的硬度显著提高,变形量达90%时,合金的硬度高达144.7 HV0.2;合金变形后在450 ℃时效的过程中硬度先增加后减少,变形量为60%时,时效30 min达到峰时效,此时硬度、电导率分别为155.5 HV0.2、71.4 %IACS。     

变形方式对Cu-8.3Fe-1Ag形变原位复合材料组织性能的影响

分别采用冷拉拔和冷轧变形并结合中间退火工艺,制备了丝状和带状形变Cu-8.3Fe-1Ag原位复合材料。用SEM、精密万能试验机、显微硬度计和电阻测量仪对两种变形方式下试样的微观组织、力学性能和导电性能进行了比较研究。微观组织观察表明:冷拉拔和冷轧变形试样的横截面组织形貌有显著差异,前者为基体上分布着弯曲、扭折、交叠的蠕虫状相,后者为基体上定向排列着与冷轧方向平行的平直颗粒相。力学性能和导电率测试结果表明:相同应变量下,冷拉拔变形的抗拉强度、硬度均高于冷轧变形,但二者的导电率几乎相同。应变量达到6.70时,二者的抗拉强度/硬度/导电率分别达到838 MPa/149 HV/58%IACS和924 MPa/160 HV/58%IACS。     

Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.5Si合金的固溶处理工艺与组织性能研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、EDAX能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、SIGMASCOPE SMP10型导电仪、维氏硬度计等,研究了热处理工艺对Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.5Si合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.5Si合金晶粒尺寸随固溶温度升高而长大;随着固溶温度的升高或固溶时间的延长,电导率先降后升,而硬度则下降。此外,合金经850℃×2 h固溶处理后,形成了Ni2Si、Ni31Si12相并占据了γ-(Cu,Ni)3Sn相的形核位置,此时电导率为12.0%IACS,硬度可达152 HV。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Sn合金的时效析出行为与性能

采用TEM对Cu-0.22Cr-0.05Zr-0.05Sn合金不同形变热处理状态微观组织的演变以及时效过程中析出相的状态进行研究,并以此解释形变热处理过程中合金力学性能和导电性能的变化.结果表明,合金中存在2种析出相,分别是Cr相和Cu4Zr相.其中Cr相在时效过程中分别经历了固溶体、GP区、脱溶并与基体共格以及长大;而Cu4Zr相则以早期Cr析出相为核伴随析出,与基体半共格.由于析出相尺寸很小,且分布较为均匀,使合金具有很强的时效强化效果,经940℃固溶1h后冷加工至变形率为96％并在400℃时效4h,合金的抗拉强度和电导率可分别达到400 MPa和84％IACS.对于该合金,时效温度是决定合金综合性能的关键,而时效时间对综合性能的影响并不显著.     

合金元素对Cu-Ag合金组织、力学性能和电学性能的影响

采用冷变形及中间热处理方法制备了具有双相纤维复合组织的Cu-Ag合金，研究了成分与组织，性能的关系，随着变形程度的增加，合金强度上升而电导率下降，合金中Ag含量由6％增加至24％时，铸态组织中第二相数量明显增多，变形后能够形成更多的Ag纤维复合相，因而合金强度明显上升，在Cu-6%Ag中添加1％Cr元素可以使合金基体得到进一步强化并在一定程度上细化了Ag纤维相，也可使合金度得到显著改善，在Cu－6%Ag-1%Cr合金中添加微量稀土元素可使Ag纤维分布更为弥散，因而使合金在不降低导电性的同时增加强度，尤其在高强度范围内这种作用更为显著。     

Effect of V addition on hardness and electrical conductivity in Cu-Ni-Si alloys

The effect of vanadium (V) addition on the microstructure, the hardness and the electrical conductivity of Cu-2.8Ni-0.7Si alloys was investigated. The V-free, the 0.1 wt% V-added, the 0.2 wt% V-added Cu base alloys were exposed to the same experimental conditions. After the cold rolling of the studied alloys, the matrix was recrystallized during the solution heat treatment at 950 °C for 2 h. However, small amounts of vanadium substantially suppressed the recrystallization and retarded the grain growth of the Cu base alloys. The added vanadium accelerated the precipitation of Ni₂Si intermetallic compounds during aging and therefore it contributed positively to the resultant hardness and electrical conductivity. It was found that the hardness and the electrical conductivity increased simultaneously with increasing aging temperature and time with accelerated precipitation kinetics by the addition of vanadium. In the present study, the Cu-2.8Ni-0.7Si alloy with 0.1 wt%V was found to have an excellent combination of the hardness and the electrical conductivity when it was aged at 500 °C.     

冷轧Cu-15Cr原位复合材料性能及Cr纤维相高温稳定性

采用冷轧变形结合中间退火得到形变Cu-15Cr原位纤维增强复合材料。利用扫描电镜、电子拉力试验机及数字微欧计研究退火温度对材料的Cr纤维形貌、抗拉强度及导电性能的影响。结果表明:Cr纤维的高温不稳定性是边缘球化和晶界开裂的结果;随退火温度升高,Cr纤维的高温失稳过程为Cr纤维发生边缘球化、球化向Cr纤维中心扩展、Cr纤维晶界开裂(三叉晶界处)、Cr纤维断裂。随退火温度升高,Cu-15Cr原位复合材料抗拉强度逐渐降低,导电率先逐渐升高,在550℃达到峰值84.4%IACS后迅速下降;经450℃退火,能得到具有较好综合性能的冷轧Cu-15Cr原位复合材料,其抗拉强度达到656 MPa,导电率达到82%IACS。