Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism modeling and simulation of basic and acid dyes sorption onto jute fiber carbon: Eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet single component systems

Batch experiments were carried out for the sorption of eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet onto jute fiber carbon (JFC). The operating variables studied are the initial dye concentration, initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time. Experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm by non-linear regression method. Langmuir isotherm was found to be the optimum isotherm for eosin yellow/JFC system and Freundlich isotherm was found to be the optimum isotherm for malachite green/JFC and crystal violet/JFC system at equilibrium conditions. The sorption capacities of eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet onto JFC according to Langmuir isotherm were found to 31.49 mg/g, 136.58 mg/g, 27.99 mg/g, respectively. A single stage batch adsorber was designed for the adsorption of eosin yellow, malachite green and crystal violet onto JFC based on the optimum isotherm. A pseudo second order kinetic model well represented the kinetic uptake of dyes studied onto JFC. The pseudo second order kinetic model successfully simulated the kinetics of dye uptake process. The dye sorption process involves both surface and pore diffusion with predominance of surface diffusion at earlier stages. A Boyd plot confirms the external mass transfer as the rate limiting step in the dye sorption process. The influence of initial dye concentration on the dye sorption process was represented in the form of dimensionless mass transfer numbers (Sh/Sc(0.33)) and was found to be agreeing with the expression:     

Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solution on synthetic zeolites

The adsorption of arsenic from aqueous solution on synthetic zeolites H-MFI-24 (H24) and H-MFI-90 (H90) with MFI topology has been investigated at room temperature (r.t) applying batch equilibrium techniques. The influences of different sorption parameters such as contact time, solution pH, initial arsenic concentration and temperature were also studied thoroughly in order to optimize the reaction conditions. The adsorption of arsenic on to H24 and H90 follows the first-order kinetics and equilibrium time was about 100min for both the adsorbents. The first-order rate constant (k), 4.7 x 10(-3)min(-1) for H90 is more than two times higher in magnitude compared to 2.1 x 10(-3)min(-1) for H24. Adsorption performance of H90 is higher compared to H24 due to it's highly mesoporous nature which in turn accelerates the diffusion process during adsorption. As(V) sorption capacity derived from Langmuir isotherm for H24 and H90 are 0.0358 and 0.0348gg(-1), respectively. Arsenic uptake was also quantitatively evaluated using the Freundlich and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich (DKR) isotherm models. Ion exchange between adsorbent's terminal aluminol groups with different predominant forms of arsenate in solution is one of the various important reactions occurred during adsorption process.     

Kinetics and mechanism of arsenate removal by nanosized iron oxide-coated perlite

This study discussed the adsorption kinetics of As(V) onto nanosized iron oxide-coated perlite. The effects of pH, initial concentration of As(V) and common anions on the adsorption efficiency were also investigated. It was observed that a 100% As(V) adsorption was achieved at pH value of 4-8 from the initial concentration containing 1.0 mg-As(V)L(-1) and the adsorption percentage depended on the initial concentration; the phosphate and silicate ions would not interfere with the adsorption efficiency. Furthermore, nanosized iron oxide-coated perlite (IOCP) has been shown to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenate from water. The adsorption kinetics were studied using pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models, and the experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model. Moreover, it suggests that the Langmuir isotherm is more adequate than the Freundlich isotherm in simulating the adsorption isotherm of As(V). The adsorption rate constant is 44.84 L mg(-1) and the maximum adsorption capacity is 0.39 mg g(-1). These findings indicate that the adsorption property of IOCP gives the compound a great potential for applications in environmental remediation.     

Batch removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions by adsorption on oil palm trunk fibre: equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies

Oil palm trunk fibre (OPTF)--an agricultural solid waste--was used as low-cost adsorbent to remove malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The operating variables studied were contact time, initial dye concentration, and solution pH. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by three isotherms, namely the Freundlich isotherm, the Langmuir isotherm, and the multilayer adsorption isotherm. The best fit to the data was obtained with the multilayer adsorption. The monolayer adsorption capacity of OPTF was found to be 149.35 mg/g at 30 degrees C. Adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the Lagergren pseudo-first-order, Ho's pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. It was found that the Lagergren's model could be used for the prediction of the system's kinetics. The overall rate of dye uptake was found to be controlled by external mass transfer at the beginning of adsorption, then for initial MG concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg/L the rate-control changed to intraparticle diffusion at a later stage, but for initial MG concentrations 200 and 250 mg/L no evidence was found of intraparticle diffusion at any period of adsorption. It was found that with increasing the initial concentration of MG, the pore-diffusion coefficient increased while the film-diffusion coefficient decreased.     

Preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of chitosan nanoparticles for eosin Y as a model anionic dye

The present study dealt with the adsorption of eosin Y, as a model anionic dye, from aqueous solution using chitosan nanoparticles prepared by the ionic gelation between chitosan and tripolyphosphate. The nanoparticles were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), size and zeta potential analysis. A batch system was applied to study the adsorption of eosin Y from aqueous solution by chitosan nanoparticles. The results showed that the adsorption of eosin Y on chitosan nanoparticles was affected by contact time, eosin Y concentration, pH and temperature. Experimental data followed Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption capacity was found to be 3.333 g/g. The adsorption process was endothermic in nature with an enthalpy change (DeltaH) of 16.7 kJ/mol at 20-50 degrees C. The optimum pH value for eosin Y removal was found to be 2-6. The dye was desorbed from the chitosan nanoparticles by increasing the pH of the solution.     

Removal of As(V) and As(III) by reclaimed iron-oxide coated sands

This paper aims at the feasibility of arsenate and arsenite removal by reclaimed iron-oxide coated sands (IOCS). Batch experiments were performed to examine the adsorption isotherm and removal performance of arsenic systems by using the IOCS. The results show that the pH(zpc) of IOCS was about 7.0 +/- 0.4, favoring the adsorption of As(V) of anion form onto the IOCS surface. As the adsorbent dosage and initial arsenic concentration were fixed, both the As(V) and As(III) removals decrease with increasing initial solution pH. Under the same initial solution pH and adsorbent dosage, the removal efficiencies of total arsenic (As(V) and As(III)) were in the order as follows: As(V)>As(V)+As(III)>As(III). Moreover, adsorption isotherms of As(V) and As(III) fit the Langmuir model satisfactorily for the four different initial pH conditions as well as for the studied range of initial arsenic concentrations. It is concluded that the reclaimed IOCS can be considered as a feasible and economical adsorbent for arsenic removal.     

Adsorption and removal of arsenic(V) from drinking water by aluminum-loaded Shirasu-zeolite

The demand for effective and inexpensive adsorbents is to increase in response to the widespread recognition of the deleterious health effects of arsenic exposure through drinking water. A novel adsorbent, aluminum-loaded Shirasu-zeolite P1 (Al-SZP1), was prepared and employed for the adsorption and removal of arsenic(V) (As(V)) ion from aqueous system. The process of adsorption follows first-order kinetics and the adsorption behavior is fitted with a Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption of As(V) is slightly dependent on the initial pH over a wide range (3-10). Al-SZP1 was found with a high As(V) adsorption ability, equivalent to that of activated alumina, and seems to be especially suitable for removal of As(V) in low concentration. The addition of arsenite, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, chromate, and acetate ions hardly affected the As(V) adsorption, whereas the coexisting phosphate greatly interfered with the adsorption. The adsorption mechanism is supposed as a ligand-exchange process between As(V) ions and the hydroxide groups present on the surface of Al-SZP1. The adsorbed As(V) ions were desorbed effectively by a 40 mM NaOH solution. Continuous operation was demonstrated in a column packed with Al-SZP1. The feasibility of this technique to practical utilization was also assessed by adsorption/desorption multiple cycles with in situ desorption/regeneration operation.     

Dye adsorption on unburned carbon: kinetics and equilibrium

Unburned carbon in fly ash is an important by-product from coal combustion. In this investigation, unburned carbon has been separated from fly ash and been employed as a low cost adsorbent for a basic dye adsorption (Rhodamine B) in aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption have been investigated using batch experiments. It is found that dye adsorption capacity depends on initial concentration, pH of solution, and temperature. The adsorption isotherm can be described by Langmuir model and the adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B at 30, 40, and 50 degrees C can reach 9.7 x 10(-5), 1.14 x 10(-4), and 1.5 x 10(-4)mol g(-1), respectively. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models have been employed to fit the dynamic adsorption. It is found that the dynamic adsorption follows the pseudo second-order model. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the adsorption is endothermic reaction with DeltaH degrees at 25 kJ mol(-1).     

Silkworm exuviae--a new non-conventional and low-cost adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

In this paper, silkworm exuviae (SE) waste, an agricultural waste available in large quantity in China, was utilized as low-cost adsorbent to remove basic dye (methylene blue, MB) from aqueous solution by adsorption. Kinetic data and sorption equilibrium isotherms were carried out in batch process. The adsorption kinetic experiments revealed that MB adsorption onto SE for different initial dye concentrations all followed pseudo-second order kinetics and were mainly controlled by the film diffusion mechanism. Batch equilibrium results at different temperatures suggest that MB adsorption onto SE can be described perfectly with Freundlich isotherm model compared with Langmuir and D-R isotherm models, and the characteristic parameters for each adsorption isotherm were also determined. Thermodynamic parameters calculated show the adsorption process has been found to be endothermic in nature. The analysis for the values of the mean free energies of adsorption (E(a)), the Gibbs free energy (ΔG(0)) and the effect of ionic strength all demonstrate that the whole adsorption process is mainly dominated by ion-exchange mechanism, which has also been verified by variations in FT-IR spectra and pH value before and after adsorption and desorption studies. The results reveal that SE can be employed as a low-cost alternative to other adsorbents for MB adsorption.     

Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: macroscopic and microscopic studies

Removal of arsenate from water using granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) was investigated under different pH and As(V) loading conditions, using batch equilibrium adsorption, FTIR, and EXAFS methods. The arsenate adsorption envelopes on GFH exhibited broad adsorption maxima when the initial As(V) concentration was less than 500 mg/L at sorbent concentration of 10 g/L. As the initial As(V) concentration increased to 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/L for the same sorbent concentration, distinct adsorption maxima appeared and shifted to lower pH. Acidimetric-alkalimetric titration and arsenic adsorption isotherm data indicated that the surface of GFH is high heterogeneous. FTIR spectra revealed that complexes of two different structures, bidentate and monodentate, were formed upon the adsorption of arsenate on GFH, and bidentate complexes were only observed at pH values greater than 6. The EXAFS analyses confirmed that arsenate form bidentate binuclear complexes with GFH at pH 7.4 as evidenced by an average Fe-As(V) bond distance of 3.32 A.     

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of polyvinyl alcohol from aqueous solution on powdered activated carbon

In this study, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was used to remove polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from the aqueous PVA solution. The adsorption kinetics has been studied pertaining to various initial PVA concentration and PAC dosage. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the second-order kinetics with good correlation. Boyd plot confirmed that external mass transfer was the rate-limiting step in the sorption process. The adsorption isotherm obtained resembled with H-type of isotherm, which indicated a high affinity of the solute for the sorption sites. The Freundlich model appeared to fit the isotherm data better than the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters such as Delta H degrees , Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees were evaluated from the slope and intercept of linear plot of log Kc against (1/T) x 1000. The change in entropy (DeltaS degrees ) and heat of adsorption (Delta H degrees ) of PAC was estimated as 1.45 kJ mol(-1)K(-1) and 365 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The free energy of the adsorption at all temperatures was negative indicating a spontaneous process. The maximum PVA removal of 92% was obtained at a pH of 6.3 and contact time of 30 min for an adsorbent dose of 5 g/L.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue adsorption on the Fe-oxide nanoparticles embedded in the mesoporous SiO2

Fe-oxide nanoparticles with a diameter of ~10 nm embedded into the porous structure of mesoporous SiO₂ particles using temperature regulated chemical vapor deposition and a subsequent annealing process. The kinetics and thermodynamics of MB adsorption on bare SiO₂ and Fe-oxide/SiO₂ particles were investigated. MB adsorption kinetics of both SiO₂ particles can be described by pseudo first order and intra particle diffusion plot. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on the modified Langmuir isotherm model. Equilibrium constant and spontaneity of MB adsorption was increased with the presence of Fe-oxide nanoparticles inside the SiO₂ pores_, which can be ascribed to the more negative values of ΔH of Fe-oxide/SiO₂ particles compared to bare SiO₂. A higher affinity of Fe-oxide nanoparticles for MB adsorption facilitated the intra particle diffusion of MB molecules at a longer time of MB adsorption and improve the maximum MB adsorption capacities of Fe-oxide/SiO₂ compared to bare SiO₂. The maximum MB adsorption capacities of bare SiO₂ and Fe-oxide/SiO₂ particles reduced as the initial pH of MB solution increased, however, Fe-oxide/SiO₂ particles always exhibited the higher capacity of MB adsorption than bare SiO₂.     

Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution onto carbon prepared from Arundo donax root

Arundo donax root carbon (ADRC), a new adsorbent, was prepared from Arundo donax root by carbonization. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined 158 m²/g by N₂ adsorption isotherm. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution using ADRC as adsorbent. The effects of various parameters such as solution pH (3–10), carbon dose (0.15–1.0 g/100 ml) and initial MG concentration (10–100 mg/l) on the adsorption system were investigated. The effective pH was 5–7 and the optimum adsorbent dose was found to be 0.6 g/100 ml. Equilibrium experimental data at 293, 303 and 313 K were better represented by Langmuir isotherm than Freundlich isotherm using linear and non-linear methods. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were also calculated. The negative Gibbs free energy change and the positive enthalpy change indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption. The adsorption equilibrium time was 180 min. Adsorption kinetics was determined using pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model and intraparticle diffusion model. The results showed that the adsorption of MG onto ADRC followed pseudo-second-order model.     

氧化石墨烯/海藻酸钠复合膜对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机制

海藻酸钠（SA）基的过滤膜是处理含Pb（Ⅱ）废水的理想膜分离材料,将氧化石墨烯（GO）和尿素添加进SA中,以CaCl₂溶液交联,制备出GO/SA复合膜,并考察了其对水溶液中Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。通过静态吸附实验,探讨了Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度、GO质量分数、初始pH值和吸附时间、吸附-解吸次数等对GO/SA复合膜吸附Pb（Ⅱ）效果的影响;对吸附过程进行了吸附动力学和吸附热力学分析,利用FTIR-ATR、XPS等对GO/SA复合膜吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的机制进行了解析。结果表明,GO/SA复合膜对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附量与Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度正相关,在pH=5时吸附效果最优,GO质量分数为0.3wt%时为最优配比;吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型;热力学等温吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,温度为318 K时,Langmuir模型拟合得到的GO/SA复合膜吸附量达到320.51 mg·g-1。GO/SA复合膜对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附机制主要为物理吸附。      

Kinetics and equilibrium studies of malachite green adsorption on rice straw-derived char

In this work, the potential feasibility of rice straw-derived char (RSC) for removal of C.I. Basic Green 4 (malachite green (MG)), a cationic dye from aqueous solution was investigated. The isotherm parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis. The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum RSC sorption capacity was found to be 148.74 mg/L at 30 degrees C. The kinetics of MG sorption on RSC followed the Lagergren's pseudo-first-order model and the overall rate of dye uptake was found to be controlled by external mass transfer at the beginning of adsorption, while intraparticle diffusion controlled the overall rate of adsorption at a later stage. The results indicated that RSC was an attractive adsorbent for removing basic dye from aqueous solutions.     

Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism of malachite green adsorption on activated carbon prepared from bamboo by K(2)CO(3) activation and subsequent gasification with CO(2)

In this work, the adsorption of malachite green (MG) was studied on activated carbon prepared from bamboo by chemical activation with K(2)CO(3) and physical activation with CO(2) (BAC). Adsorption studies were conducted in the range of 25-300 mg/L initial MG concentration and at temperature of 30 degrees C. The experimental data were analyzed by the Freundlich isotherm, the Langmuir isotherm, and the multilayer adsorption isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 263.58 mg/g. The rates of adsorption were found to confirm to pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation and the overall rate of dye uptake was found to be controlled by pore diffusion throughout the entire adsorption period. The results indicate that the BAC could be used to effectively adsorb MG from aqueous solutions.     

Liquid phase adsorption of Crystal violet onto activated carbons derived from male flowers of coconut tree

Adsorption of Crystal violet, a basic dye onto phosphoric and sulphuric acid activated carbons (PAAC and SAAC), prepared from male flowers coconut tree has been investigated. Equilibrium data were successfully applied to study the kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of dye onto both the carbons. The kinetics of adsorption was found to be pseudo second order with regard to intraparticle diffusion. The pseudo second order is further supported by the Elovich model, which in turn intensifies the fact of chemisorption of dye onto both the carbons. Quantitative removal of dye at higher initial pH of dye solution reveals the basic nature of the Crystal violet and acidic nature of the activated carbons. Influence of temperature on the removal of dye from aqueous solution shows the feasibility of adsorption and its endothermic nature. Mass transfer studies were also carried out. The adsorption capacities of both the carbons were found to be 60.42 and 85.84 mg/g for PAAC and SAAC, respectively. Langmuir's isotherm data were used to design single-stage batch adsorption model.     

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption studies of dimethylamine (DMA) onto ion-exchange resin

The fine grained resin ZGSPC106 was used to adsorb dimethylamine (DMA) from aqueous solution in the present research. Batch experiments were performed to examine the effects of initial pH of solution and agitation time on the adsorption process. The thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption were also analyzed. The maximum adsorption was found at natural pH of DMA solution and equilibrium could be attained within 12 min. The equilibrium adsorption data were conformed satisfactorily to the Langmuir equation. The evaluation based on Langmuir isotherm gave the maximal static saturated adsorption capacity of 138.89 mg/g at 293K. Various thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) showed that the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic and feasible. DMA adsorption on ZGSPC106 fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism was discussed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis.     

Arsenate removal from aqueous solution by cellulose-carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposites

Microwave-assisted synthesis of the cellulose-carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (CCHA) with CHA nanostructures dispersed in the cellulose matrix was carried out by using cellulose solution, CaCl(2), and NaH(2)PO(4). The cellulose solution was previously prepared by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in NaOH-urea aqueous solution. Study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of synthetic CCHA for As(V) removal from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed to investigate effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time (5 min - 8h), initial As(V) concentration (1-50mg/L), temperature (25, 35 and 45°C), pH (2-10) and the presence of competing anions on As(V) adsorption on the synthetic CCHA. Kinetic data reveal that the uptake rate of As(V) was rapid at the beginning and equilibrium was achieved within 1h. The adsorption process was well described by pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The adsorption data better fitted Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir isotherm model was up to 12.72 mg/g. Thermodynamic study indicates an endothermic nature of adsorption and a spontaneous and favorable process. The optimum pH for As(V) removal was broad, ranging from 4 to 8. The As(V) adsorption was impeded by the presence of SiO(3)(2-), followed by PO(4)(3-) and NO(3)(-). The adsorption process appeared to be controlled by the chemical process.     

Adsorption characteristics of Cu(II) onto ion exchange resins 252H and 1500H: kinetics, isotherms and error analysis

The adsorption of Copper(II) onto Amberjet 1500H and Ambersep 252H synthetic ion exchange resins have been studied. All the studies were conducted by a batch method to determine equilibrium and kinetic studies at the solution pH of 5.8 in the concentration ranges from 10 to 20mg/L. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich Perterson, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. Correlation co-efficient was determined for each isotherm analysis. Error functions have been used to determine the alternative single component parameters by non-linear regression due to the bias in using the correlation coefficient resulting from linearisation. From the error analysis the EABS error function provides the best parameters for the isotherm equation in this system. Adsorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order reaction. The initial sorption rate, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion rate constants for different initial concentrations were evaluated and discussed.