基于粘结-滑移的FRP筋钢纤维轻骨料混凝土梁裂缝宽度计算方法

将纤维增强筋(FRP筋)混凝土梁裂缝的开展过程视作FRP筋由两侧混凝土中拔出的过程,建立了基于粘结-滑移的FRP筋轻骨料混凝土梁裂缝宽度微分方程。根据规范给出的裂缝宽度限值,合理确定滑移量上限,提出并引入了适用于梁正常使用阶段的FRP筋钢纤维轻骨料混凝土“低滑移”阶段粘结-滑移本构模型。进而,在明确最大裂缝间距l_max、裂缝宽度放大系数h₂/h₁与裂缝截面纤维混凝土残余应力σ_fib等特征参数的基础上,利用迭代算法建立了FRP筋钢纤维轻骨料混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度计算模型。基于正常使用阶段裂缝宽度实测数据对建议模型的适用性进行评估,结果表明:裂缝宽度限值0.5 mm内,建议模型能够准确预测FRP筋钢纤维轻骨料混凝土梁的最大裂缝宽度。     

考虑尺寸效应的深受弯构件受剪模型分析

深受弯构件斜截面受剪机理复杂且受尺寸效应影响显著,缺乏准确、合理的受剪计算模型。结合Tan-Cheng模型中对混凝土软化作用和深受弯构件尺寸效应的全面考虑优势,在深入研究混凝土斜压杆倾角α和构件复合抗拉强度f_t对深受弯构件受剪承载力影响的基础上,简化压杆顶部节点区高度l_c与α的关系,考虑腹筋有效作用区域修正复合抗拉强度f_t计算模型,提出了不影响精度前提下的修正Tan-Cheng模型。研究表明:基于国内外308组深受弯构件受剪试验数据计算结果,建议模型计算精度等同Tan-Cheng模型,并能够准确考虑尺寸效应影响,但计算过程较为简洁;通过与现有典型各国规范建议模型对比分析表明,计算结果较规范计算值更接近试验值,能够更准确地对深受弯构件的受剪承载力进行预测。     

考虑钢筋锈蚀的复合受扭混凝土箱梁时变承载力研究

对考虑钢筋锈蚀的复合受扭钢筋混凝土箱梁时变承载力进行研究。针对复合受扭混凝土箱梁中混凝土开裂面与钢筋斜交的情况,推导了综合考虑钢筋混凝土粘结滑移效应及正交配筋效应的钢筋修正本构模型。引入钢筋和混凝土材料的时变劣化模型,结合复合受扭钢筋混凝土箱梁的修正板-桁架模型,编制了复合受扭钢筋混凝土箱梁时变承载力的计算程序。与纯扭锈蚀构件和复合受扭构件的试验对比,验证了所提出钢筋修正本构模型的适用性较好。算例结果表明:在假定的一般大气环境和受力条件下,考虑钢筋锈蚀的复合受扭钢筋混凝土箱梁构件100年后抗扭强度降低约15%。     

FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱抗震性能研究

提出一种在塑性铰区域采用高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)替代混凝土来改善FRP筋-钢筋增强混凝土柱抗震性能的新方法。对FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土构件进行了低周往复荷载试验,系统地考察了基体材料、筋材种类、轴压比对构件破坏模态、裂缝模式、承载力、残余变形、延性和耗能能力的影响。结果表明,将ECC替代塑性铰区域混凝土能够有效避免FRP筋的受压屈曲,进而显著提升组合柱的抗震性能。与钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱相比,复合筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱的残余变形明显更小,且屈服后的刚度更高。随着轴压比的增大,构件极限强度升高但变形能力降低。通过有限元参数分析可知,组合柱的承载力和变形能力均随着ECC抗压强度及总配筋率的增大而增大;在总配筋率不变的情况下,FRP筋占比越高,构件的延性越好。     

体外预应力纤维增强树脂基复合材料筋混凝土结构研究进展

本文从纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋、关键技术和构件三个主要方面综述了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的研究成果。首先,介绍了预应力FRP筋拉伸性能和长期性能,给出了面向设计的FRP筋蠕变断裂应力值、松弛率及疲劳最大应力和应力幅限值。阐述了预应力FRP筋三种主要锚固技术的优缺点和减小锚固端应力集中的方法,重点介绍了近年来新开发的复合材料夹片锚具,其锚固效率系数高于90%;同时,基于转向FRP筋力学性能试验结果,建议转向半径不宜小于FRP筋半径的200倍,转向角度不宜大于5°。梳理了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土构件的试验研究结果(单调加载、长期持荷和循环加载),介绍了国内外规范中的设计方法,并基于既有文献中42根梁的试验结果评价了规范中计算方法的精度,验证了我国规范GB 50608—2020中体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构设计计算方法的准确性。本综述将对体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的推广应用起积极推动作用。      

混凝土结构中考虑滑移效应的钢筋本构模型研究

以钢筋混凝土（reinforced concrete,RC）结构中的钢筋滑移效应为研究对象,通过黏结应力分布简化模型,得到了钢筋应力-滑移关系,基于已有拉拔试验数据验证了该钢筋滑移关系的可靠性。结合塑性铰长度模型建立了可考虑滑移效应的钢筋应力-应变理论关系,分析了混凝土强度、钢筋直径和塑性铰长度等参数对该关系的影响,提出了考虑滑移效应的双线性钢筋本构模型。基于OpenSEES有限元平台,将该模型用于纤维截面的宏观单元模型中模拟RC柱的侧向荷载-位移反应,通过与已有试验结果、不考虑钢筋滑移效应的纤维模型计算结果及考虑钢筋滑移效应的零长度纤维模型计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文模型的精度和可靠性,并对其适用范围进行了讨论。结果表明,基于本文钢筋本构的纤维模型可以更为准确地计算RC柱的荷载-位移曲线,且能够考虑由钢筋滑移变形引起的柱顶附加水平位移。     

增强混凝土中FRP包覆筋研究Ⅱ: 力学性能测试

对FRP包覆筋进行了轴向拉伸破坏实验。实验测试分析表明, 金属芯和非金属包覆层之间的机械变形性能耦合, 使整个FRP筋在增强混凝土构件中呈现良好的双线性行为。实验所得的混杂FRP棒材应力-应变曲线的形状与理论曲线基本吻合, 为进一步包覆层优化设计和在混凝土工程中的应用提供理论基础。      

钢筋混凝土黏结滑移效应计算方法与应用

以钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)结构中锚固区域的黏结滑移效应为研究对象,基于一致黏结滑移本构模型,根据微元法建立锚固区域控制方程,通过积分计算并考虑实际工程中的边界条件,解得钢筋应力-滑移关系解析模型,与既有拉拔试验数据对比,验证了该解析模型的可靠性。进而,基于OpenSEES有限元平台,将模型与零长度纤维截面单元嵌套,结合纤维梁柱单元,建立考虑钢筋黏结滑移效应的数值建模方法。通过与既有RC构件的拟静力试验及应用传统宏观本构的数值模型进行对比,从构件层面进一步对解析模型的可靠性进行验证。结果表明：提出的钢筋应力-滑移模型能较好的反映长锚固钢筋受拉时的滑移行为;应用钢筋应力-滑移模型的零长度纤维模型能较为准确地计算RC柱的滞回曲线,相较于应用传统宏观本构的数值模型,提高了RC柱刚度与强度及其退化规律的预测精度,且对于不同设计参数的RC构件,能够更加准确的表征不同加载状态下的钢筋滑移行为。     

高温效应对钢筋-混凝土动态黏结性能的影响：精细化模拟

为研究高温效应对钢筋-混凝土动态黏结性能的影响,建立了考虑带肋钢筋表面特征和混凝土材料非均质性的三维细观模型,与试验的破坏模式和黏结应力-滑移曲线进行对比,验证了细观模型的合理性。在此基础上,分析了高温下和冷却后钢筋-混凝土动态黏结应力-滑移行为的变化规律。结合数值模拟结果,建立了考虑高温效应的动态黏结强度预测公式。结果表明：细观模型能够反映变形钢筋与混凝土界面的开裂过程和黏结破坏机理;随着应变率的增加,高温下或冷却后的混凝土损伤区域逐渐减小;应变率相同时,高温下混凝土的损伤区域明显大于冷却后;随着温度的升高,高温下或冷却后试件的极限黏结强度均线性下降;相同温度环境下,应变率增加使得极限黏结强度非线性提高;预测结果与试验结果的良好吻合,说明本文提出的经验公式可以合理反映钢筋-混凝土动态极限黏结强度的高温效应。     

长期荷载作用下方钢管混凝土压弯构件的力学性能

基于ACl(1992)方法,提出一种适合于长期荷载作用下方钢管混凝土构件变形计算的方法,理论结果和试验结果基本吻合。考虑长期荷载作用效应的影响,提出轴心受压时方钢管混凝土核心混凝土的应力－应变关系模型,据此利用数值方法成功地计算出考虑长期荷载作用影响时方钢管混凝土构件的荷载－变形全过程关系曲线,理论计算结果和试验结果吻合良好,在此基础上,可给出长期荷载作用下对方钢管混凝土压弯构件承载力的影响系数。     

Comparison of numerical behaviors of FRP reinforced concrete beams using three smeared crack models

The numerical behaviors of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bar reinforced concrete beams using three non-linear finite element models are compared with the recorded data. First approach is based on strain decomposition into elastic and crack strain and is capable of simulating multiple non-orthogonal cracks. The remaining two approaches are based on the total strain crack model and include a rotating crack model (RCM) and an orthogonal fixed crack model (FCM). The analysis is carried out with the help of 2D-isoparametric plane-stress elements. Compression softening and tension stiffening effects of cracked concrete are considered. Tension reinforcement consists of either steel or FRP bars. The accuracy of the models has been discussed with reference to the authors?? tests as well as various studies reported in the literature. Both RCM and orthogonal FCM models showed good agreement with the recorded data which was also found consistent with every type of FRP bar.     

Spalling of concrete cover of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete under thermal loads

A finite element method using a proposed mesoscopic thermoelastic damage model (MTED) is verified for simulating the cracking process of a concrete section reinforced with fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. The cracking was due to the significant difference in thermal expansion properties between the concrete and the FRP materials at elevated temperatures. The numerical study reveals that although a conventional elastic analytical method can provide good estimates of the critical temperature increment of concrete cover failure of a cylindrical concrete section that is reinforced with a single bar, it gives too conservative predictions for typical rectangular sections with multiple bars. The study also shows that the concrete cover and the horizontal bar spacing have more influence than the vertical bar spacing on the determination of the critical temperature increments. Horizontal lapping of bars significantly lowers the critical temperature increment.     

Experimental Investigation of Bond Stress and Deformations in LWAC Ties Reinforced with GFRP Bars

The structures' durability is an engineering concern for a long time but has been increased in the last years. Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) combined with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars allows to create structures with high performance in terms of durability. The glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have different ribs from those of steel bars, and consequently, its bond to concrete is affected. Moreover, the Young's modulus of GFRP is much below compared with that of steel, and this influences significantly the behaviour of structural elements reinforced with this material. This paper presents an experimental study focused on bond between LWAC and reinforcing bars of GFRP. Thirty‐six pull‐out tests were carried out using steel and GFRP bars. These reinforcements were combined with three types of concrete, all with the same design density 1900 kg m^?3 but with different values of compressive strength: 35, 55 and 70 MPa. Furthermore, 12 reinforced ties were tested, combining different types of bars (steel and GFRP), two different diameters (12 and 16 mm) and the three types of LWAC. Based on experimental results, several relations were established to understand the behaviour of LWAC structures reinforced with GFRP bars, mainly in the serviceability conditions. These results point out that ties deformation and crack width are very affected by the reduced Young's modulus of GFRP: deformations and crack width of ties reinforced with GFRP are significantly higher, approximately three times greater, compared with those of ties reinforced with steel. The tension stiffening effect was also analysed in detail, and it was found that it is slightly influenced by the concrete compressive strength but is highly dependent of the Young's modulus of the reinforcing material.     

Prediction of intermediate crack debonding failure in FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams

The present paper addresses with intermediate crack (IC) debonding failure modes in FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams; a non-linear local deformation model, derived from a cracking analysis based on slip and bond stress, is adopted to predict the stresses and strains distribution at failure. Local bond-slip laws at the longitudinal steel-to-concrete and FRP-to-concrete interfaces, as well as the tension stiffening effect of the reinforcement (steel and FRP) to the concrete, are considered. Model predictions are compared to experimental results available in the literature together with predictions of other models. Reasonable agreement with experimentally measured IC debonding loads and FRP strains is observed for all examined strengthened beams. Results of a parametric analysis, varying geometrical and mechanical parameters involved in the physical problem are also presented and discussed.     

考虑柱纵向钢筋屈曲特征的修正材料本构模型

纵筋屈曲会加速钢筋混凝土（RC）柱峰值后承载力退化，在钢筋的材料本构关系中合理地考虑屈曲效应是RC柱的有限元模型可信的基础之一。Gomes等提出的屈曲钢筋材料本构模型（G-A模型）力学概念清楚，但两个基本假定存在明显误差。在OpenSees平台上，采用基于纤维截面的集中塑性铰非线性梁柱单元对24个钢筋试件的屈曲受力性能循环加载试验进行模拟。基于有限元计算结果，对G-A模型采用的全截面塑性弯矩M_p、忽略杆件轴向变形的几何关系进行了误差分析。通过回归分析，建立了修正G-A模型。研究结果表明，屈曲钢筋试件关键截面的应力分布与G-A模型的全截面塑性基本假定差别较大，忽略轴向变形影响会导致屈曲钢筋跨中侧向位移计算结果存在误差。原始G-A模型的模拟效果较差，修正G-A模型对全截面塑性弯矩、几何关系均进行改进，其计算精度明显提高。     

Efficient technique for constitutive analysis of reinforced concrete flexural members

One of the most difficult issues in the theory of reinforced concrete (RC) is an adequate modelling of deformation behaviour, cracking and, particularly, post-cracking behaviour, as one of the major sources of non-linearity. Applying the concept of average cracking and average strains, deformation behaviour of RC can be modelled by stress–strain tension–stiffening relationships. The authors proposed an innovative inverse technique for constitutive modelling of flexural RC elements. The technique is based on the smeared crack approach and layer model of RC section. The inverse technique aims at deriving tension–stiffening constitutive models from experimental moment–curvature diagrams. The present analysis takes into account the shrinkage effect that is often neglected in other studies. Based on the inverse technique, free-of-shrinkage tension–stiffening relationships are derived using test data of shrunk RC beams. Examples of the application for the analysis of the experimental data obtained by the authors are presented to illustrate the calculation efficiency of the proposed technique.     

Tension stiffening effect and bonding characteristics of chemically prestressed concrete under tension

The tension stiffening effect of chemically prestressed concrete (CPC) under uniaxial tension was experimentally investigated and compared with those of reinforced concrete (RC). A special specimen profile was designed to avoid the effect from end parts. The tension stiffening of both RC and CPC were compared with the current tension stiffening model. The crack pattern was observed after loading. The results show that the CPC has superior tension stiffening than RC and the conventional model for RC substantially underestimates the tension stiffening of CPC. In addition, the number of cracks in CPC is less than in RC at the same load. Further investigation on bonding characteristics of CPC under tension was subsequently conducted. Effects of cross section’s size and amount of expansive additive were also investigated. The strain distribution of rebar was measured from strain gages attached with 20 mm interval. Local bond, slip and average bond stress were then calculated. The results show that bond of CPC near loading end is higher than that of RC, although the average bond is almost same. The results of this study can partly explain some of unique tensile properties of CPC which can be related to its cracking resistance.     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

CFRP筋增强ECC梁弯曲性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋/超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composite,ECC)梁的抗弯性能,对3根CFRP筋/ECC梁、1根玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋/梁和1根CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了四点弯曲试验,分析了配筋率、纤维增强树脂复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)筋类型和基体类型对梁抗弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP筋/ECC梁与GFRP筋/ECC梁和CFRP筋混凝土梁类似,均经历了弹性阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段;配筋率对CFRP筋/ECC梁的受弯性能影响较大。随着配筋率的增加,CFRP筋/ECC梁的承载能力不断提高,延性性能逐渐减弱;ECC材料优异的应变硬化能力和受压延性,使得CFRP筋/ECC梁的极限承载能力和变形能力均优于CFRP筋混凝土梁;由于ECC材料多裂缝开裂能力,CFRP筋/ECC梁开裂后,纵筋表面应变分布比CFRP筋混凝土梁更均匀; 由于聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维的桥联作用,CFRP筋/ECC梁破坏时,其表面出现了大量的细密裂缝,且能保持较好的完整性和自复位能力;正常使用阶段,CFRP筋/ECC梁的最大弯曲裂缝宽度均小于CFRP筋混凝土梁。最后,根据试验结果,建立了基于等效应力图的CFRP筋/ECC梁弯曲承载力简化计算模型,确定模型中的相关系数。由简化模型计算的极限承载力与试验结果具有较好的相关性。