一种改进的内聚力损伤模型在复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤模拟中的应用

针对传统内聚力损伤模型(CZM)无法考虑层内裂纹对界面分层影响的缺点,提出了一种改进的适用于复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤模拟的CZM。通过对界面单元内聚力本构模型中的损伤起始准则进行修正,考虑了界面层相邻铺层内基体、纤维的损伤状态及应力分布对层间强度和分层扩展的影响。基于ABAQUS用户子程序VUMAT,结合本文模型及层合板失效判据,建立了模拟复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下的渐进损伤过程的有限元模型,计算了不同铺层角度和材料属性的层合板在低速冲击作用下的损伤状态。通过数值模拟与试验结果的对比,验证了本文方法的精度及合理性。     

含预制分层损伤复合材料层合板在压缩载荷下破坏过程和剩余强度的模拟

本文运用一种具有较高精度的高阶位移模式,结合特定的损伤判据和刚度折减方法,建立了一种含损伤有限元模型,并利用其对多个含预制分层损伤的复合材料层合板在压缩载荷下的破坏过程进行了数值模拟,并最终得到这些层合板的剩余强度。与实验结果的对比表明,该数值模拟方法具有较高的精度和有效性。     

吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热分层扩展数值模拟

为研究复合材料层合板吸湿后的分层现象,首先建立了吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热导致分层损伤的有限元模型,并对ABAQUS有限元软件进行二次开发,通过UAMP子程序模拟吸湿后复合材料快速加热时水分汽化引起的局部高压载荷作用下层合板分层扩展与载荷施加过程;然后,采用该模型预测了饱和吸湿T650-35/HFPE-II-52碳纤维聚酰亚胺复合材料层合板快速加热至310 ℃时产生的分层现象,并将数值模拟与文献实验结果对比;最后,运用该模型分析了树脂吸湿量和富脂区树脂聚集体积对层合板分层损伤面积的影响。结果表明:建立的有限元模型有效;快速加热后,层合板的分层损伤面积随树脂吸湿量的增加而增加;当富脂区树脂聚集体积较小时,其对层合板快速加热后分层损伤面积影响较小,但当富脂区树脂聚集体积增加到一定值后,层合板分层损伤面积随富脂区树脂聚集体积的增加而显著增加。所得结论表明,使用ABAQUS的UAMP子程序建立的有限元模型可以有效分析吸湿后复合材料层合板快速加热导致的分层现象。      

复合材料层合板准静压损伤的数值模拟

从层合板准静压损伤机制出发, 根据渐进累积损伤原理, 建立了复合材料层合板准静压损伤的有限元模型, 合理地描述了复合材料层合板内部不同形式的损伤及其累积过程, 进而讨论了在相同的层合板厚度下, 单向铺层厚度对层合板准静压损伤的影响。结果表明, 单层厚度的增加会加大层合板的基体开裂损伤以及分层损伤的程度, 但有利于抑制纤维断裂的发生。     

纤维桥联效应下复合材料层合板的屈曲及分层扩展模拟

纤维增强复合材料层合板由于层间力学性能弱,容易出现分层损伤。分层的扩展往往伴随着纤维桥联效应,纤维桥联能显著增大层合板尤其是多向层合板分层扩展的阻力。考虑纤维桥联效应的三线性内聚力模型能表征分层扩展实验中断裂韧性的“R曲线”特征,比传统的双线性模型能更为准确地描述复合材料的分层扩展行为。本论文基于三线性内聚力模型,对含圆形分层复合材料层合板的轴向压缩进行数值模拟,探讨纤维桥联效应对分层扩展及后屈曲行为的影响规律。研究结果发现,纤维桥联对层合板的屈曲载荷影响较小;混合屈曲模式下,三线性模型预测的上下子板相对法向位移明显低于双线性模型;相同分层深度下,三线性模型预测的层合板后屈曲更早转变为整体屈曲模式。随着分层深度的增加,层合板的屈曲模式由局部屈曲逐步过渡为混合屈曲和整体屈曲;当分层深度较浅时,Ⅰ型分层扩展占主导;随着分层深度的增加,Ⅰ型分层逐渐减弱,而Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型分层扩展则显著增强;当分层接近板中面时,Ⅰ型分层停止扩展,以Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型分层为主。     

战斗部侵彻过程中PBX装药动态损伤数值模拟

为研究战斗部侵彻过程中PBX装药的动态力学性能及损伤情况,进行缩比弹侵彻半无限大混凝土靶板的数值模拟。PBX装药采用内聚力裂纹模型,通过计算PBX装药的损伤演化过程,获得单元裂纹宽度等关键参数,并分析过载、轴向应力及损伤程度,同时计算分析有机玻璃、聚四氟乙烯等材料作为缓冲层对装药动态损伤的影响。结果表明:1)基于内聚力裂纹模型的PBX装药自定义材料模型能很好地模拟装药的动态力学性能及损伤;2)使用缓冲层可以有效地保护战斗部内部装药;3)有机玻璃作缓冲材料用于改善装药力学环境的效果更加明显。     

含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动承载能力

采用有限元方法研究了含穿透分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动力响应和承载能力。根据复合材料层合板一阶剪切理论, 推导了复合材料层合板单元的刚度阵和质量阵列式;同时采用Adams 应变能法与Rayleigh阻尼模型相结合的方法, 构造了相应的阻尼阵列式;为了防止在低阶模态中分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的嵌入现象, 建立了含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力分析中分层分析模型和虚拟界面联接模型。并采用Tsai提出的刚度退化准则和动力响应分析的精细积分法, 对在动荷载作用下含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板结构进行了破坏和承载能力分析。通过典型算例分析, 分别讨论了外载频率、分层深度、筋的位置以及破坏过程中刚度退化对含损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力响应特征和承载能力的影响, 得到了一些具有理论和工程价值的结论。     

z-pin增韧复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤过程研究

从z-pin增韧复合材料层合板低速冲击实验出发,考虑了复合材料层合板在受低速冲击时的分层及基体开裂等四种损伤形式,引入适当的损伤判据,对T300/3234碳纤维树脂基复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤过程进行有限元模拟。结果表明,采用碳纤维钉z-pin增韧使得冲击后层间分层区域面积减小50%左右,有限元结果与实验数据吻合。     

含椭圆分层损伤复合材料层合板分层前缘接触效应研究

采用基于Mindlin 一阶剪切理论的四节点板单元, 分析了分层前缘闭合接触效应对含椭圆分层复合材料层合板前后屈曲行为的影响。通过在分层区域内引入虚杆单元来防止上、下子板发生相互重叠, 并假设接触区内没有摩擦。结果表明, 分层前缘的闭合接触效应受分层几何形状的影响很大, 当椭圆分层子板的长轴与压缩载荷方向一致时, 闭合接触效应对含分层层合板前后屈曲行为最大。      

UHMWPE／HDPE层合板拉伸损伤扩展的有限元数值模拟r

为了优化设计PE／PE层合板复合材料和准确评价其性能，必须深入地研究该类材料的损伤破坏机理，进而揭示其损伤扩展规律，预测因损伤的存在对材料刚度、强度等宏观性能的影响。基于拟三维模型的概念，提出了适合于数值模拟PE／PE层合板复合材料力学行为的修正模型。应用此有限元数值模型，对3种准各向同性UHMWPE／HDPE层合板在拉伸载荷条件下的损伤及损伤扩展进行了模拟，对这些材料的破坏机理进行了探讨，并预测了它们的强度。通过试验，可知应用上述模型进行数值模拟所获得的结果与试验数据是吻合的。证明了修正后的有限元数值模型的有效性。     

XFEM simulation of delamination in composite laminates

In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is extended to simulate delamination problems in composite laminates. A crack-leading model is proposed and implemented in the ABAQUS® to discriminate different delamination morphologies, i.e., the 0°/0° interface in unidirectional laminates and the 0°/90° interface in multidirectional laminates, which accounts for both interlaminar and intralaminar crack propagation. Three typical delamination problems were simulated and verified. The results of single delamination in unidirectional laminates under pure mode I, mode II, and mixed mode I/II correspond well with the analytical solutions. The results of multiple delaminations in unidirectional laminates are in good agreement with experimental data. Finally, using a recently proposed test that characterizes the interaction of delamination and matrix cracks in cross-ply laminates, the present numerical results of the delamination migration caused by the coupled failure mechanisms are consistent with experimental observations.     

Review of delamination predictive methods for low speed impact of composite laminates

Predicting the damage tolerance of laminated composite aircraft components subjected to low velocity impact events, such as runway debris or hail, is providing a significant challenge to the current methods. This paper reviews the current damage mechanics and fracture methods for predicting delamination under impact available in the literature. Many damage mechanics models are available, some providing good delamination predictions. The linear elastic fracture mechanics method has been used extensively where the shape of the delamination front can be predicted and a suitably shaped mesh can be provided. However, as impact events produce irregular shaped delamination fronts, this method requires an adaptive mesh approach that is not yet available in any of the major analysis codes. The cohesive fracture model solves some of the limitation of the linear elastic fracture mechanics method, however a definitive study of its abilities has yet to be found in the literature. The delamination threshold load method is an extremely simple method and provides surprisingly good results. The review concludes that additional development of current techniques is required before a definitive predictive delamination method will be available.     

An interface element for the simulation of delamination in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates

Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates are widely used in aerospace industry for a great variety of structural parts. In order to enhance the exploitation of material reserves, there is a need for the integration of progressive damage scenarios in the design phase. Due to their hazardous effects on the load-carrying capacity of composite structures, this work focusses on the simulation of delaminations. A finite element based on a cohesive zone approach is developed. Two constitutive laws are proposed. One is characterized by linear degradation after delamination onset, the other is governed by exponential softening response. The damage process is history-dependent leading to an irreversible stiffness degradation in damaged zones. The practicability of the proposed model and the assets and drawbacks of the two material laws are shown by some numerical examples.     

Locating and sizing of delamination in composite laminates using computational and experimental methods

This paper describes an application of Strip Element Method (SEM) and adaptive Multilayer Perceptron Networks (MLP) for inverse identification of interfacial delaminations in carbon/epoxy laminated composite beams. Displacement responses calculated using SEM for laminated beams containing predetermined delamination parameters (i.e. delamination location, depth and length) are used as training data for the MLP. Once the MLP is trained, the MLP networks are then employed for inverse determination of delamination using experimental displacement responses measured with a scanning laser vibrometer. The outputs of the initially trained MLP, which are the reconstructed delamination parameters, are then compared with the experiments data. The MLP will be re-trained and re-used for parameter reconstruction until satisfactory results are obtained. Examples show that the procedure performs well for the determination of a wide range of values for the location, depth and length of delamination.     

Some aspects of numerical simulation for Lamb wave propagation in composite laminates

Some aspects of numerical simulation of Lamb wave propagation in composite laminates using the finite element models with explicit dynamic analysis are addressed in this study. To correctly and efficiently describe the guided-wave excited/received by piezoelectric actuators/sensors, effective models of surface-bounded flat PZT disks based on effective force, moment and displacement are developed. Different finite element models for Lamb wave excitation, collection and propagation in isotropic plate and quasi-isotropic laminated composite are evaluated using continuum elements (3-D solid element) and structural elements (3-D shell element), to elaborate the validity and versatility of the proposed actuator/sensor models.     

缝合复合材料层板低速冲击损伤数值模拟

建立了缝合复合材料层板在低速冲击载荷下的渐进损伤分析模型。模型中采用空间杆单元模拟缝线的作用;采用三维实体单元模拟缝合层板,通过基于应变描述的Hashin准则,结合相应的材料性能退化方案模拟层板的损伤和演化;采用界面单元模拟层间界面,结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的应变能释放率准则判断分层的起始和扩展规律。通过对碳800环氧树脂复合材料（T800/5228）层板的数值仿真结果和试验结果相比较,验证了模型的正确性,同时讨论了不同冲击能量下缝合层板的损伤规律。研究结果表明：缝线能够有效地抑制层板的分层损伤扩展;相同冲击能量下缝合与未缝合层板的基体损伤和纤维损伤在厚度分布上相似,缝合层板的损伤都要小于未缝合层板。     

Experimental study on delamination migration in composite laminates

The transition of delamination growth between different ply interfaces in composite tape laminates, known as migration, was investigated experimentally. The test method used promotes delamination growth initially along a 0/θ ply interface, which eventually migrates to a neighbouring θ/0 ply interface. Specimens with θ = 60° and 75° were tested. Migration occurs in two main stages: (1) the initial 0/θ interface delamination turns, transforming into intraply cracks that grow through the θ plies; this process occurs at multiple locations across the width of a specimen, (2) one or more of these cracks growing through the θ plies reaches and turns into the θ/0 ply interface, where it continues to grow as a delamination. A correlation was established between these experimental observations and the shear stress sign at the delamination front, obtained by finite element analyses.Overall, the experiments provide insight into the key mechanisms that govern delamination growth and migration.     

Experimental investigation of delamination buckling of stitched composite laminates

In the current investigation, effects of through-the-thickness stitching with two different types of aramid threads, Kevlar^® and Twaron^® threads, on the buckling loads of delaminated glass/epoxy composite laminates are studied. Buckling loads are predicted based on the Southwell, Vertical displacement and Membrane strain plot methods by using the experimental data. From the Southwell, Vertical displacement and Membrane strain plot methods it is observed that stitching either by Kevlar^® or Twaron^® threads is effective in improving the buckling strength of glass/epoxy composite laminates when the delamination length is greater than 0.5L, L being the length of the laminate. For long delaminations, Kevlar^® stitched glass/epoxy composite laminate is best in retaining its buckling strength when re-loading is done. Southwell plot method tends to overestimate the buckling loads as the data obtained from this method are influenced by the breakages in the glass/epoxy composite laminate buckling test specimens.