超疏水涂层除冰/防冰性能研究进展

超疏水表面具有自清洁、非润湿等特性,可潜在的用作防冰/除冰材料。从超疏水涂层的制备方法和有关除冰/防冰方面研究的角度综述了超疏水涂层在除冰/防冰方面的研究新进展,并对超疏水涂层防冰/防冰未来的研究发展进行展望。     

机翼电热除冰专利技术概述

飞机机翼结冰是导致飞行安全事故的主要隐患之一,飞机机翼的防/除冰系统是提高飞机的安全性能,电热除冰因其高效率、低能耗、易控制的优势已成为目前重要的除冰方法之一。本文对飞机机翼防/除冰技术领域的专利申请进行分析,从中国、全球的专利申请量、申请人的分布等多方面统计分析,阐述了飞机机翼防/除冰技术领域的专利申请发展趋势,追踪了飞机机翼防/除冰技术领域的发展脉络,重点针对飞机机翼电热除冰过程中涉及的传热特性、冰壳现象及其影响和冰脊形成特征三大主要研究方向,对其技术方向和技术手段的发展脉络进行了梳理。     

一种新型地下工程用防氡涂层性能的研究

针对一种新型适合地下工程高湿度、不透气特殊环境的防氡涂层的性能进行了研究。局部静态法和RAD-7型α能谱氡气检测仪对防氡效率的测试结果表明,随涂覆厚度的增加防氡效率上升,当涂覆厚度为0.8mm时,新型防氡涂层的防氡效率为92.92%,涂覆厚度为2.0和2.4mm时,防氡效率分别为98.91%和99.02%。实干时间测试发现,温度为23.7℃、相对湿度RH为95%时,涂覆厚度为2.0mm的新型防氡涂层经12.1h完全干燥;耐老化性能研究显示,新型防氡涂层具有优异的耐高浓度氡辐射、耐湿热以及耐霉菌老化的性能。因此,这种新型防氡涂层可以很好地满足地下工程苛刻的应用要求。     

基于SnO_2/石墨烯的光催化及应变传感多功能涂层

利用喷涂法制备了兼具光催化性能和应变传感功能的SnO_2/石墨烯复合涂层。实验研究了石墨烯含量对涂层应变敏感性及SnO_2光催化性能的影响。石墨烯的引入能够有效地抑制SnO_2的团聚现象继而提高SnO_2/石墨烯复合涂层的光催化性能。此外,SnO_2/石墨烯复合涂层对应变展现出了良好的敏感性。     

石墨烯加入量对光伏板表面喷涂PU/Cu涂层结构和光泽度的影响

为了改善光伏板表面吸能性能,采用石墨烯改性光伏板表面喷涂PU/Cu涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察以及光泽度、发射率、力学性能测试等考察了石墨烯加入量对涂层结构和光泽度的影响.结果 表明:Cu粉都在涂层内形成了均匀分布的形态,大部分平行于涂层表面,形成均匀定向排列的状态有助于涂层更高效地反射红外光,达到低发射率的特性.当涂层内存在更高比例石墨烯时,形成了粗糙度更大的表面,使涂层更有效地吸收与散射可见光,达到更低的光泽度.利用加入石墨烯的方法来获得表面组织更粗糙的涂层,能够在保持较低发射率的条件下使涂层光泽度获得有效控制,在涂层内加入黑色石墨烯之后能够更加高效地吸收可见光.采用石墨烯改性PU/Cu涂层能够实现更高效吸收与散射可见光的效果,保持涂层原有发射率的条件下获得更低的光泽度.当涂层内的石墨烯含量提高后,黏附强度、表面硬度与抗冲击能力都未发生明显变化,说明石墨烯改性PU/Cu涂层可保持稳定的力学强度.     

多功能疏水/超疏水复合涂层的制备及其防覆冰性

防覆冰现已成为飞机结构、输电线路、制冷器械等设备上亟待解决的问题.对自主研发的三种疏水/超疏水复合涂层的防覆冰特性进行了综合对比研究,重点分析了各涂层在机械耐久性及超低温条件下除冰性的优势.测试结果表明:底漆-面漆复合超疏水涂层具备较优异的机械耐久性,在磨耗仪250 g载荷下磨耗40次后及冻融循环100次后冰剪切强度均...     

氧化石墨烯改性玄武岩纤维及其增强环氧树脂复合材料性能

为了改善玄武岩纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面性能,通过偶联剂对氧化石墨烯进行改性,并将改性后的氧化石墨烯引入到上浆剂中对玄武岩纤维进行表面涂覆改性,同时制备了氧化石墨烯-玄武岩纤维/环氧树脂复合材料.采用FTIR表征了氧化石墨烯的改性效果;运用SEM分析了改性上浆剂处理对玄武岩纤维表面及复合材料断口形貌的影响和作用机制.结果表明:偶联剂成功接枝到氧化石墨烯表面;玄武岩纤维经氧化石墨烯改性的上浆剂处理后,表面粗糙度及活性官能团含量增加,氧化石墨烯-玄武岩纤维/环氧树脂界面处的机械齿合作用及化学键合作用增强,界面黏结强度得到改善,玄武岩纤维的断裂强力提高了30.8%,氧化石墨烯-玄武岩纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的层间剪切强度提高了10.6%.     

L-色氨酸改性氧化石墨烯复合水性环氧树脂涂层的制备及性能

采用L-色氨酸(L-Trp)为改性剂,对氧化石墨烯(GO)进行改性处理,随后将改性的氧化石墨烯分散于水性环氧树脂中,再经聚酰胺固化剂固化,制得L-色氨酸改性氧化石墨烯复合水性环氧树脂涂层。利用电化学交流阻抗、动电位极化曲线等测试手段分别对水性环氧树脂涂层、氧化石墨烯复合水性环氧树脂涂层以及L-色氨酸改性氧化石墨烯复合水性环氧树脂涂层(L-Trp/GO/epoxy)的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,L-Trp/GO/epoxy涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中浸泡15 d后的交流阻抗值为2.16×10~7Ω·cm~2,比环氧树脂涂层提高了近103倍,耐腐蚀性能最强。另外,从L-色氨酸改性氧化石墨烯的透射电镜照片发现,经L-Trp改性的GO从多层被剥离为更薄的片材,并均匀分散于水溶液中。L-Trp/GO/epoxy涂层的扫描电镜照片显示,涂层表面平整光滑致密,GO片材与基体树脂粘连紧密,无明显团聚现象。     

聚乳酸涂层改善网状羟基磷灰石陶瓷支架力学性能的研究

采用有机泡沫浸渍法制备出高孔隙率的三维网状羟基磷灰石(HA)生物陶瓷支架,并采用不同浓度的聚乳酸(PDLLA)溶液涂覆网状HA支架,以达到增强补韧网化陶瓷支架的目的.通过扫描电镜观察PDLLA涂覆网状HA陶瓷支架的显微结构和测试力学强度,研究了不同浓度PDLLA溶液涂覆对网状HA支架的涂层厚度、显微结构和力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:涂覆一定量的PDLLA涂层可以显著提高网状HA生物陶瓷支架的抗压强度,同时保持网状陶瓷支架的贯通性和孔隙率.     

水性异氰酸酯改性石墨烯/聚氨酯复合乳液防腐性能研究

通过逐步聚合反应将异氰酸酯功能化石墨烯(IGN)接枝到水性聚氨酯(WPU)链段中,制备得到水性异氰酸酯改性石墨烯/聚氨酯纳米复合乳液(IGN/WPU)。通过傅里叶变换红外的光谱(红外光谱)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、扫描电镜(SEM)对氧化石墨烯(GO)、IGN、WPU及IGN/WPU复合材料的结构进行表征,并研究了IGN含量对复合乳液作为金属防腐涂层性能的影响。结果表明,随IGN含量增加,涂层硬度提高,水蒸气透过率下降,防腐效率增大。当m(IGN)=1%(质量分数)时,涂层硬度达到了2H,水蒸气透过率降低到51.98g/m2·h,与空白样相比防腐效率提高了94.70%。     

Experimental Study on Deicing Performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Conductive Concrete

Carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) is a kind of good electrothermal material. When connected to an external power supply, stable and uniform heat suitable for deicing application is generated in the CFRC slab. Electric heating and deicing experiments of carbon fiber reinforced concrete slab were carried out in laboratory, and the effect of the temperature and thickness of ice, the thermal conductivity of CFRC, and power output on deicing performance and energy consumption were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is an effective method to utilize the thermal energy produced by CFRC slab to deice. The time to melt the ice completely decreases with increasing power output and ice temperature, and increases with increasing thickness of the ice. The energy consumption to melt 2 mm thickness of ice varies approximately linearly from 0.556 to 0.846 kW·h/m2 as the initial temperature ranges from -3℃ to - 18℃. CFRC with good thermal conduction can reduce temperature difference in CFRC     

新型多腔孔陶瓷复合保温材料的制备及性能研究

通过原料及配方的创新,以硅酸铝纤维、玻化微珠等为原料制备了一种新型多腔孔陶瓷复合保温材料。研究了材料的导热性能和显微结构。结果表明:材料导热系数低,热面温度200℃时导热系数仅为0.050 W/(m·K),热面温度600℃时导热系数为0.084 W/(m·K);材料内部结构疏松,存在多级配的孔隙结构,孔隙尺寸在微米级以下。利用马弗炉进行保温性能测试,保温材料内表面温度600℃,厚度仅为139mm时,稳态时外表面温度即可低于46℃,散热损失仅为158 W/m~2,远远低于标准规定的最大散热损失266 W/m~2。将材料制成1cm厚度的块材时,材料能产生较大弯曲而不损坏,有利于对电厂高温管道进行包覆。     

An experimental technique to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 coatings

An experimental device was set up to determine thermal resistance and conductivity of 8% yttria-stabilized zirconia deposited by plasma spray method on cylindrical specimen. In this experimental setup, coated surface of the sample was exposed to a high temperature environment and inner metal surface was cooled by flowing air, simulating actual gas turbine applications. Overall heat resistance at the outside surface of thermal barrier coating was adopted to assess thermal advantage due to the thermal barrier coating deposited on air-cooled cylindrical specimen. 28% less heat was extracted at 1000°C by applying 1.2 mm thick thermal barrier coating. Temperatures of the outside surface of the coated samples increased with increasing coating thickness with respect to the same furnace temperature since the sample with thicker coating was less thermally conductive and retarded heat transfer. The overall heat resistances of samples between the outside surface of sample and the flowing air inside the sample assembly were estimated. Then, the thermal conductivity of coating could be determined from the difference of overall thermal resistances of two selected samples with varying coating thickness.     

重力铯热管等温性能研究

为了验证铯热管研制的关键技术,通过测量热管外壁温度,在定温条件下研究了重力铯热管的等温特性和启动性能;同时,分析了冷凝段长度对铯热管等温性能的影响。实验结果表明:当加热炉温度在330~630℃,铯热管均能正常启动;加热炉温度越高,启动越快;在该温区,铯热管具有优良的传热性能;然而,当冷凝段长度为300mm时,铯热管壁面温度出现锯齿状周期波动。从过热度的角度,分析了铯热管内部的沸腾相变传热机理;选择合适长度的冷凝段可避免周期性间歇沸腾的产生。实验结果同时也了证明铯热管在330~630℃温区可作为高效的传热元件,非常适合复现ITS-90国际温标锌凝固点。     

多壁碳纳米管水基纳米流体的对流换热特性

实验研究了纳米粉体浓度、雷诺数Re和热流密度对多壁碳纳米管水基纳米流体(MWNTs/H2O)对流换热性能的影响。纳米粉体浓度分别为0.05 g/L、0.1 g/L、0.2 g/L和0.4 g/L,雷诺数Re为500~900,热流密度为10~20 k W/m2。结果表明:1)纳米流体对流换热系数随着纳米粉体浓度、Re、热流密度的增加而增加。如在Re为631且纳米粉体浓度为0.4 g/L时,纳米流体对流换热系数比基液增大了17.6%;2)纳米流体对流换热系数的提高率明显大于对应的导热系数提高率,当纳米粉体浓度为0.05g/L时,其对流换热系数和导热系数的提高率分别为7.4%和0.15%;3)在Eubank-Proctor方程的基础上,建立了适合于低Re条件下的混和对流换热的实验关联式。     

兼具阻燃和导热性能的环氧树脂复合材料：石墨烯纳米片杂化三聚氰胺磷酸盐的作用

研发制备低成本、少缺陷及高效率的石墨烯纳米片杂化阻燃剂对实现复合材料多功能性具有重要意义。以三聚氰胺为助剥离剂将微粉石墨(GRA)经机械球磨后与磷酸液相反应得到一种阻燃导热的石墨烯纳米片杂化三聚氰胺磷酸盐(GMP),在表征GMP形貌、结构、组成和热稳定性的基础上,研究了添加GMP环氧树脂(EP)复合材料的阻燃、热分解和导热性能。GMP的热失重分析结果表明：与三聚氰胺磷酸盐(MP)相比,初始分解温度提升了29.3℃,与环氧树脂的热分解温度更匹配,有助于提高阻燃效率。氧指数仪、锥形量热仪和导热性能研究表明,GMP添加30wt%时,EP复合材料的极限氧指数达到了30.4%,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V-0级,峰值热释放速率(PHRR)和峰值烟释放速率(PSPR)分别下降69%和74.0%;导热系数提升至2.10 W·m^-1·K^-1,相对于EP提升了708%。这是由于GMP中石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)与MP的相互作用促进了EP形成了致密的膨胀炭层,有效提高了EP复合材料的阻燃性;随着GMP添加量的增加,GNPs和石墨微片传热通道的形成改善了EP复合材料的导...     

Modeling of thermal barrier coating temperature due to transmissive radiative heating

Thermal barrier coatings are generally designed to possess very low thermal conductivity to reduce the conduction heat transfer from the coating surface to the metal turbine blade beneath the coating. In high-temperature power generation systems, however, a considerable amount of radiative heat is produced during the combustion of fuels. This radiative heat can propagate through the coating and heat up the metal blade, and thereby reduce the effectiveness of the coating in lowering the thermal load on the blade. Therefore, radiative properties are essential parameters to design radiative barrier coatings. This article presents a combined radiation and conduction heat transfer model for the steady-state temperature distribution in semitransparent yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings. The results of the model show a temperature reduction up to 45 K for YSZ of high reflectance (80%) compared to the YSZ of low reflectance (20%). The reflectivities of YSZ and metal blade affect the temperature distribution significantly. Additionally, the absorption and scattering coefficients of YSZ, the thickness of the coating, and the thermal conductivities of YSZ and metal blade affect the temperature distribution.     

石墨烯纳米片/聚乙烯复合薄膜电磁干扰屏蔽

研制了一种取向性较高的石墨烯纳米片/低密度聚乙烯（GNS/LDPE）复合薄膜三明治结构,分析其电磁干扰屏蔽（EMIS）性能和机制。实验结果表明,GNS/LDPE复合薄膜的EMIS性能主要决定于其电学性质。根据材料电导率对多层复合膜进行理论计算,探讨GNS/LDPE复合薄膜多层结构的光吸收和多层反射机制。通过调整层结构的厚度和表面层深度及屏蔽材料的电导率可以提高EMIS性能,并且增加屏蔽层厚度可增强吸收屏蔽作用从而进一步提高总屏蔽性能。结构优化后的EMIS效率可以达到31 dB,证明GNS/LDPE复合薄膜具有显著的EMIS作用。纳米复合三明治结构的屏蔽机制为设计高EMIS性能纳米复合物提供了基本依据。提出了实现高性能GNS/LDPE复合薄膜的有效技术方法,在EMIS涂层领域具有潜在的应用。      

电弧放电法制备石墨烯及其在导电油墨中的应用

导电油墨是印刷电子技术中使用的关键电子材料, 而导电填料作为导电油墨的主要成分要求其化学性能稳定且电导率高。其中, 基于石墨烯的导电油墨因为其、透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱等手段对制备的石墨烯进行了表征。结果表明: 直流电弧放电法制备的石墨烯为2~10层、尺寸在100~200 nm范围且纯度高、结晶性好。在此基础上, 研究了涂层厚度、热处理温度以及弯曲角度等对石墨烯导电油墨导电性能的影响。研究发现, 石墨烯导电油墨电阻率与涂层厚度、热处理温度成反比, 且随着厚度、温度的增加石墨烯导电油墨的电阻率逐渐降低。并且样品在柔性基底上经过不同角度的弯曲折叠后电阻率没有明显变化。当厚度为170 μm的样品经过360℃ (30 min) 热处理后, 石墨烯导电油墨的电阻率仅为0.003 Ω·cm。上述结果表明, 电弧法制备的石墨烯导电油墨有望成为未来印制电子领域的关键材料。     

An Extreme-Environment-Resistant Self-Healing Anti-Icing Coating

Anti-icing coatings on outdoor infrastructures and transportations inevitably suffer from surface injuries, especially in extreme weather events (e.g., freezing weather or acid rain). The coating surface damage can result in anti-icing performance loss or even icing promotion. The development of anti-icing coatings that enables self-healing in extreme conditions is highly desired but still challenging. Herein, an extreme-environment-resistant self-healing anti-icing coating is developed by integrating fluorinated graphene (FG) into a supramolecular polymeric matrix. The coating exhibits both anti-icing and deicing performance (ice nucleation temperature is ≈−30.3 °C; ice shear strength is ≈48.7 kPa), mainly attributable to the hydrophobic FG and silicone-based supramolecular material. Notably, owing to the crosslinking polymeric network with various dynamic bonds, this coating can sustain anti-icing/deicing performance after autonomous self-healing under harsh conditions including low temperature (−20 °C), strong acid (pH = 0), and strong alkali (pH = 14) environments. This coating paves the way to meet the anti-icing demand in open air, especially for the infrastructures in polar regions or acid/alkali environments.