烧结Cr15高铬铸铁组织与性能的研究

为研发耐磨性能优良、成本相对低廉的高铬铸铁,本文分别以亚共晶、过共晶的水雾化Cr15高铬铸铁粉末为原料,采用超固相线液相烧结工艺制备了烧结高铬铸铁(SHCCI),并对其显微组织、力学性能和冲击磨粒磨损工况下的耐磨性能进行对比研究。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁主要由M7C3碳化物、马氏体和奥氏体组成;在亚共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,通过电解腐蚀萃取的M7C3碳化物三维形貌呈珊瑚状,沿晶界均匀分布,材料抗冲击耐磨性能优良;在过共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,优先形成的初生碳化物可能成为共晶碳化物的生长基底,形成核-壳结构的M7C3碳化物,沿晶界相互连接呈网状,严重割裂基体。亚共晶、过共晶烧结高铬铸铁的力学性能分别为:硬度HRC63.9、HRC64.3,冲击韧性7.92、3.04 J/cm^2,抗弯强度2112.65、1624.87 MPa。     

粉末烧结法和铸造法制备ZrO2增韧Al2O3陶瓷颗粒增强高铬铸铁基复合材料及其耐磨性能

将粒径为1~2 mm的ZrO₂增韧Al₂O₃陶瓷颗粒(ZTA_p)、高铬合金粉末和黏结剂混合真空烧结制备蜂窝状预制体,再浇注高铬铸铁液制备出ZTA_p增强高铬铸铁基复合材料。采用SEM、EDS、XRD分析复合材料的界面微观结构和物相组成,通过三体磨损试验评价复合材料的耐磨性能。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁基体在铸造过程中发生重熔,与铸造高铬铸铁基体呈冶金结合,ZTA_p与金属基体界面结合致密,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。复合材料三体耐磨性能达到高铬铸铁的3倍以上。将该复合材料应用于制备磨辊件,经过5 000 h服役,柱状区和复合区在磨辊半径方向上的磨损量分别为8.2 mm、5.9 mm,预计寿命可达到高铬铸铁磨辊的2倍以上。      

改性HP40合金碳化物析出规律的热力学计算

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件和与之相应的铁基合金数据库,计算了改性HP40合金中可能析出的平衡相及铌、钛和钨成分改变时对碳化物析出规律的影响,并计算了碳化物的平衡化学成分,以期为发展高稳定性的改性HP40合金提供理论依据。结果表明:铌和钛是MC型碳化物的主要形成元素。随着铌和钛含量的提高,MC型碳化物的最大析出量增加,M₂₃C₆型和M₇C₃型碳化物的最大析出量减少,MC型和M₂₃C₆型碳化物的开始析出温度升高。钨元素在高温时主要分布在γ基体中,在服役温度下长期时效,钨从γ基体向M₂₃C₆型碳化物不断偏聚。随着钨含量的提高,M₇C₃型碳化物的最大析出量减少,M₂₃C₆型碳化物的开始析出温度及M₇C₃相向M₂₃C₆相转变的温度均显著升高。     

Ti3C2Tx/聚酰亚胺复合材料的制备及性能

为了改善聚酰亚胺（PI）的热学性能和冲击断裂强度、弯曲强度和硬度等力学性能,通过液相刻蚀三元层状陶瓷Ti₃AlC₂制备了二维层状结构纳米Ti₃C₂T_x,利用XRD、FE-SEM对产物进行了物相分析和微观结构表征;采用湿法球磨和热压成型法制备了不同Ti₃C₂T_x含量的Ti₃C₂T_x/PI复合材料,考察了Ti₃C₂T_x对复合材料热学性能、冲击断裂强度、弯曲强度和硬度等的影响,并分析了断面形貌。结果表明,所制备的Ti₃C₂T_x为纳米片层结构,片层厚度为20~50 nm,片层堆叠;二维Ti₃C₂T_x在PI基体中分散均匀,且固化过程中PI进入Ti₃C₂T_x层间提高了二者之间的结合力,使界面结合良好;Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片的添加提高了PI的玻璃化转变温度并改善了基体的冲击断裂强度、弯曲强度和硬度等,当Ti₃C₂T_x添加量为0.25wt%时,Ti₃C₂T_x/PI复合材料的玻璃化转变温度提高了17℃,冲击断裂强度提高了31%。     

粉末冶金制备工艺对TiC增强高铬铸铁基复合材料性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用高能球磨和真空烧结的方法制备TiC增强高铬铸铁(HCCI)基复合材料。利用SEM,DSC等方法对不同球磨时间的粉末进行分析,研究不同烧结温度对高铬铸铁基复合材料的显微组织、硬度及密度的影响,比较相同工艺下复合材料与高铬铸铁材料的耐磨性。结果表明:球磨12 h后的粉末颗粒大小趋于稳定,粉末活性提高,烧结性能改善,烧结试样中TiC均匀地分布在基体中。随着烧结温度的升高,复合材料内部晶粒逐渐长大,密度和硬度逐渐提高。在1280℃超固相线液相烧结的条件下烧结2 h后,致密度达94.17%,硬度和抗弯强度分别为49.2HRC和980 MPa。在销盘磨损实验中复合材料的耐磨性为单一高铬铸铁材料的1.52倍,磨损机制为磨粒磨损+轻微氧化磨损。     

液相烧结工艺制备高钒钢

采用气雾化粉末+压制+超固相液相烧结(SLPS)工艺制备钒含量(质量分数)约为10%的高钒钢,研究了烧结工艺对致密化行为、显微组织演变、相构成与分布和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,烧结温度的影响最全面,保温时间主要影响碳化物的析出量。烧结高钒钢的基体为针状M和少量残余γ,在基体中有VC、复合型碳化钼和碳化铬等碳化物,VC大多呈球形,分布在晶界和晶粒内部。随着烧结温度的提高和保温时间的延长,晶粒和碳化物逐渐粗化,各类碳化物的析出越来越充分,而复合型碳化物的析出对高钒钢的强度和冲击韧性有不利影响。烧结高钒钢具有优秀的综合力学性能:硬度HRC 65-68,冲击韧性高于6 J/cm2,抗弯强度高于1800 MPa。     

球磨转速对含钆ODS钢中M23C6析出的影响研究

以“结构/屏蔽一体化”为研发目标的含钆ODS合金具有较优的中子屏蔽性能与高温力学性能，可作为小型模块化铅冷快堆中子屏蔽材料的研发方向之一。在机械合金化-放电等离子体烧结工艺制备含钆ODS-316L钢的研究中发现，球磨转速影响材料的析出相种类，如在220 r/min低球磨转速下，ODS-316L钢中仅存在纳米尺寸的Gd-Si-O析出相，而在300 r/min高球磨转速下，除纳米尺寸的Gd-Si-O析出相外，材料内还分布着大量百纳米尺寸的片层堆叠状M₂₃C₆型碳化物，且M₂₃C₆内同样存在纳米含钆氧化物颗粒。高球磨转速使球磨粉内元素的偏析与内应力的累积促进了M₂₃C₆的形核，随后的粉末烧结温度则为M₂₃C₆的生长提供了驱动力。此研究可为粉末冶金含钆ODS-316L钢的微观组织调控奠定一定的实验与理论基础。     

Ti3C2Tx MXene/聚乙烯醇复合材料的介电性能

以二维过渡金属碳化物Ti₃C₂T_x MXene作为填料,非铁电、可生物降解的高分子物质聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为基体,通过溶液涂膜法制备了具有高介电常数的Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PVA柔性复合材料。研究了Ti₃C₂T_x MXene充填量对复合材料介电性能的影响。Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PVA复合材料的介电性能变化遵循逾渗规律,随着Ti₃C₂T_x MXene充填量的增加,Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PVA复合材料的介电常数呈先增加后减小的变化规律,Ti₃C₂T_x MXene充填量为20wt%的Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PVA复合材料介电常数在20 Hz时高达577.3,比纯PVA的介电常数(10.5)提升了5 398%。但是,当Ti₃C₂T_x MXene充填量超过20wt%后,Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/PVA复合材料的介电常数急剧下降,介电损耗快速上升,表现出明显的逾渗行为。      

氧化铝改性钾长石牙科陶瓷的研究

利用氧化铝的颗粒增强作用, 采用常规烧结法制备了氧化铝改性钾长石牙科陶瓷. 通过实验确定了钾长石复合陶瓷的最佳烧结工艺, 分析了工艺条件对烧结效果、可加工性、显微硬度和抗弯强度等性能的影响. 用XRD、SEM对钾长石复合材料进行了表征. 研究表明: 添加氧化铝可以提高钾长石的烧结温度, 当Al₂O₃添加量为20wt%时, 其最佳烧结温度为1200℃, 相对密度达97.9%. 此外, 添加氧化铝可以显著改善钾长石陶瓷的性能, 当Al₂O₃添加量为5wt%时, 钾长石瓷的磨削率达到最大, 当Al₂O₃添加量为20wt%时, 钾长石瓷的显微硬度提高了26.9%. 并且随着氧化铝添加量的增加, 钾长石陶瓷的抗弯强度逐渐增强.     

铌酸锂增韧碳纳米管/羟基磷灰石生物复合材料的低温烧结和力学性能研究

以铌酸锂(LiNbO₃)作为压电增韧相, 碳纳米管(CNTs)/羟基磷灰石(HAp)复合粉料作为基体, 通过热压烧结在较低的温度下制得一种力学性能优良的骨组织替代材料. 主要研究了不同烧结温度下LiNbO₃的加入对复合材料的物相组成、微观结构和力学性能的影响. 结果表明: 在热压烧结过程中, LiNbO₃部分与HAp发生反应生成新相CaNb₂O₆. 当烧结温度为900℃时, 加入48.5wt% LiNbO₃的复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达到135MPa和1.71 MPa^.m^1/2, 相比基体材料分别提高了55%和109%.     

Electron microscopy and hardness study of a semi-solid processed 27 wt%Cr cast iron

A semi-solid processed 27 wt%Cr cast iron was studied by electron microscopy and its microstructure was related to the hardness. In the as-cast condition, the primary proeutectic austenite was round in shape while the eutectic M₇C₃ carbide was found as radiating clusters mixed with directional clusters. Growth in the [0 0 1]M₇C₃ with planar faces of {0 2 0}M₇C₃ and was usually observed with an encapsulated core of austenite. Destabilisation heat treatment followed by air cooling led to a precipitation of secondary M₂₃C₆ carbide and a transformation of the primary austenite to martensite in the semi-solid processed iron. Precipitation behaviour is comparable to that observed in the destabilisation of conventional cast iron. However, the nucleation of secondary M₂₃C₆ carbide on the eutectic M₇C₃ carbide was observed for the first time. Tempering after destabilisation led to further precipitation of carbide within the tempered martensite in the eutectic structure. The maximum hardness was obtained after destabilisation and tempering heat treatment due to the precipitation of secondary carbides within the martensite matrix and a possible reduction in the retained austenite.     

Microstructural characterization of high-carbon ferrochromium

Light optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used for high-carbon ferrochromium microstructural analysis. Different microstructures were observed for industrially and laboratory-produced ferroalloys. Primary carbides of M₇C₃ with chromium ferrite were found in the industrially produced, slowly solidified, and cooled ferroalloy, while primary M₇C₃ carbides accompanied a eutectic mixture of M₇C₃ carbides and chromium ferrite in the laboratory-melted and in the water-solidified and water-cooled materials. Different microstructural arrangements are directly related to the friability properties of this material, which characterizes its resistance to abrasion on handling and impact. In ferrochromium upgraded by carbon content reduction, the eutectic M₇C₃ hexagonal carbides are partly replaced by M₂₃C₆ dendritic carbides. The presence of dendritic carbides in the ferrochromium eutectic microstructure can be interpreted as a proof of a lower carbon content, raising the commercial value of the ferroalloy. The hexagonal M₇C₃ carbides exhibited a central hollow along the longitudinal axis, and on metallographic samples they looked like screw nuts. A model of the solidification mechanism for such crystals is proposed.     

TEM study on precipitation and transformation of secondary carbides in 16Cr–1Mo–1Cu white iron subjected to subcritical treatment

High chromium white irons solidify with a substantially austenitic matrix supersaturated with chromium and carbon. The subcritical heat treatment can destabilize the austenite by precipitating chromium-rich secondary carbides and other special carbides. In the as-cast condition the eutectic carbides are (Fe,Cr)₇C₃ and (Fe_4.3Cr_2.5Mo_0.1)C₃. The initial secondary carbide precipitated is (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ after heat-treating at 853 K for 10 h. There are MoC, Fe₂MoC and -carbide precipitating, and (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ transforms to M₃C after 16 h at 853 K. The -carbide and (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ accomplish transformation to M₃C and the matrix changes from martensitic to pearlitic after 22 h at 853 K. Thereby, in the subcritical heat treatment process, the initial secondary carbide precipitated is (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆, followed by -carbide, MoC and Fe₂MoC. In addition, there are two in situ transformations from (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ and -carbide to M₃C carbides.     

热处理回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

目前,有关淬火后回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织及性能的研究报道不多。为此,采用XRD、OM、SEM、TEM和电子拉力试验机和洛式硬度计,研究了回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁调质处理前后的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:调质处理前Cr26高铬铸铁中碳化物类型有M_7C_3、M_(23)C_6和M_3C_2;调质处理后Cr26高铬铸铁的显微组织得到明显改善,基体上弥散分布着细小的碳化物;抗拉强度和硬度值随回火温度的增加而降低,延伸率有所提高;回火温度为560℃左右时,抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度值分别为1 294 MPa、8.02%和38.6 HRC,有良好的力学性能。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of high boron white cast iron

In this paper, high boron white cast iron, a new kind of wear-resistant white cast iron was developed, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The results indicate that the high boron white cast iron comprises a dendritic matrix and an interdendritic eutectic boride in as-cast condition. The distribution of eutectic boride with a chemical formula of M₂B (M represents Cr, Fe or Mn) and with a microhardness of HV2010 is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron. The matrix includes martensite and a small amount of pearlite. After quenching in air, the matrix changes to martensite, but the morphology of boride remains almost unchanged. In the course of austenitizing, a secondary precipitation with the size of about 1 μm appears, but when tempered at different temperature, another secondary precipitation with the size of several tens of nanometers is found. Both secondary precipitations, which all forms by means of equilibrium segregation of boron, have a chemical formula of M₂₃(C,B)₆. Compared with high chromium white cast iron, the hardness of high boron white cast iron is almost similar, but the toughness is increased a lot, which attributes to the change of matrix from high carbon martensite in the high chromium white cast iron to low carbon martensite in the high boron white cast iron. Moreover, the high boron white cast iron has a good hardenability.     

Microstructure and properties of Ti–Nb–V–Mo-alloyed high chromium cast iron

The correlations of microstructure, hardness and fracture toughness of high chromium cast iron with the addition of alloys (titanium, vanadium, niobium and molybdenum) were investigated. The results indicated that the as-cast microstructure changed from hypereutectic, eutectic to hypoeutectic with the increase of alloy contents. Mo dissolved in austenite and increased the hardness by solid solution strengthening. TiC and NbC mainly existed in austenite and impeded the austenite dendrite development. V existed in multicomponent systems in forms of V alloy compounds (VCrFe₈ and VCr₂C₂). With the increase of alloy additions, carbides size changed gradually from refinement to coarseness, hardness and impact toughness were increased and then decreased. Compared with the fracture toughness (6 J/cm²) and hardness (50·8HRC) without any alloy addition, the toughness and hardness at 0·60 V–0·60Ti–0·60Nb–0·35Mo (wt%) additions were improved and achieved to 11 J/cm² and 58·9HRC, respectively. The synergistic roles of Ti, Nb, V and Mo influenced the solidification behaviour of alloy. The refinement of microstructure and improvement of carbides morphologies, size and distribution improved the impact toughness.     

Microstructure evolution and impact toughness of sandwich structured composite prepared by centrifugal casting and hot rolling process

A sandwich structured composite containing a hypereutectic high chromium cast iron (HCCI) core and low carbon steel (LCS) claddings was successfully fabricated by centrifugal casting and hot rolling process, and then a series of heat treatments were employed to optimise the performance of the composites. The evolution of microstructures and microhardness of as cast, hot rolled and heat treated specimens were investigated. The results showed that the interfaces combined well with a good metallurgical bonding before hot rolling. Etuectic carbides are crushed, refined obviously and become more isolated. There is not obvious break between primary carbides. The hardness of hot rolled HCCI is 62 HRC, which is higher than that of as cast HCCI (56 HRC) due to the broken and diffusely distributed carbides. The hardness of hot rolled HCCI can reach up to 69 HRC or above after air quenching. The average impact toughness of LCS/HCCI composite could reach up to 10·1 J cm^?2, which was almost three times that of the as cast sample. Glide lamellas were observed among the interface due to the stagger of LCS and HCCI.     

TiC含量对WC-TiC-TaC硬质合金材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

本研究采用真空热压烧结技术, 在1600℃下制备了WC-TiC-TaC硬质合金材料, 研究了TiC含量对其微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明, 随着TiC含量的增多, 硬质合金材料的晶粒显著增大。当TiC的含量从10wt% 增加到25wt%时, 硬质合金材料的硬度逐渐增大, 最高可达19.81 GPa, 这是由于TiC的硬度高于基体WC的硬度; 与此同时, 硬质合金材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧度逐渐减小。当TiC的含量为10wt%时, 材料的抗弯强度有最大值, 其值为1147.24 MPa, 这是由于在材料内部形成了均匀、细小的晶粒组织; 在此含量下, 复合材料的增韧机理为细晶增韧、裂纹偏转、裂纹分支、裂纹桥接和韧窝增韧, 其断裂韧度有最大值, 为14.60 MPa·m^1/2。