大型复杂技术项目的系统观点与系统工程方法

大型复杂技术项目的管理者面对着两个重要的系统,即被研制的工程系统和项目所处的组织机构系统（包括项目团队）。系统工程是成功实现工程系统的方法和技术,它综合多种专业技术,通过分析、综合、试验和评价的反复迭代过程,开发出一个整体性能优化的系统。社会组织系统是开放的复杂巨系统。组织机构的整体能力对大型复杂技术项目管理和系统工程方法的效能具有决定性的影响。必须在组织机构管理中强调系统的观点和方法,核心问题是如何发挥人的积极性、形成强大的群体创造力。这正是系统复杂性研究中揭示系统微观因素对宏观规律的影响机制问题。     

以科学为基础的复杂系统工程研制

核武器是特殊的复杂系统，对使用有效性、安全性、可靠性有特殊的要求，核武器的工程研制是以科学为基础的方法进行的，强调基础应用研究，加强系统研究和计算机数值模拟。对复杂系统环境适应能力的力学和材料科学的数值模拟是重要的发展方向，数值模拟的关键建模和试验设计，目前对复杂系统还没有普适的建模理论，21世纪科学的发展，必将在各种学科领域中加快数值模拟的应用。     

工程系统开发复杂性的讨论

在讨论了现代复杂武器装备系统的发展研究、开发性科研工程和特殊复杂环境工程开发过程复杂性的基础上，进一步提出了研究、处理复杂性问题系统论方法的总体思路。     

Emerging Trends in Information‐Driven Engineering of Complex Biological Systems

Synthetic biological systems are used for a myriad of applications, including tissue engineered constructs for in vivo use and microengineered devices for in vitro testing. Recent advances in engineering complex biological systems have been fueled by opportunities arising from the combination of bioinspired materials with biological and computational tools. Driven by the availability of large datasets in the “omics” era of biology, the design of the next generation of tissue equivalents will have to integrate information from single‐cell behavior to whole organ architecture. Herein, recent trends in combining multiscale processes to enable the design of the next generation of biomaterials are discussed. Any successful microprocessing pipeline must be able to integrate hierarchical sets of information to capture key aspects of functional tissue equivalents. Micro‐ and biofabrication techniques that facilitate hierarchical control as well as emerging polymer candidates used in these technologies are also reviewed.     

Stochastic Leadtimes in Two-Level Assembly Systems

Shortages of assembly parts often arise from late arrivals of one or more batches of components. We address the problem of determining planned leadtimes in two-level assembly systems with stochastic leadtimes, with the objective of minimizing the sum of inventory holding costs and tardiness costs. An algorithm is developed which exploits properties of the objective function to find optimal solutions. Computational results indicate that optimal solutions often have negative safety times for at least one of the components, as well as substantial safety times for the assembly stage.     

Specification of a Systems Engineering Framework for a Seamless Systems Engineering Process

ABSTRACT

While putting a systems engineering methodology and associated processes in place, it was determined that computer automation was essential; manual techniques were complicated, time consuming, and generally not feasible. A project has been established to define, prototype, and demonstrate a viable concept to specify a systems engineering environment. A core capability, the requirements management process, was selected as the starting point, with provisions for integrating the other systems engineering elements. An evolutionary development approach is planned based on a successful proof-of-concept prototype demonstration. Special attention will be given to the integration of software management within a systems engineering structure.     

Effects of Slow-Downs and Failure on Stochastic Service Systems

The reliability and efficiency of a stochastic service system subject to break-downs and slow-downs is investigated. A mathematical model of such a system is a single server queue with Poisson input and exponential service time. However, the server is subject to break-downs and slow-downs, the lengths of which are exponentially distributed. During these periods he serves at varying rates. Analytic expressions are derived for the mean waiting time and the mean queue length.     

组织工程用生物材料与系统

当今以工程科学、生命科学原理开发修复、维持或改善组织功能的生物取代物为目标的组织工程正引起先进国家官、产、学各方面的关注，此高新技术不仅能显著提高对疾患的诊治水平，更能形成组织工程产品市场。本文结合１９９６年在加拿大多伦多举行的第５届世界生物材料大会期间举办的组织工程科学展示会为经纬，介绍相关的研究与开发进展。     

复杂系统的设计认知和创新

目的研究复杂系统设计过程中设计师的设计认知和设计创新行为。方法通过国内外相关文献的研究和分析,总结归纳复杂系统设计问题界定和解决方案构思的认知过程、复杂系统创新设计构思的生成机制、复杂系统的创新设计策略,分析复杂系统设计认知和创新研究领域将发生的变革和未来发展的趋势。结论系统探讨了复杂系统设计认知与创新过程中的设计问题界定和解决方案构思的联合演化机制、给定和自发性解决方案示例,给设计师带来的认知固化和类比推理创新启发作用、结构化和机会主义的创新设计策略,发现当下的复杂系统创新设计理论和实践研究,还需要进一步开展跨学科知识融合激励的复杂系统创新设计研究,与此同时,加强关于设计师主观认知不确定性的定量建模研究,从而更好、更有针对性地探究复杂系统创新设计中认知过程的自然本质。     

Complex Systems in Natural Science and Humanities

In this paper specifics of the research subject within the natural sciences and humanities are supposed to be well-known. These specifics set limits to communication between scholars and natural scientists. In particular this leads to critical situations in cases if both participants have to collaborate within a common interdisciplinary research work. The modern conception of complex system as subject of investigation for both natural sciences and humanities have in this context an integrating function. The term ‘complex system’ is now recognized as a transdisciplinary matter of research. Despite of the well-known differences between two fields of modern science one can find on this condition a number of mechanisms which are generating also common properties of them. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

系统工程的建模问题

建立系统模型解决实际问题是系统工种的重要研究课题之一,模型的可行性必须要有正确的理论依据和严密的推理过程来支持,本文介绍了一般的建模思路和建模应注意的问题,并通过分析一个实例的3种建模方法从正反两方面进行说明。