Design of an “all solid-state” supercapacitor based on phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) electrolyte

The effectiveness of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole as a polymer electrolyte membrane to fabricate an all solid-state super capacitor has been explored using hydrous RuO₂/carbon composite electrodes (20 wt.%) of surface area 250 m² g⁻¹ with many intrinsic advantages. The electrochemical evaluation of these super capacitors through cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge and impedance measurements demonstrate the utility of this type of thin, compact and flexible supercapacitor capable of functioning at 150 °C to yield a maximum capacitance of about 290 F g⁻¹ along with a life of more than 1,000 cycles. A power density of 300 W kg⁻¹ and energy density of 10 Wh kg⁻¹ have been accomplished although the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of about 3.7 Ω needs to be reduced further for high rated applications.     

Ultrasonically dispersed multi-composite strategy of NiCo2S4/Halloysite nanotubes/carbon: An efficient solid-state hybrid supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction material

Herein, we have developed a novel hybrid material based on NiCo₂S₄ (NCS), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and carbon as promising electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs). Firstly, mesoporous NCS nanoflakes were prepared by co-precipitation method followed by physically mixing with HNTs and carbon, and screen printed on nickel foam. After ultrasonication, a uniform distribution of the Carbon/HNTs complex was observed, which was confirmed by surface morphological analysis. When used as electrode material, the NCS/HNTs/C hybrid displayed a maximum specific capacity of 544 mAh g^?1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s^?1. Later, a solid-state hybrid SCs was fabricated using activated carbon (AC) as the negative and NCS/HNTs/C as the positive electrode (NCS/HNTs/C//AC). The device delivers a high energy density of 42.66 Wh kg^?1 at a power density of 8.36 kW kg^?1. In addition, the device demonstrates long-term cycling stability. Furthermore, the optimized NCS, NCS/HNTs, and NCS/HNTs/C nanocomposites also presented superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of 201, 169, and 116 mV in the acidic bath at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, respectively. Thus, the synthesis of NCS/HNTs/C nanocomposite as positive electrodes for hybrid SCs opens new opportunities for the development of next-generation high energy density SCs.     

Three-dimensional carbon-based endogenous-exogenous MoO2 composites as high-performance negative electrode in asymmetric supercapacitors and efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

It is not an easy way to design composite electrodes with a high concentration of the constituent. This study cleverly exploited the phase transformation of molybdenum oxide to synthesize three-dimensional carbon-based endogenous-exogenous MoO₂ composites (EEC) by a two-step process. MC-15 exhibited the most outstanding electrochemical performance among EEC, with a specific capacitance up to 411.1 F g^?1 in Na₂SO₄, due to the design of MoO₂, which could be highly loaded with three-dimensional carbon. In addition, the electrode capacitance remains up to 94.1% after 5000 cycles, attributed to the synergy effect of three-dimensional carbon and molybdenum dioxide by providing an abundance of active sites for MoO₂ and overcoming its stacking. In this way, the electrochemical properties of the EEC electrode are not compromised by the volume expansion during the electrochemical process. The energy density of the asymmetric supercapacitor using this material as the negative electrode and MnO₂@CC is 14 W h kg^?1 at a power density of 802 W kg^?1, showing a significant increase in energy density over the asymmetric supercapacitor with a conventional negative electrode (activated carbon, energy density of 3.36 W h kg^?1 and power density of 700 W kg^?1). Its specific capacitance remained 84.9% after 2500 cycles. In addition, an overpotential of only 348 mV was required to drive oxygen evolution in alkaline electrolytes with a Tafel slope as low as 88.7 mV dec^?1; the 20 h stability test retains almost 100%. The results show that the design optimization of the negative electrode material provides a simple and effective strategy to increase the energy density of supercapacitors, and EEC electrode materials are a great candidate to be utilized in supercapacitors with excellent performance as well as electrolytic water.     

Promising carbon nanosheets decorated by self-assembled MoO2 nanoparticles: Controllable synthesis,boosting performance and application in symmetric coin cell supercapacitors

A composite containing self-assembled MoO₂ nanoparticles and functional carbon nanosheets was obtained via a facile and controllable strategy. Two-dimensional functional carbon nanosheets as matrices have close contact with MoO₂ nanoparticles, which assists in the improvement of electronic conductivity, provides efficient pathways and accelerates electron transfer. The carbon nanosheets have functional groups on the surface, which could serve as the nucleation sites for MoO₂. The MC-0.12 composite shows optimal specific capacitance (190.9 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1) and excellent cycle stability between monomers and composites with different constituents. The assembled symmetrical coin cell supercapacitor using MC-0.12 possesses the maximum energy density of 10.3 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 378 W kg^-1 and still maintains the energy density of 7.9 Wh kg^-1 at 1682 W kg^-1 with a larger potential window. The capacitance retention (92%) of the assembled device is maintained after 2000 cycles, showing outstanding cycle life. Therefore, the integration of self-assembled MoO₂ nanoparticles with 2D functional carbon nanosheets provides the composite superior electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications.     

Construction of pseudocapacitive Li2-xLaxZnTi3O8 anode for fast and super-stable lithium storage

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) composed of battery-type anodes with large energy densities and capacitor-type cathodes with high power densities are considered as appealing energy-storage devices. Here, a LIC with good performance is constructed using active carbon (AC) as the cathode and Li_1.95La_0.05ZnTi₃O₈ (LL5ZTO) as the anode. LL5ZTO doped with La is synthesized via a one-step solid-state route. The kinetics and structural stability of LZTO are enhanced by La-doping. Thus, LL5ZTO exhibits good Li-storage performance. The discharge specific capacity reaches 182.6 mAh g^?1 at 3 A g^?1 (120th cycle) for LL5ZTO. The LIC based on the LL5ZTO anode and the AC cathode delivers an energy density of 59.72 Wh kg^?1 at 846.4 W kg^?1, and a high power density of 8771 W kg^?1 at 19.49 Wh kg^?1. Furthermore, the capacity retention is over 90% after 3000 cycles for the LIC at 2 A g^?1. The good electrochemical performance indicates that the constructed LIC is expected to use in advanced energy storage devices.     

Nitrogen and carbon losses from dung storage in urban gardens of Niamey,Niger

Intensive vegetable production in urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) of West African cities is characterized by high nutrient inputs. However, little is known about nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) losses in these systems, in particular during the storage of manure, the main organic fertilizer in these systems. We therefore aimed at quantifying gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) as well as leaching losses of C, N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from animal manure stored in vegetable gardens of Niamey, Niger. During a first 3.5-month experiment in the hot dry season, cumulative gaseous N losses, measured with a closed-chamber system, were with 0.11 g kg⁻¹ manure DM highest (P < 0.05) in the uncovered control treatment accounting for 1.8% of total manure N. Nitrogen losses decreased by 72% under plastic sheet roofing and by 50% under roofing + ground rock phosphate (RP) application at 333 g kg⁻¹ manure DM. Carbon losses from manure amounted to 73 g kg⁻¹ DM in the control and to 92 g kg⁻¹ DM and 68 g kg⁻¹ DM under roofing and under roofing + RP, respectively. In a second 3.5-month experiment conducted in the rainy season, C losses from the control were 164 g kg⁻¹ manure DM and reduced to 77 and 65% of the control by roofing and roofing + RP, respectively. Leaching losses during the rainy season were only observed for the unroofed control and averaged 2.1 g C, 0.05 g N, 0.07 g P and 1.8 g K kg⁻¹ manure DM.     

Mesoporous silica-based electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of honokiol and magnolol

A kind of mesoporous SiO₂ was synthesized using cationic surfactant as the structure-directing template. After that, the resulting mesoporous SiO₂ was used to modify the carbon paste electrode (CPE). The electrochemical behaviors of honokiol and magnolol were examined. In pH 6.5 phosphate buffer, two well-shaped oxidation peaks at 0.31 and 0.44 V were observed at the mesoporous SiO₂-modified CPE. Compared with the unmodified CPE, the mesoporous SiO₂-modified CPE remarkably enhances the oxidation peak currents of honokiol and magnolol. This suggests that mesoporous SiO₂ exhibits considerable surface enhancement effects to honokiol and magnolol. After optimizing the parameters such as pH value, amount of mesoporous SiO₂, and accumulation time, a sensitive and simple electrochemical method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of honokiol and magnolol. As to honokiol, the calibration curve is from 2.0 to 100.0 μg L⁻¹, and the limit of detection is 0.5 μg L⁻¹ (1.8 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹). For magnolol, the linear range is from 20.0 to 200.0 μg L⁻¹, and the limit of detection is 10.0 μg L⁻¹ (3.8 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹). Finally, the newly proposed method was successfully employed to determine honokiol and magnolol in Chinese traditional medicines.     

Impact of electrolyte additives (alkali metal salts) on the capacitive behavior of NiO-based capacitors

To improve the specific capacitance and energy density of electrochemical capacitor, nanostructured NiO was prepared by high temperature solid-state method as electrode material. The crystal structure and morphology of as-parepared NiO samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was applied to investigate the specific capacitance of the NiO electrode. Furthermore, a novel mixed electrolyte consisting of NaOH, KOH, LiOH and Li₂CO₃ was prepared for the NiO capacitor, and the component and concentration of the four different electrolytes was examined by orthogonal test. The results showed that the NiO sample has cubic structure with nano-size particles, and the optimal composition of the electrolyte was: NaOH 2 mol L⁻¹, KOH 3 mol L⁻¹, LiOH 0.05 mol L⁻¹, and Li₂CO₃ 0.05 mol L⁻¹. At a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹, the fabricated capacitor exhibits excellent electrochemical capacitive performance, while the specific capacitance and the energy density were 239 F g⁻¹ and 85 Wh kg⁻¹, which was higher than one-component electrolyte.     

Electrochemical investigation of Al–Li/Li<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>FePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> cells in oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether/LiPF<Subscript>6</Subscript>

1 M LiPF₆ dissolved in oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with a molecular weight, 500 g mol⁻¹ (OEGDME500, 1 M LiPF₆), was investigated as an electrolyte in experimental Al–Li/LiFePO₄ cells. More than 60 cycles were achieved using this electrolyte in a Li-ion cell with an Al–Li alloy as an anode sandwiched between two Li _x FePO₄ electrodes (cathodes). Charging efficiencies of 96–100% and energy efficiencies of 86–89% were maintained during 60 cycles at low current densities. A theoretical investigation revealed that the specific energy can be increased up to 15% if conventional LiC₆ anodes are replaced by Al–Li alloy electrodes. The specific energy and the energy density were calculated as a function of the active mass per electrode surface (charge density). The results reveal that for a charge density of 4 mAh cm⁻² about 160 mWh g⁻¹ can be reached with Al–Li/LiFePO₄ batteries. Power limiting diffusion processes are discussed, and the power capability of Al–Li/LiFePO₄ cells was experimentally evaluated using conventional electrolytes.     

Electrochemical pretreatment of distillery wastewater using aluminum electrode

Electrochemical (EC) oxidation of distillery wastewater with low (BOD₅/COD) ratio was investigated using aluminum plates as electrodes. The effects of operating parameters such as pH, electrolysis duration, and current density on COD removal were studied. At a current density of 0.03 A cm⁻² and at pH 3, the COD removal was found to be 72.3%. The BOD₅/COD ratio increased from 0.15 to 0.68 for an optimum of 120-min electrolysis duration indicating improvement of biodegradability of wastewater. The maximum anodic efficiency observed was 21.58 kg COD h⁻¹ A⁻¹ m⁻², and the minimum energy consumption observed was 0.084 kWh kg⁻¹ COD. The kinetic study results revealed that reaction rate (k) decreased from 0.011 to 0.0063 min⁻¹ with increase in pH from 3 to 9 while the k value increased from 0.0035 to 0.0102 min⁻¹ with increase in current density from 0.01 to 0.03 A cm⁻². This study showed that the COD reduction is more influenced by the current density. The linear and the nonlinear regression models reveal that the COD reduction is influenced by the applied current density.     

A high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on carbon and carbon–MnO2 nanofiber electrodes

An asymmetric supercapacitor with high energy and power densities has been fabricated using MnO₂/carbon nanofiber composites as positive electrode and activated carbon nanofibers as negative electrode in Na₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte. Both electrode materials are freestanding in nature without any conductive additives or binders and exhibit outstanding electrochemical performances. The as-assembled asymmetric supercapacitor with optimal mass ratio can be operated reversibly over a wide voltage range of 0–2.0 V, and presents a maximum energy density of 30.6 Wh kg⁻¹, which is much higher than those of symmetric supercapacitors. Moreover, the supercapacitor exhibits excellent rate capability (high power density of 20.8 kW kg⁻¹ at 8.7 Wh kg⁻¹) and long-term cycling stability with only 6% loss of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. These attractive results make these freestanding materials promising for applications in aqueous electrolyte-based asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy and power densities delivery.     

Synthesis of 3D nanoflower-like mesoporous NiCo2O4 N-doped CNTs nanocomposite for solid-state hybrid supercapacitor; efficient material for the positive electrode

In this research work, we report a novel method for developing ternary NiCo₂O₄ compounds using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and a strategy for improving their pseudocapacitive performance. NiCo₂O₄ composites with N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) were fabricated on Ni foam using a hydrothermal method. The electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ was altered with the change in the reaction temperature. The composite of NiCo₂O₄ and NCNTs demonstrated a maximum value of specific capacity of 303 mAh g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹. The specific capacity for the composite compound was 1.3-fold greater than that of the pristine NiCo₂O₄ sample. For practical applications, we constructed a flexible solid-state hybrid supercapacitor comprised of NiCo₂O₄/NCNTs//activated carbon (AC) cells with an excellent energy density of 12.31 Wh kg⁻¹, outstanding power density of 8.96 kW kg⁻¹, and tremendous electrode stability. The three-dimensional mesoporous nanoflowers and nanotubes-like nanostructures of NiCo₂O₄ are well-suited for use in hybrid devices as well as convenient for flexible electronic devices.     

Ultra-high specific capacitance of self-doped 3D hierarchical porous turtle shell-derived activated carbon for high-performance supercapacitors

The turtle shell of biomass waste is used as raw material, and the natural inorganic salt contained in it is used as a salt template in combination with a chemical activation method to successfully prepare a high-performance activated carbon with hierarchical porous structure. The role of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and KOH in different stages of preparation was investigated. The prepared turtle shell-derived activated carbon (TSHC-5) has a well-developed honeycomb pore structure, which gives it a high specific surface area (SSA) of 2828 m² g^?1 with a pore volume of 1.91 cm³ g^?1. The excellent hierarchical porous structure and high heteroatom content (O 6.88%, N 5.64%) allow it to have an ultra-high specific capacitance of 727.9 F g^?1 at 0.5 A g^?1 with 92.27% of capacitance retention even after 10,000 cycles. Excitingly, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled from TSHC-5 activated carbon exhibits excellent energy density and cycling stability in a 1 M Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution. The energy density is 45.1 Wh·kg^?1 at a power density of 450 W kg^?1, with 92.05% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. Therefore, turtle shell-derived activated carbon is extremely competitive in sustainable new green supercapacitor electrode materials.     

Direct Biomass Fuel Cell (BMFC) with Anode/Catalyst Comprising a Nanocomposite of a Mesoporous n-Semiconductor Film and a Metal Thin Layer: A New Concept of Catalyst Design

Abstract  

We designed an efficient direct biomass fuel cell (BMFC) anode and prepared a nanocomposite [base electrode/mesoporous n-semiconductor (SC) thin film/metal thin layer]. A Pt thin layer was photodeposited onto a mesoporous 20-μm thick TiO₂ thin film having a roughness factor of 2000, which was coated on an F-doped tin oxide/glass base electrode (FTO). This anode/catalyst nanocomposite was efficient at decomposing aqueous solutions of glucose and other biomass-related compounds in combination with an O₂-reducing cathode the other side of which was exposed to ambient air. The nanocomposite exhibited sharp optimum conditions at the atomic ratio of Pt/Ti = 0.33 in the BMFC, generating high electrical power of 2 mW cm⁻² without any light irradiation or bias potential when using a 1 M glucose aqueous solution. This output power is 20 times as large as that generated by a mesoporous TiO₂ film anode under UV-light (18 mW cm⁻²) irradiation. At this ratio, the coated Pt specifically exhibited metallic luster, and its average Pt thickness on the mesoporous TiO₂ nanostructure was calculated to be 0.40 nm. The high BMFC activity was interpreted by the simultaneous Schottky-junction/Ohmic contact nature of the nanocomposite. Other biomass compounds such as sucrose, ethanol and polysaccharides were also effective as direct fuels for the BMFC. Immediately after soaking this composite anode without a cathode in a glucose aqueous solution, continuous evolution of H₂ bubbles was observed from the anode surface. The electrical power generation and H₂ production are easily changed by connecting and disconnecting a cathode, respectively. Based on a simple design and calculation, the present system with glucose fuel has the potential to construct a module stack of 2 kW m⁻³. Simultaneous material/energy circulation by using the BMFC with biomass and its waste fuel is proposed for application in future social systems.     

Superhigh-rate capacitive performance of heteroatoms-doped double shell hollow carbon spheres

The salient practical application feature of an ideal supercapacitor is its ability to deliver high energy density stably even at ultrahigh power density. Therefore, a rational design of electrode materials is essentially required for achieving high current, energy and power densities. In this work, a special “in situ replicating” strategy is employed to fabricate double shell hollow carbon spheres with homogeneously doped heteroatoms. The KOH activation introduces micropores to the thin shells of the hollow carbon spheres. Materials characterizations show that these carbon spheres have such merits as large surface area, easy-accessible micropore surface with faradaic reaction sites, and high conductivity. All these result in ultrafast ion transport from electrolyte to the micropores in the carbon spheres and endow the carbon with outstanding capacitive performance, e.g., an unprecedentedly high specific capacitance of 270 F g⁻¹ at a very high current density of 90 A g⁻¹. Moreover, a high energy density of 11.9 Wh kg⁻¹ at a respectable power density of 30,000 W kg⁻¹ is achieved in 6 M KOH electrolyte.     

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet-assisted preparation of N-enriched mesoporous carbon nanofibers with improved capacitive performance

N-enriched mesoporous carbon nanofibers (NMCNFs) were prepared by an electrospinning technique using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets both as sacrificial template and N-doping source. The resultant NMCNF film has a high N-doping level of 8.6 wt% and a high specific surface area of 554 m² g⁻¹. When directly used as the electrode material for supercapacitor, the free-standing NMPCNF film shows a significantly improved capacitive performance including a higher specific capacitance (220 F g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹) and a better rate capability (∼70% retention at 20 A g⁻¹) than those of microporous carbon nanofiber film prepared using the same process without using g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (145 F g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹ and ∼45% retention at 20 A g⁻¹). Moreover, the NMCNFs show superior stability with only a ∼3% decrease of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g⁻¹. More significantly, the energy density of a symmetrical supercapacitor (SC) based on the NMPCNF film can reach 12.5 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 72 W kg⁻¹.     

Two-dimensional mesoporous carbon sheet-like framework material for high-rate supercapacitors

Two-dimensional mesoporous carbon sheet-like framework (MCSF) material has been prepared using mesoporous SiO₂ nanosheet as template and coal tar pitch as carbon precursor. MCSF sheets consisting of numerous mesopores have a specific surface area of 582.7 m² g⁻¹. As a result, the MCSF electrode possesses a maximum specific capacitance of 264 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹, excellent rate capability (74% retention ratio at 1000 mV s⁻¹), and impressive cycling stability with 91% initial capacitance retained after 5000 cycles at 200 mV s⁻¹ in 6 mol L⁻¹ KOH. MCSF symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 9.6 Wh kg⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹ and a maximum power density of 119.4 kW kg⁻¹ based on the total mass of the two electrodes in 1 mol L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ electrolyte.     

High energy density Li-ion capacitor assembled with all graphene-based electrodes

To meet the higher requirement of energy storage units, novel devices combining high power performance of supercapacitor and high energy density of Li-ion battery are in urgent demand. Herein we designed and fabricated a Li-ion capacitor device, which is composed of an electrochemical double layer capacitance electrode as the positive electrode and a Li-ion battery type electrode as the negative electrode. Both electrodes consist of graphene-based active materials: a three-dimensional graphene-based porous carbon material with ultrahigh specific surface area, appropriate pore size distribution and excellent conductivity for the positive electrode, and a flash-reduced graphene oxide with open-pore structure and superior rate capability for the negative electrode. With the benefit of the Li-ion capacitor structure, the device exhibits a comprehensive and excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high operating voltage (4.2 V), ultrahigh energy density of 148.3 Wh kg⁻¹ (with power density of 141 W kg⁻¹), maximum power density of 7800 W kg⁻¹ (with energy density kept at 71.5 Wh kg⁻¹) and long cycle life. Such a superior performance indicates that the Li-ion capacitor could be a promising novel energy storage device for wide applications in fast, high efficient and long life energy storage systems.     

Amaryllis-like NiCo2S4 nanoflowers for high-performance flexible carbon-fiber-based solid-state supercapacitor

Low-cost dynamic materials for Faradaic redox reactions are needed for high-energy storage supercapacitors. A simple and cost-effective hydrothermal process was employed to synthesize amaryllis-like NiCo₂S₄ nanoflowers. The sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. NiCo₂S₄ nanoflowers were coated onto carbon fiber fabric and used as a binder-free electrode to fabricate a solid-state supercapacitor compact device. The solid-state supercapacitor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance of 360 F g⁻¹ at scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ and high energy density of 25 W h kg⁻¹ at power density of 168 W kg⁻¹. In addition, the supercapacitor possessed high flexibility and good stability by retaining 90% capacitance after 5000 cycles. The high conductivity and Faradic-redox activity of NiCo₂S₄ nanoflowers resulted in high specific energy and power. Thus, NiCo₂S₄ nanoflowers are promising pseudocapacitive materials for low-cost and lightweight solid-state supercapacitors.     

Effects of temperature and current density on zinc electrodeposition from acidic sulfate electrolyte with [BMIM]HSO<Subscript>4</Subscript> as additive

The effects of temperature and current density on cathodic current efficiency, specific energy consumption, and zinc deposit morphology during zinc electrodeposition from sulfate electrolyte in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIM]HSO₄) as additive were investigated. The highest current efficiency (93.7%) and lowest specific energy consumption (2,486 kWh t⁻¹) were achieved at 400 A m⁻² and 313 K with addition of 5 mg dm⁻³ [BMIM]HSO₄. In addition, the temperature dependence of some kinetic parameters for the zinc electrodeposition reaction was experimentally determined. Potentiodynamic polarization sweeps were carried out to obtain the expression for each parameter as a function of temperature. In the condition studied, the exchange current density depended on temperature as ln(i ₀) = −a/T + b and the charge transfer coefficient was constant. Moreover, the adsorption of the additive on cathodic surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The associated thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption to be chemical.