盐酸芦氟沙星荧光猝灭法测定水中痕量铜

在HAc-NaAc介质中,铜与盐酸芦氟沙星（RH）形成稳定的络合物使其荧光产生明显的猝灭现象,由此建立了测定铜(Ⅱ)的新方法。详细讨论了溶液酸度、表面活性剂、盐酸芦氟沙星的浓度和用量、试剂加入顺序对体系的影响,确定了最佳分析条件。结果表明,在测定波长520 nm处,铜(Ⅱ)标准溶液浓度在2.25×10-8~2.5×10-6 mol/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为9.6×10-9 mol/L。方法用于实际水样分析,测定值与原子吸收光谱法的结果相一致,相对标准偏差为0.8%～1.6%。     

Quantitation of the water channel protein aquaporin (CHIP28) from red blood cell membranes by densitometry of silver stained polyacrylamide gels

A protein determination procedure which involves the densitometry of silver stained polyacrylamide gels is described. It involves calibration with bovine serum albumin and molecular weight markers on the same gel with the protein to be quantitated. The procedure is simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate and is more sensitive than other procedures for protein determination. The procedure is particularly useful in quantitating proteins purified in small amounts since the determination can be performed on the same gel used to check the purification. It avoids interference by detergents and other substances usually present in solutions of purified proteins. The procedure has been applied to the quantitation of a recently identified protein, aquaporin (CHIP28), assumed to be a major water channel in the red blood cell membrane. A quantitative analysis of a purified fraction of this protein shows that the 28 kDa component represents approximately two thirds of the protein content of the sample, with the remainder comprising a glycosylated, high molecular mass component. The procedure may be useful for quantitating proteins revealed on silver stained gels and could be included as a standard part of any protocol for protein purification.     

罗丹明6G荧光猝灭法测定食盐中痕量碘酸根

在稀硫酸溶液中 ,碘酸根与碘化钾反应生成碘分子 ,碘分子与罗丹明 6G进行反应 ,使其发生荧光猝灭 ,荧光猝灭值在一定范围内与碘酸根浓度呈线性关系 ,据此建立了测定痕量碘酸根的荧光猝灭分析方法。方法用于含碘食盐中痕量碘酸根的测定 ,结果令人满意。     

Concurrent expression of erythroid and renal aquaporin CHIP and appearance of water channel activity in perinatal rats

Major phenotypic changes occur in red cell membranes during the perinatal period, but the underlying molecular explanations remain poorly defined. Aquaporin CHIP, the major erythroid and renal water channel, was studied in perinatal rats using affinity-purified anti-CHIP IgG for immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. CHIP was not detected in prenatal red cells but was first identified in circulating red cells on the third postnatal day. Most circulating red cells were positive for CHIP by the seventh postnatal day, and this proportion rose to nearly 100% by the 14th day. The ontogeny of red cell CHIP correlated directly with acquisition of osmotic water permeability and inversely with Arrhenius activation energy. Only minor alterations in the composition of red cell membrane lipids occurred at this time. Immunohistochemical analysis of perinatal kidneys demonstrated a major induction of CHIP in renal proximal tubules and descending thin limbs at birth, coincident with the development of renal concentration mechanisms. Therefore, water channels are unnecessary for oxygen delivery or survival in the prenatal circulation, however CHIP may confer red cells with the ability to rehydrate rapidly after traversing the renal medulla, which becomes hypertonic after birth.     

荧光猝灭法测定足银饰品中的铜

荧光碳量子点探针是荧光检测领域新兴的分析手段,Cu~(2+)可以特异性的结合碳量子点修饰纳米硅胶中的-(CH_2)_3-NH-(CH_2)_2-NH-C=O-基团,并使其发生荧光猝灭,根据这一原理实现SiO_2@CDs对足银饰品中铜的定量分析,实验优化了条件并评价了方法的分析性能。研究结果表明:该方法的标准曲线线性范围为0~25μg/m L,检出限为0.009 6μg/m L,相关系数为0.998 6;样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.056%~0.079%,加入标准物质回收率为98.2%~106.2%,与国家标准方法测定足银饰品中铜量的结果相近。该方法选择性高、灵敏度高,简便快速,为贵金属饰品中杂质元素的检测方法提供了新思路。     

水杨基荧光酮荧光猝灭法测定钼原矿中钼

钼的加入会使水杨基荧光酮(SAF)的荧光发生猝灭, 且猝灭的程度与钼的浓度呈线性关系, 据此建立了钼原矿中低含量钼的测定方法。实验选用4.0 mL 1.0% OP和1.0%吐温-80体积比为0.8∶0.2的混合溶液进行增敏, 加入2.0 mL 1.0×10^-3 mol/L SAF溶液, 2.0 mL 0.1 mol/L HCl, 在常温下反应30 min后于λ_ex/λ_em =460/520 nm处测定荧光发射强度, 结果表明, 钼浓度在 0.013~0.20 μg/mL范围之内与ΔF呈线性关系, 线性方程为ΔF=2 865.0ρ－10.667, 相关系数(R²)为0.998 8, 方法检出限为0.013 μg/mL。方法应用于测定钼原矿企业管理样中低含量的钼, 结果与参考值一致, 相对标准偏差为1.1%～1.8%, 回收率为93%～113%。     

CdTe量子点荧光猝灭法测定锰

基于Mn²⁺对CdTe量子点具有荧光猝灭作用, 建立了对Mn²⁺的定量检测方法。实验表明, 在10 mL比色管中依次加入1.0 mL 1.5×10^-4 mol/L CdTe量子点溶液、2.0 mL 0.1 mol/L pH 7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液及不同量的锰离子, 在室温下反应20 min后, 于波长623 nm处进行测定, CdTe量子点荧光衰减程度与锰离子浓度在0.11~1.65 μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数R=0.999 3, 检出限为0.082 μg/mL。方法用于水样中锰的测定, 结果与催化光度法一致, 相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)为2.8%。     

酶催化荧光猝灭法测定土壤中痕量硒

在牛血红蛋白催化作用下,H₂O₂能够氧化L-酪氨酸产生荧光,而硒对该荧光体系具有较强的猝灭作用。据此,建立了一种酶催化荧光猝灭法测定痕量硒的新方法。实验从pH值、L-酪氨酸溶液浓度、H₂O₂浓度,牛血红蛋白溶液浓度和反应时间等方面进行了探讨。在pH 9.8的NH₃·H₂O-NH₄Cl缓冲溶液中,当L-酪氨酸、H₂O₂和血红蛋白的浓度分别为7.5×10^-5 mol/L、1.0×10^-4 mol/L和 2.0×10^-7 mol/L时,测定硒的线性范围为0.3~50 μg/mL,方法的检出限为0.05 μg/mL。方法应用于富硒花生土壤中痕量硒的测定,测定值与原子吸收光谱法的测定值基本一致,相对标准偏差为4.6%～4.9%。     

Cloning, functional analysis and cell localization of a kidney proximal tubule water transporter homologous to CHIP28

The localization and transporting properties of a kidney protein homologous to human erythrocyte protein CHIP28 was evaluated. The cDNA encoding rat kidney protein CHIP28k was isolated from a rat renal cortex cDNA library. A 2.8-kb cDNA was identified which contained an 807 bp open reading frame encoding a 28.8 kD protein with 94% amino acid identity to CHIP28. in vitro translation of CHIP28k cDNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate generated a 28-kD protein; addition of ER-derived microsomes gave a 32-kD transmembrane glycoprotein. Translation of truncated RNA demonstrated glycosylation of residue Asn42 which is predicted to lie between the first and second transmembrane domains. Expression of in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding CHIP28k in Xenopus oocytes increased oocyte osmotic water permeability (Pf) from (4 +/- 1) x 10(-4) to (33 +/- 4) x 10(-4) cm/s at 10 degrees C; the increase in oocyte Pf was weakly temperature dependent and inhibited by HgCl2. Two-electrode voltage clamp measurements indicated that CHIP28k was not permeable to ions. Oocyte Pf also increased with expression of total mRNA from kidney cortex and papilla; the increase in Pf with mRNA from cortex, but not kidney papilla, was blocked by coinjection with excess antisense CHIP28k cRNA. In situ hybridization of a 150 base cRNA antisense probe to tissue sections from rat kidney showed selective CHIP28k localization to epithelial cells in proximal tubule and thin descending limb of Henle. Pf in purified apical membrane vesicles from rat and human proximal tubule, and in proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified protein, was very high and inhibited by HgCl2; stripping of apical vesicles with N-lauroylsarcosine enriched a 28-kD protein by 25-fold and yielded a vesicle population with high water, but low urea and proton permeabilities. CHIP28k identity was confirmed by NH2-terminus sequence analysis. These results indicate that CHIP28k is a major and highly selective water transporting protein in the kidney proximal tubule and thin descending limb of Henle, but not collecting duct.     

碲化镉量子点荧光猝灭法测定镍

基于镍离子对碲化镉(CdTe)量子点荧光具有猝灭作用,建立了对镍离子的定量检测方法。实验表明,在5 mL比色管中依次加入0.5 mL 1.5×10^-4 mol/L CdTe量子点溶液(以Cd²⁺计)、50 μL不同镍离子浓度的标准溶液,用pH 10.0硼砂缓冲溶液定容,室温下反应10 min,以400 nm为激发波长,在荧光发射波长为608 nm处测定其相对荧光强度,CdTe量子点荧光衰减程度与镍离子浓度在2.0×10^-7～7.8×10^-5 mol/L范围内呈线性关系,其线性回归方程为F₀/F=1.008 9+0.030 8 ρ(μmol/L),相关系数r=0.998 7,检出限为1.5×10^-7 mol/L。方法用于水样中镍离子的测定,测得结果与原子吸收光谱法(AAS)一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为5.6%。     

氨基化碳量子点荧光猝灭法测定铜

利用水热法以葡萄糖为碳源制备碳量子点,并用乙二胺使其表面氨基化。根据铜离子可使氨基化碳量子点荧光发生猝灭,建立了荧光猝灭法测定痕量铜的新方法。在比色管中分别加入1.0mL氨基化碳量子点和不同浓度的铜离子溶液、1.0mL pH 7.7磷酸盐缓冲溶液,用水定容到5mL,混合均匀室温反应20min后在最大激发/发射波长(λ_(ex)/λ_(em))为465nm/522nm处测定体系的相对荧光强度。结果发现,铜离子浓度在4.0×10-6~3.8×10-5 mol/L范围内与其相对荧光强度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.994 6,方法检出限为4.5×10-7mol/L。采用实验方法对本地灌溉水和耕地土壤中痕量铜进行测定,结果与原子吸收光谱法(AAS)基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为3.2%和2.3%,回收率为92%~108%。     

碳点荧光猝灭法测定粉煤灰中痕量钴

在pH 6.80的B-R缓冲溶液中,基于钴离子对水溶性碳点(CDs)的荧光具有显著的猝灭作用,建立了一种测定钴离子的荧光光度法。在5 mL比色管中,依次加入0.5 mL 3.6×10^-4 mol/L荧光碳点溶液(以碳计)、1.0 mL pH 6.80的B-R缓冲溶液和适量的钴离子标准工作溶液后定容,室温下反应10 min,以350 nm为激发波长,440 nm为测定波长测定体系的相对荧光强度,结果表明,钴离子浓度在2×10^-6 ～7.6×10^-5mol/L范围内与CDs的相对荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程为ΔF=1.008 7+0.031 25×10^-6 c(mol/L),相关系数r=0.998 5,方法检出限1.2×10^-7 mol/L。方法用于粉煤灰中痕量钴的测定,测定结果与国家标准方法GB/T 15922-2010相符,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.9%～1.0%,加标回收率在98%～104%之间。     

曙红Y-藏红T能量转移荧光猝灭法测定痕量锰

在pH 6.0介质中,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作用下,曙红Y-藏红T能发生有效的能量转移,使藏红T荧光增强,二价锰的加入使藏红T在577nm处发生荧光猝灭,其荧光猝灭程度与锰的含量呈线性关系,由此建立了能量转移荧光测定痕量锰的新方法。试验探讨了体系的最佳条件:1.0×10^-6 mol/L曙红Y溶液0.5mL、1.0×10^-5 mol/L藏红T溶液4.0mL、1.0×10^-3 mol/L SDBS溶液0.3mL,40℃恒温水浴中水浴加热4min。在优化条件下,锰(Ⅱ)质量浓度在0.4×10^-8~6.0×10^-8 mol/L范围内与荧光猝灭程度呈线性响应,方法检出限为6.0×10^-9 mol/L。将该体系应用于茶叶和土壤样品中锰的测定,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于5%,回收率为93.8%~95.6%。     

Calcium pump kinetics determined in single erythrocyte ghosts by microphotolysis and confocal imaging

The activity of the plasma membrane calcium pump was measured in single cells. Human red blood cell ghosts were loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator and either caged calcium and ATP (protocol A) or caged ATP and calcium (protocol B). In a suitably modified laser scanning microscope either calcium or ATP were released by a short UV light pulse. The time-dependent fluorescence intensity of the calcium indicator was then followed in single ghosts by repetitive confocal imaging. The fluorescence intensity was converted into calcium concentration, which in turn was used to derive the kinetic parameters of the calcium pump, the Michaelis-Menten constant Km, and the maximal transport rate vmax. Km and vmax values derived in this manner were 24 +/- 14 microM and 1.0 +/- 0.6 microM/(ghost s) for protocol A, and 4 +/- 3 microM and 1.0 +/- 0.6 microM/(ghost s) for protocol B, respectively. The difference between A and B is presumably caused by calmodulin, which is inactive in the experiments with protocol A. The possibilities to extend the new method to living nucleus-containing cells transiently transfected with mutants of the plasma membrane calcium pump are discussed.     

Exchangeability of actin in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts as determined by fluorescence photobleaching recovery

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether hypertension is a risk factor for hysterectomy performed for benign diseases. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were collected from 77% of 2301 Danish women aged 30, 40, 50, or 60 years selected at random in 1982 for a prevalence study. Information about cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, use of medicine, weight and dieting history, life-styles, psychologic factors, gynecologic history (including history of hysterectomy), and social background were recorded. Weight, height, and blood pressure were measured. In an incidence study, the cohort was followed during 1982-1990 via central registers to assess the incidence of hysterectomy. Logistic and Cox regressions were used to analyze data. RESULTS: In the prevalence study, history of hypertension partly explained the relation between hysterectomy and cardiovascular diseases. In the incidence study, history of hypertension and use of diuretics were significant risk factors for hysterectomy. After confounder control, use of diuretics was explained by weight-related variables, and hypertension was a risk factor for hysterectomy in educated women (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 7.76) and in women with weight fluctuations (adjusted RR 3.31, 95% CI 1.35, 8.14). Weight cycling and lack of education remained significant risk factors for hysterectomy in women with and without hypertension, respectively. CONCLUSION: History of hypertension, weight cycling, and lack of education are closely related risk factors for premenopausal hysterectomy. These three risk factors contribute to women undergoing hysterectomy having an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We proposed that hypertension might be a plausible biological cause of menorrhagia and an indication for hysterectomy.     

Oligomeric state of human erythrocyte band 3 measured by fluorescence resonance energy homotransfer

The oligomeric state of the erythrocyte anion exchange protein, band 3, has been assayed by resonance energy homotransfer. Homotransfer between oligomeric subunits, labeled with eosin-5-maleimide at Lys430 in the transmembrane domain, has been demonstrated by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and is readily observed by its depolarization of the eosin fluorescence. Polarized fluorescence measurements of HPLC-purified band 3 oligomers indicate that eosin homotransfer increases progressively with increasing species size. This shows that homotransfer also occurs between labeled band 3 dimers as well as within the dimers, making fluorescence anisotropy measurements sensitive to band 3 self-association. Treatment of ghost membranes with either Zn2+ or melittin, agents that cluster band 3, significantly decreases the anisotropy as a result of the increased homotransfer within the band 3 clusters. By comparison with the anisotropy of species of known oligomeric state, the anisotropy of erythrocyte ghost membranes at 37 degrees C is consistent with dimeric and/or tetrameric band 3, and does not require postulation of a fraction of large clusters. Proteolytic removal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3, which significantly increases the rotational mobility of the transmembrane domain, does not affect its oligomeric state, as reported by eosin homotransfer. These results support a model in which interaction with the membrane skeleton restricts the mobility of band 3 without significantly altering its self-association state.     

Interaction of the lantibiotic nisin with membranes revealed by fluorescence quenching of an introduced tryptophan

Nisin is a lantibiotic produced by strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. The target for nisin action is the cytoplasmic membrane of gram-positive bacteria. To aid understanding of its mode of action, the interaction of nisin with vesicles of differing phospholipid composition were investigated by fluorescence techniques, using a variant of nisin in which the isoleucine at position 30 was replaced by a tryptophan residue. Activity of the site-directed variant containing tryptophan was established to be similar to that of the wild-type peptide. Fluorescence experiments showed a blue shift of the emission wavelength maximum in the presence of lipid vesicles, indicating that the tryptophan residue enters a more hydrophobic environment. Quenching experiments with aqueous and membrane-restricted quenchers (iodide and spin-labelled lipids, respectively) both confirmed a non-aqueous environment for the Trp30 residue, and implied that the residue resides between 0.36 nm and 0.52 nm from the centre of the membrane, depending on the lipid identity. The results clearly demonstrate that nisin interacts strongly with the hydrophobic phase of lipid vesicles. This interaction is stronger in the presence of negatively charged lipids suggesting their importance in the functional interaction of nisin with membranes.     

Release of phospholipids from erythrocyte membranes by taurocholate is determined by their transbilayer orientation and hydrophobic backbone

Bile salts mediate a specific release of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the canalicular membrane into the bile fluid. We utilized human red blood cells (RBC) as a model system to study the release of endogenous phospholipids as well as phospholipid analogues from plasma membranes in the presence of the bile salt taurocholate (TC). Short- and long-chain fluorescent as well as spin-labeled analogues with various headgroups were chosen. RBC were labeled either on the exoplasmic or on the cytoplasmic leaflet with the analogues and incubated with various concentrations of TC. Analogues on the exoplasmic layer could be readily released by TC. Release was most efficient above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of TC. Release was independent of the headgroup, but depended on the fatty acid chain length of the analogues; i.e., it was lower for long-chain than for short-chain labeled phospholipids. Analogues on the cytoplasmic leaflet were efficiently shielded from TC-mediated release. The preferential release of endogenous PC and sphingomyelin (SM) from the erythrocyte membrane above the CMC supports the conclusion that TC-mediated release of phospholipids occurs preferentially from the exoplasmic leaflet independent of their headgroup. However, the extent of release of endogenous phospholipids was significantly lower in comparison to that of analogues, endorsing the relevance of the hydrophobic backbone for bile salt mediated release of phospholipids. Implications for the mechanism of the release of PC from the canalicular membrane into the bile fluid are discussed.     

Modulation of gramicidin channel structure and function by the aliphatic "spacer" residues 10, 12, and 14 between the tryptophans

In the linear gramicidins, the four aromatic residues at positions 9, 11, 13, and 15 are well-known to be important for the structure and function of membrane-spanning gramicidin channels. To investigate whether the "spacer" residues between the tryptophans in gramicidin A (gA) are important for channel structure and function, D-Leu-10, -12. and -14 of gA were replaced by Ala, Val, or Ile. (For practical reasons, the Ile substitutions were introduced into the enantiomeric gramicidin A-, gA-.) Circular dichroism spectra of [D-Ala10,12,14]gA, [D-Val10,12,14]gA, or [Ile10,12,14]gA- incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles or 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles differ from the spectrum of the native [D-Leu10,12,14]gA. All the analogue spectra display reduced ellipticity at both 218 and 235 nm, indicating the presence of double-stranded conformers with the Ala analogue spectra showing the largest departure from the native gA spectra. Size-exclusion chromatograms of the Val and Ile analogues show both monomer and dimer peaks, accompanied by peak broadening; the chromatograms for the Ala analogue show broad, overlapping peaks and suggest the presence of higher oligomers and/or (rapidly) interconverting conformations. All three analogues form membrane-spanning channels, with the channel-forming potency of the Ala analogue being much less than that of gA or the other analogues. In 1.0 M CsCl, the conductance of each analogue channel is approximately 25% less than that of [D-Leu10,12,14]gA channels. The lifetimes of the analogue channels also are less than of [D-Leu10,12, 14]gA channels, with the largest (8-fold) reduction being for [D-Ala10,12,14]gA channels. Hybrid channel experiments show that the beta6.3-helical backbone folding pattern is retained in the channel-forming subunits and that the substitutions primarily influence ion entry. Both the bulk and the stereochemistry of the aliphatic residues between the tryptophans of gA are important for channel structure and function.