北京理工大学体育馆双曲金属屋面体系

北京理工大学体育文化综合馆工程的屋面采用新型的双曲金属屋面系统,该屋面系统在防腐性、耐久性、抗风性能、防水、防渗性能、排水性能、防火性能、温度变形处理、防雷措施、保温性能、吸声与隔音性能和减振措施等方面较以前的金属屋面有很大的提高,从而确保了本工程金属屋面体系的质量。     

屋面工程防火安全面临大考

近年来,我国由建筑材料引起的火灾频频发生,特别是央视大楼、上海教师公寓等特大火灾,引起了政府主管部门的高度重视和社会各界的广泛关注。2009年9月,公安部与住房和城乡建设部联合下发了《民用建筑外保温系统及外墙装饰防火暂行规定》,给国内建筑保温系统的防火安全提出了新课题。2010年,公安部消防局组织公安部天津消防研究所、公安部四川消防研究所等有关单位,对《建筑设计防火规范》(GB 50016—2006)及《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》(GB50045—1995)进行了整合修订。这些防火规范的修订出台对屋面防火提出了严格的要求,必将对未来屋面工程的设计与施工产生重要影响。本刊特辟专栏,关注建筑屋面及建筑防水工程的防火安全问题,并以本社撰写的《屋面工程防火安全面临大考》作为开篇,抛砖引玉,欢迎相关人士踊跃投稿,参与讨论。     

沈阳夏宫水上世界工程金属屋面施工技术

沈阳夏宫水上世界工程的嬉水大厅是球缺穹顶，屋面采用了防腐、防水和保温性质优良的铝、锰、镁合金板复合的金属屋面材料的结构防水系统。本文介绍了这种新型屋面系统的施工，以及火灾后抢修恢复技术。     

吸取TVCC失火教训 加强外墙的防火是当务之急

分析了TVCC失火原因,幕墙屋面保温材料和面板材料防火性能不好是TVCC火灾技术内因.阐述了外墙、屋面节能必须与防火安全并举,中国建筑节能不能照搬外国模式,必须建立中国式建筑防火节能体系.提出应积极吸取TVCC及近年频繁的幕墙屋面火灾的惨痛教训,切实加强外墙及屋面的防火是当务之急.     

直立锁边金属屋面施工及监理要点

直立锁边金属屋面作为一种新型屋面施工工艺凭借其抗风压、防水防火防腐蚀、强度高、抗震性能好等一系列优点,在建筑施工中得到广泛应用,但屋面渗漏、金属屋面板热胀冷缩、屋面保温等问题也长期存在,影响了建筑的功能和适用性。本文就直立锁边金属屋面施工及监理要点进行分析,以供相关从业人员参考。     

屋面工程防火刍议

分析了屋面防水、保温材料的火灾危险性,以及国内外相关标准对屋面防火的要求,并从屋面工程材料的燃烧性能、屋面工程的整体结构和施工流程、屋面基层以及屋面与建筑外墙间的构造措施等方面,提出了屋面工程防火的建议和措施。     

复合式金属屋面系统在沈阳奥体中心主体育场屋面工程中的应用

本文结合沈阳奥体中心主体育场金属屋面工程,介绍了复合式直立锁边金属屋面系统,该系统通过特殊的转接系统与直立锁边防水系统连接,从原理上解决了复合式屋面的渗水问题。同时介绍了屋面系统在抗风压、防水、防火、降噪、防雷等方面的问题。技术成熟、施工方便。     

国家会议中心工程金属屋面系统介绍

国家会议中心屋面系统采用了新型的直立锁边金属屋面建筑系统．该系统完全取消螺栓、铆钉连接方式,屋面无任何贯穿性连接,从而成为理想的屋面系统。介绍了该金属屋面系统的屋面构造层次和先进的屋面性能．     

国外金属屋面系统分析

目前,国内金属屋面系统材料选用面比较狭窄,施工时,基本沿袭比较落后的连接方式.而欧美国家的科学用材和先进技术,则有着许多值得关注和研究之处.其金属屋面系统结构在原理上杜绝了常见的渗水漏水的可能,为建筑外表造型开拓了新的空间和平台.同时,在防风、防火、防雷、保温以及降噪等方面,也显现出独有的特性.     

不同应用的聚氨酯外墙保温系统防火性能研究

介绍了硬质聚氨酯泡沫作为建筑外墙保温材料的3种结构和应用方式,以实体建筑火灾为基础,比较聚氨酯泡沫的薄抹灰保温系统、金属面一体化保温系统和幕墙保温系统的实际火灾危险性,分析了聚氨酯外墙保温系统不同构造及应用方式对建筑外墙防火性能的影响.结果表明:相对于薄抹灰保温系统,金属面一体化保温系统防火性能较差;幕墙保温系统只要具有良好的防火构造设计,也具有较好的防火性能.     

Fire situation and fire characteristic analysis based on fire statistics of China

This paper describes the fire situation of China in 1998. Fire statistics data have been analyzed with a view to understand the characteristics of fire accidents, including vocation and location distribution, cause analysis, monthly frequency and frequency of fires by time of day etc. It is revealed that specific work on fire protection should be taken so as to meet the demands of the society. In addition, some of the major fire accidents are also recapitulated briefly. Finally, the study highlights the importance to carry out fire statistics and gives some suggestions.     

内浮顶储罐雷击火灾危险性分析

为了避免内浮顶储罐由于雷击火花放电引起的火灾燃爆事故,在实验室建立了2 m直径内浮顶储罐模型,开展了储罐8/20μs模拟直击雷实验,结合理论分析及软件仿真,研究结果表明:内浮顶储罐遭受雷击时,储罐相当于"几乎封闭但带有孔的法拉第笼",雷电流、感应电荷主要通过罐体泄放入地,但这些孔不断有油气泄放,有时能达到爆炸范围,具有较大的雷击危险性;储罐遭受雷击时的另一风险主要表现在雷击瞬时罐体呈现高电位,如罐体各部位等电位连接不可靠易引起火花放电。结合内浮顶储罐的实际运行情况,提出了罐顶通气孔安装阻火器、规范导静电线设置、导向柱设施与浮盘密封绝缘、液位仪及相连管线与储罐等电位连接等措施,可大大降低内浮顶储罐雷击火灾燃爆事故。     

Inherent fire consequence estimation tool (IFCET) for preliminary design of process plant

Fire hazard has contributed to about one-third of world major accidents in chemical plants. One of the approaches to avoid or minimize fire hazard is by using an inherent safety concept. This concept is best implemented at the preliminary design stage. However, practical application of inherent safety is still limited due to non-availability of easy to use tool for direct application in a process plant. This paper addresses the above issue by proposing a prototype tool known as Inherent Fire Consequence Estimation Tool (IFCET) that can be used during preliminary design stage to eliminate or minimize the consequence of fire accidents. The tool is developed in MS Excel for pool fire model and linked with process design simulator, iCON. The functionality of the IFCET is demonstrated using case studies of flammable liquid leaked from a process stream and spilled of LPG during unloading at filling station. The results from the case studies show that IFCET can be used to eliminate or minimize the consequence due to pool fire during preliminary design stage. IFCET has a potential to be extended to include other types of fire accidents such as Jet Fire, BLEVE, etc.     

简析学生宿舍消防设施完善的必要性

通过对以往学生宿舍火灾事故的分析,提出在合理建立学生宿舍消防安全管理机制、制定切实有效的消防安全管理制度并将日常管理工作落实到位的前提下,设置、完善学生宿舍的消防设施,采取人员管理与火灾技术防范措施相结合的管理模式,以提升学生宿舍的消防安全等级、消除火灾隐患,保障学生的生命安全.     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

试析火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用

在进行火灾事故调查时,火灾痕迹是重要线索,火灾痕迹为调查人员提供了客观事实,帮助调查人员了解火灾事故起因.文章运用调查法、文献法等对火灾痕迹类型进行分析,并就火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用做具体探究,希望能为相关实践工作提供些许理论参考.     

Numerical model and validation experiments of atrium enclosure fire in a new fire test facility

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for buildings, warehouses or factories design requirements fulfilling about fire safety is becoming more common and reliable. Performance-based fire safety assurance procedures make use of the CFD fire modelling to anticipate the evolution of fire, but they need always to be validated. This is especially difficult for big structures, with great clear volumes, where effects of natural and forced ventilation can be very scale dependent. A good opportunity to check the prediction capability of CFD codes to establish temperatures and velocities fields is the new full-scale fire test facility of the Technological Metal Centre in Murcia, Spain. It is an aluminium prismatic squared base building of 19.5 m×19.5 m×20 m, with several vents arranged in its walls and four exhaust fans at the roof. Series of experimental tests have been carried out using several heptane normalized pool-fires placed at the centre of the atrium. The data obtained from these experiments have been later used in a validation study of two CFD simulations implemented for temperature wall, ambient temperature prediction and exhaust fan assessment. The results show good agreement between experimental and numerical predictions and allow concluding that for a fire test of 1.6 MW of average heat release power, the exhaust and ventilation system is not enough to extract the hot combustion products. There is an excessive and dangerous accumulation of hot gases at the upper part of the atrium and the exhaust capacity of the roof fans must be increased. The CFD models can give the answer to that question.     

Risk of human fatality in building fires: A decision tool using Bayesian networks

The Netherlands is the most densely populated country of the European Union, which makes space very expensive. This leads to increasing complexity of the cities’ layout and other public spaces, together with a large number of people involved. Authorities would like to know whether new and innovative building designs ensure an appropriate level of safety of people in case of fire, before the accident happens, and to be prepared for the so-called “low probability–high consequences” accidents. Therefore, they need a tool to help them estimate the extent of a fire in a building, given any combination of possible conditions and any unexpected course of events during an emergency. This paper discusses the possibility of using Bayesian belief nets for this task. Using this approach, the people in charge can take decisions at different stages of the design process of a building regarding the location, the structure, the loading of the building, the types of fire protection systems inside the building, as well as the characteristics of the fire brigade that fights the possible fire. In the current study, usefulness of the approach is investigated using a small example. This will show the feasibility of the approach for the Netherlands situation and give authorities involved confidence that building a large comprehensive model would fulfil their needs for a support tool in the planning process. The effort to gather real data therefore was restricted as demonstration of fitness for purpose was the primary objective.     

对消防指战员在灭火救援中紧急避险策略的思考

在社会经济快速发展的今天,我国各大城市的基础设施建设也日益完善.各种大型城市综合体在带动城市经济增长、为人们日常生活提供便利的同时,也增大了火灾扑救与应急救援的难度,增加了消防人员在灭火救援中发生安全事故的几率.鉴于消防人员工作的特殊性,只有不断地提升消防指战员的紧急避险能力,才能够最大限度地为消防人员在灭火救援工作中的生命安全提供保障,提高灭火救援的速度与效率.基于此,文章重点针对消防指战员在灭火救援中的紧急避险策略进行了详细的分析,以供参考.     

大型地铁车站火灾预警机制及疏散救援模式

地铁车站深埋于地下,结构复杂特殊,一旦发生火灾,往往会造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。如何有效预防和减少火灾情况下的人员伤亡,尤其是防止群死群伤等重大安全事故的发生,已成为当前国内外消防安全领域研究的热点和重点。为在车站发生火灾事故时能够采取及时、有效的措施,将火灾事故的影响范围减少到最小,损失降到最低,本文对大型地铁站火灾进行了特性分析,分类介绍了地铁站火灾预警系统及相关预警机制,并在此基础上针对地铁站内不同的火灾发生地点分析讨论了不同的人员疏散救援模式,对大型地铁车站火灾的消防安全研究具有重要意义,也为地铁站的设计和管理提供了相参考。