Space charge behavior in polymer film based on increment of capacitance under AC high field

Polymer materials have excellent dielectric and insulation properties; however, those properties in AC high field region have not been known well. Recently we established an evaluation method of high‐field AC dissipation current waveform of polymer materials 1 . AC dissipation current waveforms of polyethylene and polypropylene films show nonlinear distortion in AC high‐field region. This nonlinearity was thought to be related to the behavior of AC space charge formation in the sample near electrodes. The properties of space charge formed under AC high field at power frequency seem to differ from those formed under DC high field. The measurement of AC space charge distribution is not so easy due to the resolution limit of the space charge measurement. We studied the dielectric properties of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film under AC high field up to 120 °C. It was found that tan δ, AC dissipation current (Ixr), and unbalanced component of capacitive current (ΔIxc) increased when the temperature became higher. In particular, ΔIxc increased above some threshold field and was considered to be due to the AC space charge formation. This AC space charge layer near electrode is thought to be formed due to carrier injection under AC high‐field application. Usually, the carrier mobility becomes smaller on lowering the temperature. Most of the carriers injected from the electrode are trapped near the electrode in the sample film. But in the high‐temperature region, the carrier mobility becomes larger and the carrier injection starts to increase from lower field. Many more carriers are injected from the electrode. It is thought that some of the injected carriers are trapped inside the sample film; the others go through the sample to the opposite side. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 8–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10018     

Quantities extracted from space-charge measurements as markers for insulation aging

The relation of space charge-derived quantities with aging stresses and time is discussed in this paper. Polyethylene-based materials, aged for different times under electrical and/or thermal stress, are subjected to space charge measurements. Quantities are derived, that is, the threshold for space charge accumulation and the apparent, trap-controlled mobility, obtained by the threshold and the depolarisation characteristics, respectively, which show time variations depending on the level of applied stress and aging time, i.e. on the extent of degradation. This indicates that such quantities can be considered as aging markers useful for the diagnosis of bulk degradation in insulation systems aged under electrical field, dc or ac, and temperature.     

Electrical tree initiation

This paper reviews the recent understanding of the initiation mechanisms of electrical trees and the phenomena occurring during the induction period in the discharge free condition. The importance of charge injection in electrical tree initiation is well established, not only under dc or impulse stresses, but also under ac stress. Electroluminescence can be used as a monitor for charge injection. Tree initiation from field enhancing locations under moderate stress proceeds through cumulative degradation reactions and cavity formation caused by injected charge. The dependence of tree initiation on temperature and the nature of dissolved gases, underline the importance of free volume processes, and therefore of polymer morphology. Electron avalanche type tree initiation is strongly influenced by field modification due to space charge and also by the size of the high field region     

油纸绝缘内部合成电场数值模拟方法

油纸绝缘作为换流变压器的主绝缘介质,其内部电场的分布受外加电压以及空间电荷的影响,而传统的数值方法无法准确计算空间电荷的影响。提出一种基于电极肖特基发射理论和瞬态上流元法(TUFEM)求解载流子输运方程的方法,计算了考虑注入势垒、载流子迁移率、陷阱捕获系数以及载流子复合系数等参数影响下的单层油纸绝缘介质内部空间电荷运动分布特性。与试验结果对比表明瞬态上流元法的有效性。研究典型油纸绝缘介质结构内部合成电场强度畸变程度随温度梯度变化的特性。同时,计算得到极性反转电压下不同时刻的电荷运动和电场分布规律。该方法可推广在(特)高压直流换流变压器内绝缘电场计算和优化设计。     

The influence of dipolar species on charge carrier transport in alinear polysilicon

Effect of polar substituents and polar dopants on the transport of charge carriers in poly[methyl(phenyl)silanediyl] (PMPSI) was studied. The transport in undoped PMPSI can be explained within the theory of disordered polarons which postulates that the temperature and field dependence of the charge carrier mobility contain contributions both from the dynamic disorder, i.e. the polaron barrier, and from the environment-dependent static disorder. Polar moieties, chemically attached to the main polymer chain, give rise to a decrease of the on-chain mobility, due to the formation of local electronic polarization states. On the macroscopic level, these moieties and polar dopants give rise to a decrease of the drift (hopping) mobility due to a broadening of the distribution of the density of transport states as a consequence of the electrostatic interaction of the charge carrier with the dipole     

变频电机用聚酰亚胺薄膜电老化特性研究

为研究变频电机用耐电晕型聚酰亚胺材料耐局部放电老化机理,采用电导电流法分别测量了普通聚酰亚胺薄膜(100HN)和耐电晕型聚酰亚胺薄膜(100CR)电晕老化前、经10kV/mm、20kV/mm电晕强度8h老化后的电老化阈值。结果表明,2种薄膜的电老化阈值随电老化强度的增加而减小,且耐电晕型薄膜的电老化阈值始终高于普通膜的阈值;在2种薄膜的空间电荷限制电流区内,耐电晕型薄膜的电流增长率较大,说明其中含有更多的浅陷阱,测试结果与其170°C下退极化电流测试结果一致。这些浅陷阱有效调节了聚酰亚胺薄膜中电场的分布,改善其耐电晕性能。     

形态对聚乙烯中空间电荷包运动特性的影响

空间电荷相关研究是直流电介质材料特性研究的重要领域,聚乙烯则是主要的内绝缘材料之一。为了对高压直流条件下聚乙烯中的空间电荷现象进行深入研究,应用电声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统对高场强下低密度聚乙烯中的空间电荷现象进行测量,观察到了空间电荷包现象。研究结合不同热处理方法得到了不同微观形态的聚乙烯试品,并在不同场强下结合微观形态的变化对低密度聚乙烯的空间电荷包运动速率进行了分析。结果表明,聚乙烯的微观形态对空间电荷包特性有显著的影响,也对空间电荷包运动速率有明显的影响,结晶度越高,空间电荷包运动速率越小。     

Influence of electro-mechanical stress on electrical properties of dielectric polymers

The influence of high electrical fields on water treeing, electrical treeing, relaxation, conductivity and charge mobility in various polymers is reviewed within the context of a molecular model. The real value of the AC field acting on water trees is questioned and it is shown that the strain induced by very large fields may affect the water tree growth in solutions with large dielectric constant. A model based on simple electrostatic and molecular parameters describes most water treeing results. Light emitted during electrical tree growth could be associated with the field-induced strain at the tip of the electrode. The strain in PET is also related to the Maxwell stress due to high DC field. The log of the charge stored in some polymers varies with the square of the field suggesting that there same phenomenon might influence charge formation under high fields. The significance of a constant mobility value is discussed in light of experiments showing that it is not constant at moderate fields in various polymers. It is shown that the only constant parameter under varying high fields is the activation volume typical of a given sample. Future work is pointed out, especially regarding the nature of the trapping sites and the influence of sample size on the activation volume.     

Modeling of some electrical parameters of a MOSFET under applied uniaxial stress

A semi analytical model describing the bulk mobility for electrons in strained-Si layers as a function of applied uniaxial strain applied at the gate has been developed in this paper. The uniaxial stress has been applied through the silicon nitride cap layer. The effects of uniaxial stress are understood on all the three components of mobility i.e. phonon, columbic and surface roughness mobility. The results show that the electron mobility is a strong rising function of applied uniaxial strain. Flatband voltage, Depletion Charge density, Inversion charge density, Energy gap and Effective surface electrical field have been analytically modeled. There is a sharp increase in the vertical electrical field and inversion charge density and decrease in the energy gap, depletion charge density and the flatband voltage when the uniaxial stress is applied. The electron mobility results have also been compared with the experimentally reported results and show good agreement.     

Evaluation of dc insulation performance based on space-chargemeasurements and accelerated life tests

Space charge observation is becoming the most widely used technique to evaluate polymeric materials for dc insulation applications, particularly HV cables. However, quantities are still lacking that can help to summarize and interpret the huge amount of data resulting from space charge measurements, and that also are associated with the electrical performance of the insulation. The purpose of this paper is to propose test methods and parameters, based on the pulsed electroacoustic technique, which can be used for the evaluation of the electrical performance of polymeric insulation under dc fields. These parameters are related to the space charge magnitude and mobility as well as to the internal electric field amplification, the rate of charge accumulation, and the threshold field above which charge is stored in the insulation. In order to investigate the meaning of the parameters proposed for the assessment of insulation performance, the correlation between these parameters associated with space charge and insulation life is discussed. Examples are reported with reference to five different candidate materials for dc cable insulation     

Investigating dc polyethylene threshold by space charge. Currentand electroluminescence measurements

It has been proposed recently that the lowest level of dc field, above which electrical degradation may occur, is associated with the formation of space charges in insulation. Therefore, inference of field levels above which space charge accumulates in a given material may provide fundamental information for material characterization and system design. Threshold field values were estimated through evidence of space charge accumulation derived from conduction current, space charge amplitude and electroluminescence (EL) counts vs, electrical field characteristics. Press-molded plates of polyethylene-based materials were used for this investigation. In order to be able to detect even by EL experiments the presence of the space charge accumulated at low fields, measurements were carried out during both polarization and short-circuit of specimens. It is shown that the threshold corresponding to the onset of EL upon grounding the specimen is close to the space charge accumulation threshold derived from space charge and conduction current measurements. This earlier value is considerably lower than the one previously detected from constant dc-voltage EL measurements, thus confirming that even at low fields and in the presence of voltage reversals or transients, space charges can trigger luminescence phenomena. The methodology developed in this paper enlarges the applicability of the EL technique to accommodate a wider electrical field range in view of insulation characterization     

绝缘纸中空间电荷效应的模拟研究

为明晰空间电荷对油纸绝缘纸板中电场强度的畸变效应、纸板老化状态与空间电荷的作用机制,采用双极性载流子输运模型,对不同老化状态的绝缘纸板中的空间电荷特性进行数值模拟。对于同一老化状态下的绝缘纸板施加直流电压时,纸板中会出现同极性电荷积聚现象,且正极性电荷的分布范围较负极性显著变窄;随着加压时间的增加,纸板中的电场畸变率呈增大趋势。当绝缘纸板老化程度加深时,其陷阱密度和深度均会增加,致使空间电荷在纸板的近电极侧大量积聚,进而削弱纸板和电极边界处的电场强度,加剧纸板内部的场强畸变;且绝缘纸板老化愈严重,空间电荷对电场的畸变作用愈突出,使得绝缘纸板加速老化,容易诱发绝缘击穿故障。研究结果可为变压器油纸绝缘设计提供参考。     

直流预压对针板电极下XLPE中空间电荷及电树枝的影响

空间电荷是影响高压直流电缆绝缘电树枝特性的主要原因之一.基于双极性载流子输运模型,对±20 kV、±22.5 kV和±25 kV直流预压下3600 s内二维针板电极模型空间电荷分布进行仿真分析,并对比分析空间电荷分布与直流接地电树枝引发特性.结果表明:空间电荷浓度及注入深度随预压幅值及时间的增加而增大;直流接地电树枝引...     

The mechanisms leading to the useful electrical properties of polymer nanodielectrics

Polymer nanocomposites with metal oxide nanoparticle fillers exhibit enhanced electrical breakdown strength and voltage endurance compared to their unfilled or micron filled counterparts. This paper presents the following hypothesis for the mechanisms leading to improved properties. The inclusion of nanoparticles provides myriad scattering obstacles and trap sites in the charge carriers' paths, effectively reducing carrier mobility and thus carrier energy. The result is homocharge buildup at the electrodes, which increases the voltage required for further charge injection due to blocking by the homocharge. The hypothesis is supported by electroluminescence, pulsed electro acoustic analysis, thermally stimulated current measurements, a comparison of AC, DC, and impulse breakdown, as well as absorption current measurements, in silica/crosslinked polyethylene matrix composites with supporting evidence from titania/epoxy composites.     

Luminescence and space charge in polymeric dielectrics - [whitehead memorial lecture (2008)]

Polymers are extensively used as insulating material in high voltage devices, such as underground power cables, power capacitors and transformers. During normal operation the polymeric insulation of a power device is not only subjected to electrical stresses, but could also be subjected to other stresses that can cause the degradation and ultimately lead to insulation failure. It has been well established that electroluminescence and charge injection, which gives rise to space charge in the polymeric insulation, occur at ac, dc and impulse field above a certain threshold value. Space charge can cause dissipative energetic processes such as photon and phonon emission, increase the local electric field and reduce the withstand voltage of the insulation. This paper describes the characteristics of electroluminescence in polymeric insulation subjected to ac voltage and shows its relevance to space charge injection in the material. It is shown that insulation subjected to high voltage could emit various types of light but electroluminescence emission which is related to space charge injection can be clearly distinguished from these other types of light emission. The electroluminescence technique is a valuable tool to evaluate the dielectric properties of novel insulating materials, such as nanodielectrics.     

Electrical Breakdown Properties and Space Charge Formation in High Temperature Region in Ultraviolet Ray Irradiated PVC

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most popular insulating material for electric wiring instruments. However, an exothermic reaction above 150 °C may cause deterioration of the insulating properties of PVC. Therefore, it is important to clarify the heat degradation in PVC, not only to investigate the ignition of electrical wiring products but also to use electrical products safely. It is known that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes chemical deterioration of PVC and an increase in its conductivity. Generally, it has been thought that the electrical breakdown properties, electrical conduction, and insulating performance are affected by space charge accumulation in an insulating material. A high temperature pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system usable up to 250 °C has been developed, and the PEA system can measure the space charge distribution and conduction current in the high temperature range simultaneously. In this investigation, the space charge distribution and conduction current were measured up to electrical breakdown in a non‐UV irradiated sample (normal PVC) and in 353 nm and 253 nm UV‐irradiated PVC samples in the range from room temperature to 200 °C in a DC electric field. In the short wavelength UV irradiated PVC sample (253 nm, 300 h), a deterioration of breakdown strength at 90 °C to 150 °C and negative packet‐like charges were observed at 60 °C and 100 °C, a positive charge accumulated in front of both the anode and cathode above 90 °C, and a higher electric field near the cathode side because the positive charge of the cathode side was greater.     

Electrical aging and life models: the role of space charge

This paper has the aim of providing a view of a lively debated topic which has broad impact on the design of electrical apparatus and new insulating materials, that is, the interaction between space charge and aging processes of polymeric insulation. Aging models developed in recent decades that consider explicitly or implicitly the contribution of space charge to insulation degradation, under both DC and AC voltage, are dealt with, with the intention to point out their range of validity. Some conventional phenomenological models that have been used for much more than two decades without referring to space charges can be exploited to account for electrical field and activation energy modification due to space charge. These, together with models conceived considering space charges as the driving force for aging, are especially examined. In addition, recent models that disregard the action of space charge as an ageing factor, but consider space charge as the consequence of degradation processes are also discussed.     

不同压力对EPDM中电荷输运的影响

三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)作为一种高质量的绝缘材料,被广泛用于电缆接头的附件中,但其在电缆实际运行中承受较大的压力,这可能会影响绝缘性能.通过计算不同压力下EPDM中电荷输运的关键参数,如载流子迁移率的变化,研究压力对EPDM中电荷迁移的影响.通过设计单极载流子阻挡实验,并结合改进的电声脉冲法(PEA)测量设备,计算0....     

Process dependent electrical characteristics and equivalent circuit model of sol-gel based PZT capacitors

Abstract

Studies of electrical properties and an equivalent circuit model is developed for ferroelectric PZT(Ti = 60%) thin film capacitors made by sol-gel spin coating with Pt electrodes. The equivalent circuit consists of two major parts: serial space charge capacitors demonstrating surface effects and parallel elements modeling the inner polycrystalline ferroelectric regions. This model is based on device physics which can demonstrate both the measured capacitance voltage characteristics and hysteresis curves. From the model fit to the data, an estimate of the space charge concentration at the surface and inner grain boundary region of 57times;10²⁰ cm^?3 and 1×10¹⁸ cm^?3 respectively is made. Further electrical characterizations such as pulse switching and polarization degradation (fatigue) have also been studied. Using the equivalent circuit, other characteristics such as the switching time can be studied showing its dependence on applied voltage and capacitor area. The applied voltage dependence of fatigue is shown via an empirical equation where the degradation rate is electric field activated.     

Determination of the streamers characteristics propagating in liquids using the electrical network computation

This work is devoted to the modeling of branching streamers propagating in transformer oil using an equivalent electrical network and the electrical network computation. The proposed model enables one to determine the different characteristics of the streamer (i.e., the associated current and the electrical charge, the power and the energy injected in the liquid, the local electric field at the streamer head, the streamer shape and its velocity, the mobility of the charge carriers within the streamer channels, the local viscosity and temperature). It's shown through the simulated values of the mobility of charge carriers, the local viscosity and temperature that both electronic and gaseous mechanisms are implicated in the streamer development. The gaseous nature of streamers and the role of the local electric field are evident. The influence of the conductivity and additives as well as the electrode gap on the propagation velocity of positive streamers is analyzed.