砂土地层盾构隧道施工对地层扰动的室内掘进试验研究

土压平衡式盾构机在穿越流塑性差、渗透系数大的砂土地层时容易对隧道周围土体产生扰动,导致地表沉降不易控制和作用在衬砌结构上的土压力发生改变。针对地铁盾构隧道穿越砂土地层引起的地层扰动,采用一种能完全反映盾构隧道动态施工全过程的分析方法尤为重要。以城市地铁盾构区间隧道施工采用的土压平衡式盾构机为原型,研制 800 mm土压平衡式模型盾构机,该机主要包括推进机构、掘削机构和出土机构,能实现盾构始发、刀盘切削、螺旋出土、管片拼装等主要功能,以此开展砂土地层中盾构施工的室内掘进试验。试验过程中对盾构掘进引起的地层沉降及衬砌结构上的土压力进行量测,分析地层沉降形态和衬砌结构上土压力的分布形态,同时将试验结果同理论计算、数值分析及现场资料进行对比。研究结果表明,土体性状和盾尾注浆对地层沉降具有重要影响,地层损失是地层发生沉降的主要原因。未注浆情况下盾尾脱环引起的地表沉降值占总沉降值的60%以上,且由于未注浆而增大的地表沉降所占比例为20%～30%,沉降时程曲线具有阶段性和时效性。地表沉降槽宽度系数i与现场测试数据具有一致性。衬砌结构上的土压力分布类似于上下端为长半轴、左右端为短半轴的椭圆形,数值上试验实测值较理论计算值要小。     

On the influence of face pressure, grouting pressure and TBM design in soft ground tunnelling

A three-dimensional finite element simulation model, which includes all relevant shield tunnelling components and allows for the modelling of the step-by-step construction process of the tunnel advance is used to analyse the influence of TBM operation parameters and design parameters for a shallow tunnel advance in homogeneous, soft, cohesive soil below the ground water table. The numerical sensitivity studies presented in this paper focus on the face support pressure, the grouting pressure, the trailer weight and the length, weight and taper of the shield machine. The simulation results are evaluated with respect to the settlements of the ground surface, the shield movement and the loading of the tunnel lining. The evaluation of the sensitivity analyses helps to obtain a more detailed insight into the influence of selected parameters relevant for the design and steering of TBM tunnel advances.     

Three-dimensional finite-element analysis on ground responses during twin-tunnel construction using the URUP method

The paper presents a finite-element analysis of a metro tunnel project using the URUP method in which the shield machine is launched and received at the ground surface level. During the tunnelling process, the cover depth varied from 0.7D (D is the excavation diameter) to −0.3D in which case the shield machine was partially above the ground surface. A three-dimensional finite element model is proposed via the commercial software ABAQUS considering the actual geological condition and tunnelling procedures. Elasto-plasticity constitutive models are utilised for the top three strata in the finite element analysis (FEA). Constant gradients corresponding to material density are assumed for the face supporting pressure and the grouting pressure in the model. The ground contraction method is employed to simulate the shield-induced volume loss. The numerical model is firstly validated against the field measurement data considering the surface settlement. Parametric studies are performed subsequently to investigate the influence of some key tunnelling variables including cover-to-diameter ratio and face supporting pressure on the ground responses. According to the FEA, a critical cover depth of 0.55D is proposed for URUP method below which value instability and collapse of surrounding soils will be highly likely.     

盾构隧道施工动态扰动特点及控制分析

按照盾构施工引起的地层扰动机理及变形特点,将盾构施工对周围地层的扰动过程分为5个阶段,即:盾构机到达之前土仓压力影响阶段、盾构机通过阶段、管片衬砌脱出盾构机盾尾阶段、管片壁后浆液硬化阶段以及扰动土层的蠕变固结阶段,对盾构隧道施工各个阶段的地面沉降、土压力及孔隙水压力的变化过程进行监测,并分析其各自的变化特点。针对盾构施工过程的5个阶段的施工扰动特点,探讨各阶段相应的施工扰动控制要点。     

近距离多线叠交盾构施工对既有隧道变形的影响研究

针对上海地铁新建11号线先下后上近距离穿越既有4号线,形成三层隧道四线叠交的特殊工况,采用有限元数值模拟和现场监测相结合的方法,考虑既有隧道周围土压力的分布规律,研究了盾构下穿施工时土仓压力和注浆压力以及上穿施工时压重范围和压重量对既有隧道变形的影响。研究结果表明：下穿施工结束时,既有隧道的沉降量不随土仓压力比的改变而改变,但随注浆压力比的减小而增大;上穿施工应采取压重措施预防既有隧道的上浮和局部隆起变形,宜遵循新建隧道同步压重为主,既有隧道压重为辅的原则。     

板岩地层盾构掘进对地层扰动的现场试验研究

长沙地区板岩的特点是遇水易软化、崩解,目前未见对该地层盾构掘进引起地层扰动的相关研究。以长沙地铁2号线西延线一期工程为依托进行了现场试验,监测内容包括:地表沉降、土体水平位移、土压力和孔隙水压力,同时记录掘进参数。通过分析得知:(1)板岩地层盾构总推力、扭矩和土仓压力是同步变化的,埋深不变时土仓压力随着隧道断面内微风化板岩所占比例的增加而增大;(2)地表沉降、土体水平位移、土压力和孔隙水压力随着切口到断面距离的变化规律基本一致;(3)各测点横向地层位移最大值约为轴向的1.1~2.6倍;(4)根据土体应力随切口到断面距离变化规律,将应力扰动分为缓慢减小段、波动段、缓慢变化段和恢复段4个阶段。     

超大直径泥水盾构掘进对土体的扰动研究

 依托南京长江超大直径泥水盾构隧道工程,通过在始发试验段埋设地表沉降观测点、测斜管、土压计力及孔隙水压力计,进行相应项目的试验。研究泥水平衡盾构掘进各阶段对土体的扰动机制、扰动规律、影响范围以及影响程度。分析得出应力扰动度与距离之间的相关关系,在此基础上计算出盾构推进对土体的显著应力扰动区域(应力扰动度≥5%)为盾构外侧16 m(约一倍洞径)。建立切口压力、同步注浆压力与地表沉降之间的数学模型,进一步修正Peck公式,使之能更好地预估泥水盾构掘进引起的地表沉降。最后结合盾构掘进参数,探究减小土体扰动的措施。     

14.93m泥水平衡盾构施工扰动实测研究

利用现场监测数据研究14.93 m泥水平衡盾构施工诱发的地层扰动的程度、波及范围和持续时间。监测项目包括5根测斜管、9个地表沉降监测点和20个侧向土压力传感器,监测持续45 d。将采集到的测斜数据和深层水土压力数据绘制成云图,结合地表沉降曲线分析表明:盾构正面支护性能优良,盾构切口通过前后地层几乎没有产生位移,盾构底面以下侧向应力扰动度<10%。盾尾脱出及其后一环脱出是地层扰动最剧烈的时刻,隧道开挖卸载造成了底面以下2D×1.5D(D是隧道直径)范围内应力扰动>10%;采用127%的同步注浆率造成了隧道周边土体的向外挤压和地表隆起,土层最大水平位移位于盾构肩部和腰部注浆孔之间,最大位移19.7 mm,距离盾构轴线2.5D范围以外的位移<2 mm;地面隆起最大值41.3 mm,距离盾构轴线外侧1.5D以外的位移<4 mm。盾构远离监测断面30 d后,地面隆起回落57%。     

黄土地层盾构隧道施工的掘进试验研究

 黄土是一种典型的非饱和结构性土,其强度与土体结构特征密切相关。黄土地层中盾构法隧道施工开挖面稳定性受施工参数影响较大,控制不当容易造成开挖面土体松动或坍塌,严重影响隧道结构安全及周围环境。针对我国首次在黄土地层中修建的地铁盾构隧道西安地铁2号线,采用自主研制的土压平衡式模型盾构机开展室内掘进实验,研究黄土地层条件下盾构掘进对地层的扰动情况以及盾构施工关键参数的匹配问题。研究结果表明,黄土地层中盾构掘进引起的地层横断面沉降曲线与黏性土地层存在差异,曲线形式具体表现为下部呈深V型、上部区域呈缓和的盆状,并得到地层损失率K和地表沉降槽宽度系数i;地表位移时程曲线具有突变性,存在明显的三阶段特点;盾构顶推力的变化直接影响隔舱土压力的变化,掘进过程中隔舱土压力和出土率表现出一定的随机性,出土率有随顶推力的增大而呈减小的趋势,并与推进速度成反比。     

软土地层中的圆形隧道载荷模式研究

对圆形隧道作用荷载的影响因素，如隧道埋深、施工工艺以及计算方法等作了系统分析。通过对作用在上海软土地层中的3条隧道上的土压力实测值的分析表明，作用在隧道上的土压力值及其分布规律不仅由于隧道的施工方法（挤压盾构或者EPB盾构）有较大差异，而且在隧道的施工阶段和正常使用阶段也不同。在隧道施工阶段，挤压盾构法隧道衬砌呈现“竖鸭蛋”变形，而EPB盾构隧道衬砌则呈现“横鸭蛋”变形。根据经典的主动土压力理论和静止土压力理论计算出的隧道侧压力小于现场的实测值，且二者的偏差较大。根据本文提出的圆形隧道土压力的余弦变化规律理论对3条隧道的荷载进行计算，计算结果与实测值吻合得很好。     

Tunnelling through a frequently changing and mixed ground: A case history in Singapore

The Kranji tunnel is part of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System in Singapore. It is approximately 12.6 km in length. Along the tunnel alignment, all the ground is composed of granite with different weathering grades (from fresh rock to residual soil). The changing ground from hard rock to mixed face and soft ground (and vice versa) at the tunnel level was anticipated. The tunnel depth along the route is between 15 m and 50 m. Two EPB TBMs were deployed at this tunnel with a bored diameter 4.90 m. These machines were designed so that both hard rock and soft ground could be excavated. The cutter head was equipped with a combination of both rippers and disc cutters. During the excavation, it was found that the frequency of the ground change between hard rock and residual soil is much higher than that expected. Due to the frequently changing ground, correspondingly the tunnel boring machine (TBM) operation mode had to be transferred frequently from hard rock tunnelling to transition mode and to earth pressure balance (EPB) close mode. It resulted in great difficulties for the TBM in an optimized operation condition. These difficulties included high cutter wear and flat cutters, tunnel face instability, water inflow at weathering interface, and time delays. In order to overcome these problems and speed up the tunnelling progress, the TBM used in the north drive was modified to attempt the frequently changing ground. The performance of the modified TBM was highly improved. However, the highly abrasive and frequently changing mixed face ground still caused high cutter wear, especially flat cutter wear. These posed many challenges to the equipment and the tunnel crew.     

软土地层土压平衡盾构法施工的模型试验研究

我国沿海地区以及许多内陆城市的地下广泛分布着很深的软黏土沉积层,目前该区域的许多城市都已兴建或正在筹建地铁。为确保在这种软弱地层中能采取与之相适应的盾构工法、减少对周围环境的影响以及降低工程造价,以上海地铁M8线某区间隧道工程为研究背景,采用室内模型试验的方法,进行了土压平衡盾构针对软土地层的适应性试验研究。为此,首先根据相似理论和模型试验方法建立了土体–盾构机器之间的相似系统;随后,针对上海地区特定的软土地层,进行了人工模型土壤的配制和模型试验方法的设计,并利用直径400 mm的模型盾构机模拟直径6340 mm的原型盾构机;最后,进行盾构不同工作参数组合的掘削试验,并记录下试验过程中机器工作参数及土体内应力和变形变化的有关试验结果,通过对试验数据的整理与分析,得出了软土地层中土压平衡盾构法施工的一些有用的规律。     

天祥大道站地铁盾构始发及掘进模式控制

本工程拟采用三台Ф6280海瑞克土压平衡盾构机作为了盾构隧道施工的设备,分别承担了左右线隧道的掘进任务。根据本工程岩土工程地质条件和周边环境,盾构机采用土压平衡式施工,以适应软弱地层、沙层、含水软岩等地层的掘进和地面沉降控制的需要。     

Shield tunneling and environment protection in Shanghai soft ground

Large scale and intensive metro construction through dense urban area increases sharply the impaction on risk control and environment protection. Three typical cases of shield crossing building above ground (SCBA), shield crossing tunnel from above (SCTA) and shield crossing tunnel from below (SCTB) are studied, respectively, based on field measurements and site investigations of actual projects in Shanghai soft ground. The risks of shield crossing sensitive buildings and subways, ground movement prediction and its control regulations, the settings of shield driving parameters such as earth pressure, driving speed, postures and grouting are demonstrated and summarized in detail. It is proposed that stringent stipulations on controlling ground volume loss (GVL) ratio (GVLR) and strengthened monitoring measures are necessary and substantial for eliminating/reducing potential construction risks. It is urgently decisive to improve the performance of shield machine and to make it more flexible for counteracting complications of geology and environment, as refer to the present status of shields in Shanghai, most of them being overused or out of date.     

Experimental study on working parameters of earth pressure balance shield machine tunneling in soft ground

Deep sedimentary deposits of soft clays are widely distributed in coastal areas as well as many interior major cities in China. In order to study the stratum adaptability of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine tunneling in such types of soft ground, model tests of tunneling excavation, using the running tunnel of the Shanghai Metro Line M8 as a background, are carried out with different over burden ratios, opening rates of cutter head, driving speeds and rotation speeds of screw conveyor. Based on the test results, the interrelationships between chamber pressure and mucking efficiency, mucking rate and driving speed, thrust force and torque are obtained. The influences of tunnel depth, opening rate of cutter head and driving speed on thrust force and torque are revealed. Such findings can not only facilitate establishing relationships between shield working parameters and soil properties, but also serve as a guide for the design and construction of shield tunnel in soft ground.     

超大直径盾构下穿棚户区沉降控制技术研究

超大直径盾构下穿老旧棚户区微扰动施工控制是地下工程实践中面临的重要难题。本文以武汉地铁8号线黄浦路站—徐家棚站区间盾构下穿棚户区项目为工程背景,首先对提出全断面粉细砂层注浆加固工艺并进行浆液配比实验给出最佳浆液配比,并对盾构施工过程进行实时监测监控,根据工程具体情况对盾构机下穿掘进参数进行分析,最后提出超大直径泥水盾构穿越棚户区施工的控制措施。研究结果表明:袖阀管注浆加固工艺对超大直径盾构下穿的老旧棚户区具有较好的保护作用,现场试验确定最佳水灰配比为0.8∶ 1;盾构穿越过程中地表沉降纵向变化呈近似U型分布,横向变形出现明显沉降槽,加固棚户区老旧结构基础最大隆起值为15 mm,建筑结构整体先隆起后减弱,且沉降值控制在15 mm以内;盾构机总推力和刀盘扭矩、盾构机总推力和土舱压力、出土率和土舱压力具有变化规律一致性。研究结果为揭示超大直径盾构下穿老旧棚户区施工过程对地层和地面建筑结构的影响规律提供参考和依据。     

土压平衡盾构技术在地铁隧道工程中的应用和发展

该文叙述土压平衡盾构掘进机的工作机理和适用地层。通过上海、南京、广州等大城市地铁隧道工程应用土压盾构技术情况的介绍,可以看到,在不良地层条件下,应选用不同的土压盾构机型和刀盘。土压盾构掘进机具有土层适应范围广、掘进速度快、工程质量好等优点,已在我国地铁隧道工程中普遍选用,具有较好的发展前景。     

砂土地层盾构法施工的模型试验设计研究

为更好地指导盾构隧道的设计与施工。很有必要开展土体-盾构系统的适应性试验研究。以直径6．34m的土压平衡盾构和上海地区粉砂地层为参照原型,将相似理论和模型试验的方法成功地应用于盾构掘进的模型试验设计。使之能够实现对盾构机工作参数和地层特性参数进行不同组合的试验,进而探求盾构机与土体相互作用的机理,并可由模型试验的结果来预测原型的性能。从而为最终形成盾构及地层适应性理论服务。     

盾构法隧道地表变形影响因素多尺度数值模拟

采用三维非线性有限元数值方法,对上海典型地层中盾构推进过程进行了精细模拟,研究了多几何尺度下盾构外径、隧道埋深及土层力学性质等非施工因素对地表变形的影响。计算结果表明,盾构机外径的尺度效应和隧道埋深对地表变形影响显著;不同尺度下修正剑桥模型中与土性有关的对数硬化模量λ及泊松比μ与地表变形正相关,而临界状态有效应力比M与变形之间的关系不是单调增加或减小的关系。研究成果为软土地区盾构隧道多几何尺度的模型试验和设计施工参数的选取提供了依据。     

上海软土深埋盾构施工引起的土压时效规律分析

针对上海软土地区深埋盾构开挖所引起的土压力时效性发展规律,选取4倍直径埋深盾构,布设土压力全断面长期监测点,获取盾构开挖阶段及后期固结蠕变阶段的土压力数据,以得到深部地层的土压时效变化规律.通过现场试验可得,盾构开挖所采取的土仓压力按照理论静止土压力取值时,刀盘周围会形成半径为1～1.5D的被动土拱效应作用区域,土拱范...