Analytical prediction for ground movements and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels considering non-uniform convergence pattern and ground-liner interaction mechanism

Current studies for tunneling-induced ground movements provide little information on the complex interaction between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils. In particular, little attention is paid to the internal force analyses for segment liners based on the non-uniform convergence deformation pattern. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the prediction of ground deformation and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels in clays. The non-uniform convergence deformation pattern is incorporated as the boundary condition of displacements between the ground and the liner. We investigated the difference between uniform radial and non-uniform convergence deformation patterns on the surface settlements and lateral deformation of soils. In general, good alignment was obtained between the predicted ground deformation caused by the non-uniform convergence model and field observations for tunnels in clays. In addition, the influences of sensitive parameters on the ground movements induced by tunneling were evaluated based on the non-uniform convergence pattern, including the soil and liner properties, the geometric properties of tunnel, the tunnel depth, the excavation gap and other main parameters. Furthermore, these solutions offer a more comprehensive framework for understanding the ground-liner interaction mechanism and the circumferential distribution of internal forces for segment liners. Parametric analyses were used to measure the influences of the lateral earth pressure coefficient on the axial forces and bending moments of tunnel liners. Results are provided on a theoretical basis to estimate the interaction behavior between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils correctly.     

Simulation of alachlor fate and transport: model calibration and sensitivity analysis

Spraying of agricultural chemicals result in their travel downward through the unsaturated zone and adsorption on the surrounding soil. Infiltration from rainfall and irrigation solubilize these chemicals and carry the dissolved components to the ground water. This process can cause soil and ground water contamination the extent of which is greatly influenced by soil characteristics, the rate and method of chemical application. This paper presents experimental and mathematical results describing the transport of the herbicide Alachlor in laboratory soil columns with variable length, initial moisture content, and Alachlor application rate and method. The laboratory time‐dependent distribution of Alachlor concentration is used to calibrate a numerical flow and transport model. The model was also used to conduct a sensitivity analysis with respect to soil and chemical properties and identify parameters value ranges controlling Alachlor transport in porous media.     

Effect of underground tunnel on the ground surface acceleration

A series of dynamic centrifuge tests was designed and conducted to study the seismic behavior of buried box tunnels. In this study, numerical simulations of the same tests were also performed using a finite difference software. The simulation results were in very good agreement with the results observed in the centrifuge tests. Subsequently, verified numerical model was used to perform parametric studies on the effect of an underground box tunnel on the ground surface acceleration. The results of parametric studies revealed that an underground tunnel could have either positive or negative effect on the ground surface acceleration. Presence of the tunnel amplifies long periods and deamplifies short periods of the motion. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of an underground structure on the acceleration at the ground surface may be significant and hence, should be taken into account for seismic zonation of urban areas.     

Wind effects on a long-span beam string roof structure: Wind tunnel test, field measurement and numerical analysis

The Guangzhou International Convention & Exhibition Center (GICEC) with roof dimensions of 210 m wide and 457 m long is the largest exhibition center in Asia and the 2nd largest of this kind in the world. This paper presents results from a combined study of wind tunnel test, full-scale measurement, and numerical analysis of wind effects on the long-span beam string roof structure. In the wind tunnel test, wind-induced pressures including mean and fluctuating components were measured from the roof of a 1:300 scale GICEC model under suburban boundary layer wind flow configuration. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the quasi-steady approach as well as probability analysis were adopted to estimate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressures on the roof. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of wind actions and wind-induced structural responses of the roof were conducted during the passage of Typhoon Nuri. The field data such as wind speed, wind direction, and acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously monitored from a wind and structural response monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoon. Detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the typhoon-generated wind and the wind-induced vibration of the long-span roof structure under typhoon condition. The dynamic characteristics of the roof were determined from the field measurements and comparisons with those calculated from the finite element model (FEM) of the structure were made. The damping ratios of the roof structure were estimated by means of the random decrement method and the amplitude-dependent damping characteristics were presented and discussed. Finally, the full-scale measurements were compared with the model test results to examine the accuracy of the wind tunnel test results and to identify possible modelling errors in the numerical study. The results presented in this paper are expected to be of considerable interest and of use to researchers and professionals involved in designing long-span roof structures.     

Influence zones for 2D pile–soil-tunnelling interaction based on model test and numerical analysis

In the congested urban areas, tunnelling close to existing structures or services often occurs due to the lack of surface space. Consequently, tunnelling-induced ground movements may cause a serious damage to the adjacent structures. This study focussed on two-dimensional laboratory model test for the pile–soil-tunnelling interaction using a close range photogrammetric technique and numerical analysis. Model testing equipments and procedures were introduced, particularly the use of aluminium rods regarded as the frictional granular material. The normalised pile tip movements were identified by both the model test and finite element analysis. The model test results found to be in good agreement with the finite element analysis. Based on the normalised pile tip settlements due to tunnelling adjacent to a line of loaded piles, influence zones were proposed in this study. The proposed influence zones are relatively wider and deeper than those proposed in previous studies. The authors believe that it will be useful to decide the reasonable location of tunnel construction in the planning stage.     

An equivalent frame model for seismic analysis of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings

In this paper a novel equivalent planar-frame model with openings is presented. The model deals with seismic analysis using the Pushover method for masonry and reinforced concrete buildings. Each wall with opening can be decomposed into parallel structural walls made of an assemblage of piers and a portion of spandrels. As formulated, the structural model undergoes inelastic flexural as well as inelastic shear deformations. The mathematical model is based on the smeared cracks and distributed plasticity approach. Both zero moment location shifting in piers and spandrels can be evaluated. The constitutive laws are modeled as bilinear curves in flexure and in shear. A biaxial interaction rule for both axial force–bending moment and axial force–shear force are considered. The model can support any shape of failure criteria. An event-to-event strategy is used to solve the nonlinear problem. Two applications are used to show the ability of the model to study both reinforced concrete and unreinforced masonry structures. Relevant findings are compared to analytical results from experimental, simplified models and finite element models such as Drain3DX and ETABS finite element package.     

大比例桩筏框架相互作用体系的地震反应分析

基于土一结构动力相互作用现场模型试验，以桩基剪切型结构为例，运用通用有限元软件MARC建立三维有限元模型、进行非线性地震反应分析。分析结果表明，桩土参与作用对上部结构地震反应有较大影响，上部结构相对于地基刚度越大，共同作用效果越明显。     

Development of a numerical model to predict heat exchange rates for a ground-source heat pump system

Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can achieve a higher coefficient of performance than conventional air-source heat pump (ASHP) systems. For the design of a GSHP system, it is necessary to accurately predict the heat extraction and injection rates of the heat exchanger. Many models that combine ground heat conduction and heat exchangers have been proposed to predict heat extraction/injection rates from/into the ground in the research field of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. However, most analysis models are inaccurate in their predictions for long periods because they are based on a thermal conduction model using a cylindrical coordinate model or an equivalent diameter model. In this paper, a numerical model that combines a heat transport model with ground water flow and a heat exchanger model with an exact shape is developed. Furthermore, a method for estimating soil properties based on ground investigations is proposed. Comparison between experimental results and numerical analysis based on the model developed above was conducted under the conditions of an experiment from 2004. The analytical results agreed well with the experimental results. Finally, the proposed model was used to predict the heat exchange rate for an actual office building in Japan.     

连拱隧道裂缝运动的监测与分析

连拱隧道在修建以及运营过程中出现裂缝,会导致衬砌出现渗漏水,破坏结构的完整性、影响结构的耐久性,极端不利情况下甚至可能导致结构整体崩溃,危及隧道施工及运营的安全。开展裂缝运动特征的基础研究,进行大量现场监测并总结规律是可行的方法。典型连拱隧道30个裂缝测点的监测结果表明裂缝运动存在时效特征,先增后减的裂缝运动是一般规律,跳跃性突变及匀速单调发展的裂缝运动不是裂缝正常的运动范畴,必然是施工扰动或其他相关因素导致裂缝运动出现异常所致。裂缝的运动既有张开又有鼓出,通过多点张开及鼓出的联合测量,能够更好地了解裂缝运动的多点时空特征,可用于判定裂缝测点布置的代表性问题。双连拱隧道的施工工序远较分离式隧道复杂,通过裂缝运动的监测,可以了解隧道结构整体受力的健康情况,进而指导隧道的施工及防灾。     

隔震结构等代体系的力学模型

主要介绍了隔震结构等代体系力学模型的建立过程，方法是先从一般单自由度剪切结构体系的力学模型出发。再在其上附加隔震结构体系的条件，最后导出隔震结构等代体系的力学模型，并对其验证得出了较有意义的结论。     

光纤传感器隧道模型在本科教学中的应用分析

主要介绍了一种应用于本科教学中的光纤传感隧道模型,并通过该模型的制作过程,讨论了一种加快更新本科教学实验设备的教学模式,实践证明该模型拓宽了学生的知识面,可以引导学生向国际先进领域发展。     

Numerical analysis to better understand the mechanism of the effects of ground supports and reinforcements on the stability of tunnels using the distinct element method

In order to understand the mechanism of the effects of ground supports and reinforcements on tunnel stability, numerical simulations are conducted using the distinct element method. Four cases of simulations are carried out in this paper for tunnels excavated in a sandy ground to investigate the effects of (1) dowels and a lining on a single tunnel, (2) dowels and a lining on two parallel tunnels, (3) forepoling and face bolts on a single tunnel face, and (4) forepoling and face bolts on two tunnels which face each other. It is found that the use of ground supports causes a discontinuous ground to behave as a continuous one. In addition, it is revealed that supports help to form ground arches in the sandy ground. Detailed discussions are given considering the stress paths and the stress distributions.     

Fuzzy genetic programming method for analysis of ground movements due to underground mining

The prediction of ground surface movements is an important problem in rock and soil mechanics in the excavation activities especially the coal and metal mining. Based on results of the statistical analysis of a large amount of measured data in underground excavation engineering, the fuzzy genetic programming method (FGPM) of ground surface movements is given by using the theory of fuzzy probability measures and genetic programming (GP). And genetic programming approach is proposed to determine the parameter of ground surface movements due to underground mining of coal in this paper. Genetic programming is trained by used practical mining induced surface movement data. The agreement of the theoretical results with the field measurements shows that the FGPM is satisfactory and the formulae obtained are valid and thus can be effectively used for predicting the ground surface movements due to underground mining, especially the mining of coal and metal.     

预应力束等效分析模型探讨

在对预应力束对楼盖结构作用本质进行深入分析的基础上，运用虚功等效原理，提出了考虑预应力束有效预应力不均匀变化、可适用于异形楼盖的预应力束等效分析模型。实践证明，该等效分析模型应用于实际结构分析是正确可行的。     

盾构法隧道统一土体移动模型的建立

首次提出土质软硬决定了盾构隧道周围土体的移动方向,移动焦点在隧道中心点与隧道底部位置之间变动。采用两圆相切的土体损失模型,通过引入移动焦点的坐标参数,建立了统一的土体移动模型,该模型能将Park模型与Loganathan模型包括在内。假定土体不排水,利用源汇法推导了由土体损失引起的盾构隧道轴线上方地面最大沉降量Smax的通用计算公式和上、下限解。理论分析表明:无论土质如何变化,土体损失引起的Smax值总在上、下限解范围内。理论解与27例工程实测值和Peck解进行了比较,结果表明:21例实测值在上、下限解范围内,6例实测值超出该范围,但与上、下限解非常接近,超出量小于10%;Peck公式计算得到的Smax值也都在上、下限解范围内,仅有1例略微偏大,从而验证了本文方法的正确性。本文方法也适用于顶管法施工。     

Seismic response of low-rise steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) buildings incorporating nonlinear soil-structure interaction (SSI)

Nonlinear behavior at the soil-foundation interface due to mobilization of the ultimate capacity and the associated energy dissipation, particularly in an intense earthquake event, may be utilized to reduce the force and ductility demands of a structure, provided that the potential consequences such as excessive settlement are tackled carefully. This study focuses on modeling this nonlinear soil-structure interaction behavior through a beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler-foundation (BNWF) approach. The results are compared with those from fixed-base and elastic-base models. It is observed that the force and displacement demands are reduced significantly when the foundation nonlinearity is accounted for. Moreover, the foundation compliance is also found to have a significant effect on the structural response.     

巨型钢管混凝土框架结构柱模型等效简化理论分析

为了克服目前巨型框架结构分析过程中,节点和单元数过于庞大、构造复杂、耗时较长等不利因素,通过将巨型框架结构体系中应用较多的钢管混凝土柱、支撑简化为具有等效轴向刚度EA、等效弯曲刚度EI及等效剪切刚度GS的等效实腹柱和支撑的方法,简化建模难度,节约机时,实现变参数分析的目的。推导了等效简化的过程和方法,并就某一巨型钢管混凝土框架结构体系柱进行了验算,结果表明,等效简化效果明显。     

Evaluating the effect of soil structure on the ground response during shield tunnelling in Shanghai soft clay

When evaluating tunnel-induced ground response in Shanghai soft clay, the soil structure and its degradation behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay during shield tunnelling should be properly considered. In this paper, a constitutive model that considers the initial soil structure and its destructuration is formulated within the framework of critical-state soil mechanics. The model is successfully calibrated and used to simulate the undrained behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay. Based on the proposed model, finite-element analyses are conducted to simulate the short- and long-term ground responses induced by tunnelling at Shanghai metro line 2. The comparisons between numerical results and field measurements reported in literature indicate that the soil structure and the tunnel-induced destructuration significantly affects the magnitude and shape of the short-term surface settlement trough and horizontal displacement in Shanghai soft clay. The pore pressure variations around the tunnel are also affected by soil structure, which will significantly influence the long-term ground consolidation settlement in Shanghai soft clay.     

探地雷达在油竹山隧道施工超前地质预报中的应用

以贵广高速铁路中的油竹山隧道超前地质预报探测工作为例,将探地雷达预报成果与超前地质钻孔成果进行对比,显示了预报结果的准确性,指出探地雷达作为一种快速高效、高分辨率的无损探测技术,在隧道超前地质预报中得到了广泛应用。