纳滤对水中有机微污染的去除效果与应用

本文综述了纳滤技术对水中微量的天然有机物、有毒有害有机物(农药和三致物质)、挥发性有机物、可生物降解溶解有机物与可同化有机物等的去除效果、影响因素及应用．指出纳滤作为一种先进的分离技术应用于有机微污染的去除具有明显的优势,可广泛应用于安全优质饮用水的生产中。     

pH值对强化混凝去除水中微量有机物的影响

通过烧杯试验,分别以聚合氯化铝（PAC）和FeCl3为混凝剂研究了pH值对水中有机物去除的影响。研究结果表明：PAC的最佳投加量为8mg／L,此时有机物和浊度的去除率分别为51．8％和93．6％：FeCl3的最佳投加量为50mg／L,此时有机物和浊度的去除率分别为57．8％和95．0％。有机物去除的最佳pH值范围为5．5～6．5,浊度去除的最佳pH值范围为7～8：相对于原水而言,调节pH值能够使有机物的去除率提高10％左右,因此调节pH值是一种经济有效的去除水中有机物的强化混凝方法。     

水中天然有机物的分析方法综述

天然有机物广泛存在于水体和饮用水处理、污水处理系统中,并对水质安全带来许多负面影响。因此,有必要采用现代分析手段,对水中的天然有机物的(特别是溶解性的有机物)进行结构和性质分析。本文对水中天然有机物的组分以及表征手段进行了综述,分析了几种典型表征技术的优缺点。     

沸石滤池的净水作用

本项研究是采川一种最简单的工艺方法，即用经活化后的天然沸石吸附剂代替传统砂滤池中的砂滤料，使滤池除具有过滤去除水中浊度的作用，同时还可去除水中有毒的重金属离子和部分溶解性的有机物。利用沸石的过滤吸附作用与石英砂进行对比试验。结果表明：粒径为0．8～1．2mm的天然沸石对水中浊度、有机物、     

水中半挥发性有机物分析方法研究进展

文章介绍了水中半挥发性有机物分析方法的研究进展,对水中半挥发性有机物样品的预处理方法和检测技术进行了比较,提出并解决了检测中存在的问题。     

凝聚处理对水中有机物的去除

一、引言天然水中有机物的主要成份是腐植酸类物质。当对原水进行加氯处理时,水中有机物可能被氯化生成三氯甲烷等有机氯化物,这些物质对人体健康是非常有害的,有的甚至是高度致癌的。在火力发电厂水汽系统中,水中有机物的危害问题引起了人们愈来愈大的关注。水中有机物会引起离子交     

185nmUV降解水中4-CP、4-NP和RhB的研究

本文以对氯苯酚（4-cP）、对硝基苯酚（4-NP）和罗丹明B（RhB）为模型有机物（以4-CP和4-NP为小分子模型有机物，以RhB为大分子模型有机物），分别研究了185nmUV对水中这3种模型有机物的降解规律、性能和效果．研究结果表明，185nmUV直接对水中4-CP、4-NP和RhB有很好的降解效果．研究内容包括：185nmUV降解模型有机物的浓度、TOC（Totalorganic carbon）浓度、185nmUV降解模型有机物过程中溶液pH及电导率变化、以及降解模型有机物过程中产生的无机离子等几个方面．     

饮用水处理中常用预氧化剂的种类及特点

传统净水工艺主要处理水中悬浮物、胶体、大颗粒物质,对于溶解性有机物去除十分有限,由于饮用水标准的不断提高,对溶解性有机物的去除成为传统工艺提标改造的主要内容,预氧化技术是提高水源水中溶解性有机物去除率的有效技术手段之一,本文介绍了水处理工艺中常用的预氧化剂种类、优缺点及其适用的水质。     

汽提净化水中酸碱性有机物分析

本文采用加碱蒸馏和加酸蒸馏分别富集了净化水中的酸性有机物和碱性有机物。通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对酸碱性有机物进行定性分析。结果发现,净化水中的酸性有机物全部为酚类化合物,其中苯酚和单取代甲基苯酚的相对含量分别为58.6%和37.1%;碱性有机物中苯胺相对含量为24.2%,其它含氮杂环化合物和脂肪胺的相对含量为75.7%。同时,本实验对加酸蒸馏的馏出水和原水样的COD总量分析,发现净化水中31.2%有机物为碱性有机物。通过各物质的亨利常数实验值可以判断,在汽提过程中,原料酸性水中的二取代甲基苯酚、吡啶以及单取代甲基苯胺随气相进入到侧线抽氨的三级分凝器中,而苯酚、单取代甲基苯酚和苯胺则集中在净化水中。     

高锰酸盐复合药剂强化常规水处理工艺

采用高锰酸盐复合药刑预氧化技术进行强化常规处理工艺的生产性实验研究,结果表明,投加1．5～2.0mg／L的高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化,沉后水中藻类平均去除率提高23％,臭味降低1～2个等级,出厂水中有机物浓度和余氯消耗速度明显降低。     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

煤的基本化工过程与污染特征分析

通过回顾性叙述煤干馏、煤制焦、煤制气、煤制油等方面的煤化工过程基本原理,分析了煤化工过程的产品方向,从煤的性质、工艺要求和技术特点介绍了煤化工过程产生污染物的原因。从煤制焦、煤制气两个方面重点分析了“三废”的来源及其成分,其中,废气来自化学转化过程中未完全炭化的细煤粉及其析出的挥发分、焦油气、飞灰和泄漏的粗煤气、出焦时灼热的焦炭与空气接触生成的CO、CO₂、NO₂等,废水包括除尘废水、剩余氨水、酚氰废水、脱硫废液、煤气水封水等,废渣包括粉尘、煤尘、酸焦油、焦油渣、剩余污泥等。煤化工过程的气相污染物主要包括碳氧化物、硫氧化物、氨气、挥发酚、苯、苯并芘、CO、CH₄、小分子烃类化合物等,液相污染物除了含有氨氮、氰化物、硫氰化物、硫化物、苯类、酚类及油分外,还含有大量苯并芘、萘等的多环芳烃和吡啶、咔唑、联苯、三联苯等的杂环芳烃化合物。煤化工污染表现为分布面广、组分复杂、高浓度、多相介质共存、环境风险大的特征,而煤化工废水则表现为高浓度/盐分、高污染(组分多)、有毒难降解、富氮缺磷的典型特征。文中指出煤化工过程与污染特征之间的关系的阐明需要科技工作者加深对煤的基本性质、转化过程原理、分离纯化原理、产品应用原理的全面认识,与此对应的技术与策略应当立足于对行业的资源-产品-经济-环境-社会作用链深度理解和有效的系统集成基础上,从规模、产品、技术、管理、市场、人才等方面加强战略设计与逻辑创新的构建。     

《日用樟脑》行业标准的研制及应用

根据市场需求研究制定了林业行业标准《日用樟脑》。该标准主要规定了日用樟脑的外观、性状、嗅味感、要求、试验方法、功能添加剂、形状、大小、包装、标识、贮存、运输、卫生和管理,适用于以合成樟脑或者天然樟脑为基本原料制得的各种不同形状的日用樟脑制品。研究建立了以气相色谱分析为主的相应检测和分析试验方法,确定了含量、密度等主要技术参数及取值范围。同时还研究了日用樟脑中相关掺假制假物质的分析检验方法。     

中低温煤焦油蒸馏过程中金属元素的迁移规律

以中低温煤焦油轻油和重油为实验原料,采用常压蒸馏获得170~200℃、200~240℃、240~270℃、270~300℃、300~320℃、320~340℃、340~360℃和360~390℃煤焦油馏分油;利用配有油品加氧制冷进样系统的ICP-OES测定了21种微量元素在馏分油中的含量,考察了不同馏分油中元素的分布情况。研究表明：在原煤焦油中,未发现Ag、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量较高的元素有Sn、P、Al、Pb、Si,其中Sn元素在轻油和重油中的含量分别为11.78μg/g和14.04μg/g;在所有馏分油中,未发现Al、Mo、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量比较高的元素有Si、Sn、Na、Zn、Pb,特别是Si、Na、Sn、Zn、Ni、Pb及B元素可以有效富集于馏分油中。可能的原因是Ca、Fe、Mg、Al等金属以不同的盐类形态存在,在煤焦油脱水及<170℃蒸馏过程中,这些金属盐类会被部分带出,导致其在馏分油中的含量未富集或未检出;通过关联金属元素在馏分油中的分布与其组成的关系,馏分油中元素的分布可能与酚类化合物、杂环化合物和蒸馏温度等相关。酚类化合物及杂环化合物可能与Ag、B、Cu、Mo、Sn、Na、Zn、Ca、Pb等金属形成络合物或卟啉配合物,蒸馏温度一方面可以破坏Sn、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca、Pb等元素在馏分油中的结合力,另一方面也可以促进这些元素与馏分油中的含氧、含氮等化合物更好地发生化合反应,进而影响金属元素在馏分油中的含量分布。     

Structure controlling and process scale-up in the fabrication of nanomaterials

Nanotechnology is already having a significant commercial impact, and will very certainly have a much greater impact in the future. The research on process engineering and scale-up will be very important for the commercial production and application of nanomaterials, because the properties and structure of nanomaterials are not only determined by the nucleation and growth process, but also strongly affected by the engineering properties, such as the mixing, the heat and mass transfer, and also the distribution of temperature, concentration, etc. This paper will present some research work in our laboratory on the fabrication of nanomaterials. Based on the chemical engineering principle and methods, many kinds of novel nanomaterials can be synthesized and their structure can be easily controlled through adjusting the parameters of the fluid mixing, and the distribution of temperature, residence time and concentration, etc. By using the micro-mixing, heat and mass transfer and reaction control methods, the host-guest nanocomposites have been assembled and assumed as the novel electroanalytical sensing nanobiocomposite materials. Based on the principles of chemical engineering, the manufacturing technologies for magnetic powders, calcium carbonate, and titanium dioxide have been developed for commercial-scale production, and the largest production scale has reached 15 kt/year.     

BP-AMOCO工艺氧化单元催化剂和促进剂消耗模型

提出一种采用BP AMOCO工艺的氧化单元钴、锰催化剂和溴促进剂的消耗模型。模型首先对氧化单元配料系统进行分析,建立氧化单元钴锰溴的消耗与配料混合罐出口流股的流量、钴锰溴的浓度,以及氧化单元循环母液的流量、钴锰溴浓度的关联模型;然后再对氧化单元钴锰溴循环系统进行机理和统计分析,建立氧化单元母液的流量、钴锰溴的浓度与配料混合罐出口流股的流量、钴锰溴的浓度的关联模型;最终建立可以根据配料混合罐出口流股钴锰溴浓度和母液循环率,计算氧化单元钴锰溴消耗的模型,从而为操作参数优化提供基础。     

美国炼油业的发展动向对我国的启示

美国是世界第一大炼油国，本文分析了当前美国炼油业发展现状，指出美国炼油能力主要集中在五大区域，其中PADD3区的墨西哥湾不仅是美国也是世界最大炼油中心。2013年以来，美国炼油厂开工率一直维持在90%左右，毛利始终保持世界第一。伴随原油质量的变化和油品质量的不断升级，催化裂化、催化重整占比有所下降，加氢能力显著提高，装置结构持续优化。同时，文章总结最新发展动向，主要表现：一是得益于页岩油气革命的成功，美国原油产量、油品产量及出口量持续增长，2017年原油对外依存度降至42.07%，油品净出口量43.8万桶/日。二是为了提高行业及企业的竞争力，进一步加快落后产能淘汰及兼并重组步伐，持续推进国际化；三是更加注重整体区域化和基地化发展，特别是拥有资源、物流、市场优势的PADD3区和PADD2区；四是不断创新与升级催化裂化、加氢裂化与处理、烷基化等传统炼油技术，加大分子炼油、原油直接生产化工品、智能化炼油厂等前沿性技术的研发。本文分析认为，鉴于美国炼油业的地位和发展新态势，今后我国炼油业要实现高质量发展，应在保障国家石油安全的基础上，在国家政策的积极引导下，持续推进供给侧结构性改革，促进基地化、区域化、一体化发展，推进国际化进程，高度重视安全环保与质量升级，不断加强科技创新、苦练内功，实现炼油强国的“中国梦”。     

Properties of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) films for drug‐controlled release

With bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug, drug‐loaded films of chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were obtained by a casting/solvent evaporation method and crosslinked by tripolyphosphate (TPP). The films were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The influential factors of drug‐loaded films on drug‐controlled release were studied. These factors included, primarily, the component ratio of CS and PVA, the loaded amount of BSA, the pH and ionic strength of the release solution, and the crosslinking time with TPP. The results showed that within 25 h, when the weight ratios of CS to PVA in the drug‐loaded films were 90 : 10, 70 : 30, 50 : 50, and 30 : 50, the cumulative release rates of BSA were 63.3, 72.9, 81.8, and 91.8%, respectively; when the amounts of model drug were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g, the release rates were 100, 81.8, and 59.6%, respectively; when the pH values of the drug release medium were 1.0, 3.8, 5.4, and 7.4, the release rates reached 100, 100, 37.9, and 7.8%, respectively; the cumulative release rates of BSA were 78.4, 82.3, 84.3, and 91.7% when the ionic strengths of the release solution were, respectively, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4M; when the crosslinking times of these drug films in the TPP solution were 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, the release rates attained 100, 100, 81.8, 65, and 43.3%, respectively. All the results indicated that the CS/PVA film was useful in drug delivery systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 808–813, 2005     

高浓度二氧化碳入侵对土壤理化性质的影响

在地质储存CO_2(GCS)泄漏对生态环境的影响中,土壤作为生态系统中物质与能量交换的主要介质,其理化性质的变化研究尤为重要。采用人工模拟CO_2泄漏地表的方式,并分析土壤pH值、总有机碳、氮、磷、钾、水溶性盐浓度的变化及地表植物响应。结果表明:CO_2入侵使土壤总有机碳相比于对照增加了1.56%~43.75%,总氮下降了0.88%~13.25%,氨氮与硝氮也同比下降,磷、钾、水溶性盐总体也是减少的,但土壤pH值有所上升,且各植物长势均较好,尤其是豌豆与萝卜的生长较好。结论:高浓度CO_2入侵会对土壤理化性质产生一定影响,而且对植物的生长有促进作用。     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China

Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5 vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely within the coal bed. The vitrinite content varies from as low as 1.6-20.5% (mineral-free basis), and it is dominated by collodetrinite, collotelinite, and corpogelinite. The maceral composition may be attributed to the type of the peat-forming plant communities. Moreover, the Luquan coals are characterized by high contents of volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the high values of the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio as a result of the maceral composition. As compared with the common Chinese coals and the upper continental crust, the Luquan coals are enriched in Li, B, Cu, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U, with averages of 99.9, 250, 111, 24.4, 4.55, 130, 58.8, 1276, 162, 3.85, and 34.1 μg/g, respectively. The SEM-EDX results show that V, Cr, Ga, and Rb occur mainly in clay minerals, and Cu and Pb are associated with clay minerals and pyrite, and Mo and U are mainly in clay minerals and organic matter. Barite and clay minerals are the main carrier of barium. The high B and U contents are probably resulted from deep seawater influence during coal formation.