虎杖白藜芦醇提取工艺的初步研究

以虎杖白藜芦醇提取率为考察指标，进行提取方法的筛选，并采用正交试验考察溶剂种类、溶剂浓度、pH值、浸提时间4个因素的影响，研究虎杖白藜芦醇粗品提取工艺的优化条件。选出的最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度20℃，料液比(g：mL)为1：10，pH值为8，80％乙醇提取24h。提取工艺采用恒温搅拌提取方法为宜。     

纤维素酶-微波提取虎杖中白藜芦醇的工艺

采用纤维素酶-微波联合提取虎杖中的白藜芦醇。利用正交试验分别优化白藜芦醇的酶法提取工艺和微波提取工艺。酶法辅助提取白藜芦醇的适宜提取条件为：酶解温度为50℃、pH值为5.0、纤维素酶与虎杖粗粉质量配比为1∶500、酶解时间为90 min,比传统乙醇提取法提取收率提高2倍;微波辅助醇提白藜芦醇的适宜提取条件为：以体积分数为80%的乙醇溶液为提取剂,料液质量比为1∶20,在510 W功率下微波1.0 min,比传统乙醇提取法提取收率提高近3倍;利用酶微波结合提取白藜芦醇,酶解30 min,510 W功率下微波10 s,提取收率提高3倍,缩短了提取时间,降低了生产成本。纤维素酶酶解后进行微波处理的工艺路线可有效提取虎杖中白藜芦醇。     

碱提取法从虎杖中分离白藜芦醇的研究

对虎杖中的白藜芦醇采用碱性水溶液提取、调节溶液pH沉降的方法加以分离。考察了原料粒度、碱的种类、用量、酸的用量等因素对白藜芦醇提取的影响,确立了白藜芦醇碱提酸沉的最佳提取条件:提取溶剂用氢氧化钠调节pH值为10,恒速、均匀搅拌下,加热煮沸1h,滤液用1mol/L的盐酸调pH值为3,放置沉淀,真空过滤或离心分离。结果表明碱提酸沉分离方法优于传统的有机溶剂提取法。     

碱提取法从虎杖中分离白藜芦醇的研究

对虎杖中的白藜芦醇采用碱性水溶液提取、调节溶液pH沉降的方法加以分离。考察了原料粒度、碱的种类、用量、酸的用量等因素对白藜芦醇提取的影响，确立了白藜芦醇碱提酸沉的最佳提取条件：提取溶剂用氢氧化钠调节pH值为10，恒速、均匀搅拌下，加热煮沸1h，滤液用1mol／L的盐酸调pH值为3，放置沉淀，真空过滤或离心分离。结果表明碱提酸沉分离方法优于传统的有机溶剂提取法。     

酶解辅助法提取虎杖中白藜芦醇的研究

采用酶解辅助法提取虎杖中的有效成分白藜芦醇,考察酶用量、提取温度、提取液pH、提取时间、固液比和提取次数对白藜芦醇提取率的影响。结果表明,白藜芦醇提取最佳工艺条件为:酶用量0.50%,提取温度45℃,提取液pH=6.5,提取时间5.0 h,固液比1/22 g/mL,提取次数2次。在此条件下,虎杖中白藜芦醇的提取率可达75.66%,纯度3.80%。     

酶解法提取虎杖中白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇苷、大黄素

用纤维素酶对虎杖进行了酶解,提高了虎杖中白藜芦醇的提取率,同时提取出白藜芦醇苷和大黄素。通过单因素实验考察了酶解温度、pH、酶解时间、酶用量对目标物提取率的影响,得出较佳的酶解工艺条件为:酶用量2mg/g虎杖,pH=3.0,在40℃酶解1h。酶解后用m(虎杖):m[φ(乙醇)=60%]=1:20,50℃提取2h。w(白藜芦醇)=1.50%,w(白藜芦醇苷)=0.38%,w(大黄素)=0.78%。酶解法较直接提取法更有利于虎杖中有效成分白藜芦醇、大黄素的提取。     

低毒白藜芦醇脂质体的制备及其抗氧化活性研究

采用低毒的乙醇为溶剂,通过薄膜法制备低毒白藜芦醇脂质体,考察胆固醇与白藜芦醇质量比、胆固醇与卵磷脂质量比、PBS缓冲溶液的pH值,结合包封率、试剂用量和脂质体稳定性,确定白藜芦醇脂质体的最佳制备条件为:胆固醇∶卵磷脂=1∶3,胆固醇∶白藜芦醇=2∶1,PBS的pH值为7.4,白藜芦醇的包封率为84%。采用邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法测定脂质体的抗氧化活性,结果表明该脂质体清除自由基的能力高于白藜芦醇。     

从虎杖中提取白藜芦醇的工艺研究

采用溶剂从虎杖中提取白藜芦醇,用紫外分光光度法测定含量。研究了不同溶剂、温度、料液比等各种因素对提取率的影响。结果表明,较优的提取条件为:60%乙醇为提取剂,提取温度为50℃,料液比1∶40,提取时间2.5 h,一次提取率达2.38%。按此工艺提取,粗品中白藜芦醇含量高。     

酶法提取草莓中白藜芦醇及其抗氧化性研究

以草莓为原料,乙醇为提取剂,采用纤维素酶法,对草莓中白藜芦醇的最佳提取工艺条件以及草莓白藜芦醇的抗氧化性进行了研究。采用单因素实验,考察了提取剂浓度、pH值、酶添加量、料液比对草莓中白藜芦醇的提取量的影响,同时采用正交试验对白藜芦醇的提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明：草莓白藜芦醇提取的最佳工艺为提取剂浓度60%,pH值=5,酶添加量25 mg,料液比1∶40 (g/mL),提取量最高为5.23 mg/g。草莓白藜芦醇对DPPH自由基和·OH自由基清除活性较强,最高清除率分别为77.1%和70.2%,极具开发潜力。     

乙醇提取虎杖中的白藜芦醇

以虎杖中白藜芦醇的提取率为评价指标,研究提取剂浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比等因素对白藜芦醇提取效果的影响。采用正交实验法,通过紫外分光光度计测定提取液中白藜芦醇的吸光值以计算其提取率,研究虎杖白藜芦醇的最佳提取分离工艺。研究结果表明：乙醇为提取剂的最佳提取工艺是固液料比1∶15、用80%乙醇浓度作为提取剂、提取温度...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。