Biosynthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in organic solvents and study of its antioxygenic and antimicrobial properties

Ascorbyl benzoate was synthesized through lipase-catalyzed esterification in organic media, and its properties studied. A series of organic solvents with a log P from −1.30 to 2.50 were investigated, in which cylcohexanone (log P = 0.96) was found to be the most suitable. The optimum reaction conditions in cylcohexanone were pH 6.0, a_w 0.33, a substrate concentration form 0.06 M to 0.1 M, 65 °C, and above 150 rpm speeds of shaking. Experimental results also demonstrated that benzoic acid was not an ideal substrate of lipase, which led to low conversion rates, but its limitation could be overcome by excess l-ascorbic acid. Schaal oven test illustrated that the antioxidant activity of ascorbyl benzoate was comparable to that of ascorbyl palmitate, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) data showed that its antimicrobial activity was weaker than that of benzoic acid.     

有机溶剂对PVA/PEDOT:PSS导电纤维性能和结构的影响

采用湿纺工艺成功制备了聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT:PSS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)导电纤维,选用不同有机溶剂如乙二醇(EG)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、丙酮对导电纤维进行掺杂,以改善其性能。探究掺杂溶剂对PVA/PEDOT:PSS导电纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明,掺杂EG的导电纤维表现出良好的导电性,电阻率由4.7×107Ω·cm下降到3.2×105Ω·cm;拉伸强度升高到(34.0±0.5)MPa,断裂伸长率升高至25.9%;表面沟槽和凹陷数量减少,较为光滑。     

有机溶剂和原料中水分含量对酯交换反应的影响

以碳酸钾为催化剂,催化大豆油与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油.选择对酯交换反应影响较大的5个因素,通过正交试验优化出最佳反应条件.在最佳反应条件下考察了正己烷、三氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、石油醚和无水乙醚5种不同有机溶剂,以及原料油中不同水分含量对酯交换反应的影响.结果表明:正己烷是最佳的反应溶剂;随着原料油中水分含量的增加,反应转化率急剧下降.对生物柴油理化性能测试表明,自制生物柴油的主要理化性能指标基本上接近美国生物柴油标准(ASTM 6751 -03a).     

Extraction of capsaicinoids from chillies (Capsicum frutescens L.) and paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) using supercritical fluids and organic solvents

 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with subsequent HPLC analysis was performed in order to determine the amount of capsaicinoids in paprika and chillie powder samples. The extraction yields obtained by SFE were compared to those obtained by organic solvent extraction and were found to be comparable or slightly lower. The advantages of SFE are shorter extraction times, less sample preparation needed prior to HPLC analysis and fewer interfering peaks in the chromatograms. In addition, the SFE method developed (extraction temperature=80 ^°C, density= 0.75 g/ml, modifier=20 μl water) was shown to be suitable for analysis of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin) that are present over a wide range of concentrations (10–1400 μg/g) in the samples. Received: 12 July 1996/Revised version: 26 August 1996     

有机溶剂对液体活性染料分散和水解稳定性影响的模拟研究

为探究液体活性染料体系中有机溶剂对活性染料储存稳定性的影响机制,基于分子动力学模拟,考察了4种有机溶剂对高浓度C.I.活性蓝176聚集以及水解稳定性的影响,并进行实验验证.结果表明:不同有机溶剂对活性染料分散及水解效果影响的差异,与有机溶剂在染料分子聚集有效区域以及染料水解基团周围的分布有关,二者间相互作用的强弱决定了...     

热处理对肉类蛋白特性及有害物质产生的影响研究进展

肉类是人类获取重要蛋白质的主要来源,而热处理是肉类食用前不可或缺的加工环节。在热处理过程中,一系列的生化反应基本从改变肉蛋白质的特性开始,不同的热处理技术在赋予肉类显著风味的同时也会引起蛋白质特性发生显著改变。在三维结构上,热处理后肉类蛋白可以变性并形成聚集体。在分子水平上,热处理改变了蛋白质的一级结构,影响了包括蛋白质羰基化、芳香残基的修饰和美拉德反应产物的形成。此外,热处理还会引起大量有害物的形成。因此,探究热处理后肉类蛋白特性及有害物产生是确定肉类加工机制和更好控制其产品营养和功能特性的关键。本文系统综述了肉类在经过不同热处理后的蛋白特性(变性、聚集和氧化)以及有害物质(杂环胺和多环芳烃)生成和减控的策略,以期为肉类加工企业、中央厨房以及家庭饮食中获得安全、健康的高质量肉类提供实用指南和理论基础。     

Thermoactivity and effects of organic solvents on digestive lipase from hepatopancreas of the green crab

Unlike classical digestive lipases, the crab digestive lipase (CDL) displayed its maximal activity at a high temperature. The CDL activity’s optimal temperature, when using emulsified or monomolecular film as substrate, was 60 °C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an animal digestive lipase having such an optimal temperature. The maximum activity of CDL appeared at pH 8. Lipase activity was compatible with the presence of organic solvents, except for butanol. Furthermore, the hydrolysis was found to be specifically dependent on the presence of Ca²⁺ ions, since no significant CDL activity was detected in the presence of ion chelators such as EDTA. Nevertheless, the CDL does not require Ca²⁺ to trigger the hydrolysis of tributyrin emulsion. Interestingly, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions acted as strong inhibitors of CDL activity when using tributyrin as substrate. Lipase stability in the presence of organic solvents, as well as at high temperatures, makes it a good candidate for application in non-aqueous catalysis.     

Effect of protein denaturation degree on texture and water state of cooked meat

We prepared cooked meat with varied denaturation degrees that were predicted based on 3D finite element heat transfer analysis and reaction kinetics. Using a meat sample with a clear denaturation distribution, we performed stress-relaxation measurements to obtain the elastic modulus and identified the state of water in the meat by using proton magnetic resonance imaging (¹H MRI) for quantification of a transverse relaxation time (T₂). Even after the complete denaturation of myosin, the elastic modulus did not exceed 14 kPa, which is not large compared with 6 kPa for unheated meat. However, when actin denaturation was initiated, the elastic modulus dramatically increased while the T₂ value at the meat surface remarkably decreased. The difference in the state of water between the surface and the core reflected the uneven denaturation distribution in the meat caused by heating. When actin denaturation was complete, the elastic modulus reached 60 kPa, which was the equilibrium value, and T₂ decreased and its distribution became more flat.     

Effects of baking on protein digestibility of organic spelt products determined by two in vitro digestion methods

Consumption of organic foods is steadily increasing because it is believed to be healthier than conventional foods. This study was designed to investigate protein digestibility of organic spelt bread, biscuit, cookie and muffin in comparison to their corresponding normal wheat products. Three types of fermented bread products namely, yeast leavened, sour and yeast/sour dough were evaluated. Protein digestibility was assessed based on two methods, three-enzyme one-step and two-enzyme two-step digestion in vitro. The one-step digestion method produced results that were comparable with in vivo (rat) methods whereas the two-step digestion method was more reliable in determining differences among the examined wheat products. Organic spelt used in the present study was comparable to common wheat in protein content averaging 15.4 g/100 g dry matter. Slight differences were observed between organic spelt and common wheat products in protein digestibility determined by the two digestion methods. However, significant differences were found among each wheat products. In general, after baking protein digestion was significantly increased. Spelt and common wheat bread products had similar protein digestibility within each type of bread with sour dough breads had the highest protein digestibility. Biscuit, cookie and muffin products possessed lower protein digestibility than breads. In general, variations in protein digestibility due to baking were more noticeable than that found between the two wheats.     

Effect of high pressure treatment on aggregation and structural properties of soy protein isolate

The aggregation and structural properties of soy protein isolate (SPI), induced by high pressure (HP) treatment at 200-600 MPa were investigated by size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser scattering (SEC-MALLS) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. HP treatment at lower pressure level (e.g., 200 MPa) resulted in formation of marked insoluble aggregate of SPI, while the treatment at higher pressure level (e.g., 600 MPa) led to transformation of insoluble aggregate to soluble one. The soluble aggregate formed at 400 or 600 MPa had much less mean molecular weight (MW) (about 5.2 × 10⁶ g/mol) than that at 200 MPa (about 1.6 × 10⁷ g/mol), and was also much more homogenous in MW distribution. FTIR analyses confirmed changes in secondary and tertiary structures, induced by HP treatment. These results can provide direct evidence or explanation for HP-induced modification of soy proteins.     

Retarding effects of organic acids,hydrocolloids and microwave treatment on the discoloration of green tea fresh noodles

Superfine green tea powder (SGTP) was premixed with organic acids (ascorbic acid, citric acid) and hydrocolloids (sodium alginate, curdlan), and then mixed with microwave-treated wheat flour to produce green tea fresh noodles (GTFN). Darken-retardant effects of organic acids, hydrocolloids and microwave treatments on GTFN were evaluated, as well as pH, polyphenol oxidase activity, sensory and microstructure characteristics. The results revealed that organic acids exhibited a suppressive effect on discoloration, among which citric acid (CA) displayed more efficient influence with lower pH. After adding hydrocolloids and microwave treatments, retardant effects exhibited more significant (P < 0.05). Specifically, employing citric acid 0.6 g/100 g, sodium alginate 0.2 g/100 g, and 800 W microwave (MW) 50 s would contribute to lower darkening index ΔE^* (24 h, 25 °C) at 3.88 ± 0.314, 4.94 ± 0.297, 2.78 ± 0.212, respectively. Furthermore, the combined effect of the above process restrained discoloring rate considerably (ΔE^* = 1.92 ± 0.101), also provided pleasant sensory characteristics. The confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) images demonstrated the microstructure of the noodle was strengthened compared with blank GTFN, and sodium alginate could serve as a binding agent to parcel SGTP and starch granules.     

Synergistic effects of pH,temperature and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein

This study investigated the effects of pH treatment, heat treatment, pH-synergistic heat treatment and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein (RP). The results showed that all treatment methods could improve the functional properties of RP. Heat treatment improved functional properties by generating aggregates after RP unfolds, and pH treatment improved those by causing RP to hydrolyse and aggregate. Compared to RP, the solubility, emulsification activity (EA), emulsification stability (ES), foaming activity (FA), surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of pH-synergistic heat treatment of RP (S-RP) were increased by 11.47, 3.12, 3.45, 2.27, 3.36 and 2.12 times, respectively. Glycosylation mainly improved the functional properties of RP by introducing hydrophilic groups. Compared to those of S-RP, solubility, EA, ES, FA, surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of RP–dextran conjugates (RPDCs) were increased by 2.03, 1.25, 1.97, 1.05, 1.64 and 1.48 times, respectively. Therefore, compared to glycosylated chemical modification, heat treatment and pH treatment had a weak improvement in the functional properties of RP. The comparison of pH-treated RP (pH-RP) and RP–dextran mixtures (RPDMs) showed that in the absence of heat treatment, carbonyl ammonia condensation almost did not occur.     

The effects of probiotic cultures on the organic acid content,texture profile and sensory attributes of Tulum cheese

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on the organic acid, texture profile and sensory attributes of Tulum cheese. The acidity of sample increased throughout the storage. Storage time influenced the organic acid content of samples (P < 0.0001). Lightness decreased while redness increased (P < 0.05). Cohesiveness decreased during storage, whereas the values of all other Texture Profile Analyses (TPA) parameters increased. The samples produced with L. acidophilus had the highest texture and acceptability ratings, whereas samples produced with B. animalis subsp. lactis had the highest flavour score.     

Combined effect of ultrasound and organic acids to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh lettuce

This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of individual treatments (ultrasound and organic acids) and their combination on reducing foodborne pathogens on organic fresh lettuce. Lettuce leaves were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and treated with ultrasound (40 kHz) alone, organic acids (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0% — malic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid) alone and combined with ultrasound and organic acids for 5 min. For all 3 pathogens, the combined treatment of ultrasound and organic acids resulted in additional 0.8 to 1.0 log reduction compared to individual treatments, without causing significant quality change (color and texture) on lettuce during 7 day storage. The maximum reductions of E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes were 2.75, 3.18, and 2.87 log CFU/g observed after combined treatment with ultrasound and 2% organic acid for 5 min, respectively. Our results suggest that the combined treatment of ultrasound with organic acids was effective at increasing pathogen reduction compared to individual treatments without significantly affecting quality, and demonstrates its potential as a novel method to increase the microbial safety on organic fresh lettuce.     

Kinetics of protein physicochemical changes induced by heating in meat using mimetic models: (1) Relative effects of heat and oxidants

Optimizing the nutritional quality of cooked meat needs a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for protein changes induced by heating. The relative contributions of chemical and thermal effects on protein physicochemical changes were studied using meat models. Two models were tested: a basic model made of an aqueous suspension of myofibrillar proteins, and a complex model, in which oxidants were added in physiological concentrations. Various heating time–temperature combinations were applied to both models in the ranges 45–90 °C and 5–120 min. Protein oxidation was evaluated by carbonyl and free thiol contents. Conformational changes of proteins were assessed by measurements of surface hydrophobicity and aggregation. Carbonyl formation was weakly affected by the thermal process alone but exacerbated by oxidants. A synergistic effect of oxidants and heat treatments on protein oxidation was noted. Changes in protein hydrophobicity and aggregation were dominated by the thermal process.     

Ester synthesis reaction with CALB displaying yeast whole cell biocatalyst: Effect of organic solvent and initial water content

The effect of the reaction conditions on the ester synthesis reaction with CALB displaying yeast whole cells was determined. Utilization of hydrophobic organic solvent improved the efficiency of the ester synthesis reaction. Also the initial water content was important for the expression of the ester synthesis activity of CALB displaying yeast whole cells.     

河南烟区土壤有机碳组分特征及其对烟叶化学成分的影响

为了明确河南典型烟区土壤有机碳库组分特征及其对烟叶化学成分含量(质量分数)的影响,采集分析了河南许昌、平顶山、洛阳和三门峡4个典型植烟区的土壤和烟叶样品.结果表明:①河南产区土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量分布范围在3.72～13.80、0.26～0.74、...     

Inhibitory effects of sweet potato leaves on nitric oxide production and protein nitration

The inhibitory effects of a water extract of sweet potato leaves (WSPL) on nitric oxide (NO) production and protein tyrosine residue nitration were investigated. The results showed that WSPL inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. In the range of 0–1.0 mg/ml, the inhibitory effect on NO generation in macrophages increased with increasing concentration of WSPL. Meanwhile, the protein tyrosine residue nitration in mouse heart homogenates was inhibited by 1 mg/ml WSPL. In addition, WSPL, in the range of 0–0.4 mg/ml, also exhibited radical scavenging, reducing and chelating activities and protected liposomes against oxidative damage. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that phenolic acids and flavonols such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin were present in the WSPL, which could contribute to the protective effect against oxidative damage. Thus, WSPL might be useful in preventing protein nitration and oxidative stress.     

Probiotic Cheddar cheese: Influence of ripening temperatures on survival of probiotic microorganisms, cheese composition and organic acid profiles

Bifidobacterium longum 1941, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LAFTI^®B94 (B94), Lactobacillus casei 279, Lb. casei LAFTI^®L26 (L26), Lactobacillus acidophilus 4962 or Lb. acidophilus LAFTI^®L10 (L10) were used as an adjunct in the production of Cheddar cheeses which were ripened for 24 wk at 4 and 8 °C. Effects of ripening temperatures on survival of starter lactococci and probiotic microorganisms, pH and composition of cheeses and production of organic acids were examined. The counts of starter lactococci in cheeses produced with B. animalis B94, Lb. casei L26 or Lb. acidophilus 4962 ripened at 8 °C were significantly lower than those ripened at 4 °C (P < 0.05) at 24 wk. Probiotic microorganisms remained viable (>7.50 log₁₀ CFU/g) at the end of 24 wk and their viability was not affected by the ripening temperatures. There were significant effects of the type of probiotic microorganisms used, ripening time, ripening temperatures and their interactions on the concentration of lactic and acetic acids in the cheeses (P < 0.05). The acetic acid concentration in cheeses made with Bifidobacterium sp. or Lb. casei sp. was significantly higher than that of the control cheese (P < 0.05). Citric, propionic and succinic acids contents of the cheeses were not significantly affected by the type of probiotic microorganisms or ripening temperatures (P > 0.05).