Fragment size distributions from the dynamic fragmentation of brittle solids

Experimental and theoretical size distributions resulting from dynamic fragmentation are briefly surveyed. The power-law character unique to brittle solids is contrasted to fragment distributions of other materials. The catastrophic fracture of competent brittle solids is shown to have close parallels to hydrodynamic turbulence in fluids. Ideas that emerge from the physical similarities suggest methods for extending an earlier energy-based theory of dynamic fragmentation. Features of this theory are compared with limited fragmentation data for brittle solids.     

Impact resistance and fragmentation behaviour of glassceramics

Impact tests were carried out on five glassceramics tiles. The ballistic resistance was evaluated by the depth of penetration of the projectile into the backing. The fragmentation behaviour of the glassceramics showed that the glassceramics compared with with alumina and displayed some advantages over it.     

Predicting the fragmentation onset velocity for different metallic projectiles using numerical simulations

For cubes and spheres under high velocity impact there exists for each system of projectile and target, a threshold velocity that is just sufficient to shatter the projectile. This velocity, usually above 2km/s for metallic projectiles, is known as the fragmentation onset velocity. To determine the fragmentation onset velocity experimentally, a number of experiments in which the impact velocity of the projectile is varied in a controlled manner needs to be conducted [1]. In the work described in this paper, the numerical analysis code AUTODYN was used to simulate the impact of stainless steel and tantalum projectiles onto transparent targets in an attempt to simulate the onset of fragmentation. Using the meshfree SPH method for discretizing the spatial domain of the projectile and a simple failure model that allows the critical spall stress of the material to vary with the local material and loading conditions, encouraging results were obtained, with the fragmentation onset velocity for both projectile/target configurations being reasonably well predicted. In addition, further experiments conducted at TNO-PML, to determine the fragmentation onset velocity for tungsten projectiles, will be reported.     

Optical properties of soda-lime float glass from spectroscopic ellipsometry

Optical properties of soda-lime glass manufactured by the float process were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and intensity transmission measurements. Thickness and optical properties of surface layers on the air and tin sides were determined with ellipsometry. The tin side surface layer shows a graded refractive index with a non-linear profile. Intensity transmission data were used to quantify absorption in the bulk glass. Transmission-mode generalized ellipsometry characterized residual birefringence in the bulk glass. Birefringence effects on ellipsometric delta data were corrected using a simple empirical offset with 1/wavelength dependence. A general optical model for soda-lime glass is presented which can be used for subsequent analysis of coated soda-lime glass and other transparent substrates.     

PAFRAG modeling of explosive fragmentation munitions performance

A technique for predicting performance of explosive fragmentation munitions presented in this work is based on integrating three-dimensional axisymmetric hydrocode analyses with analyses from a newly developed fragmentation computer code PAFRAG. The validation of the PAFRAG code fragmentation model was accomplished using the existing munition arena test data. After having established the crucial parameters of the model, a new explosive fragmentation munition was designed and optimized. Upon fabrication of the developed munition, the performance of the new charge was tested in a series of small-scale experiments including the flash radiography, the high-speed photography, and the sawdust fragment recovery. Considering relative simplicity of the model, the accuracy of the PAFRAG code predictions is rather remarkable.     

Investigation of impact fracture behavior of automobile laminated glass by 3D discrete element method

A three-dimensional discrete element model of laminated glass plane is presented and a 3D numerical analysis code, which can simulate the impact fracture behavior of automobile laminated glass, is developed. The impact process of a single glass plane and a laminated glass plane are calculated in the elastic range by the code. Comparing its results with those calculated by the commercial FEM code LS-DYNA in the same condition, the validity of the 3D laminated glass model and the 3D discrete element method are proved. Furthermore, the impact fracture process of a single glass plane and a laminated glass plane are simulated respectively. The entire failure processes in detail are presented. By comparing the impact force and reduction of kinetic energy of impact body between those two models, the numerical method is applied to demonstrate the advantage of laminated glass in passenger’s safety.     

Spontaneous failure of a passable laminated glass floor element

It is well-known that thermally toughened safety glass is subjected to a certain risk of spontaneous failure due to nickel sulphide particles included in the material. However, the present contribution focuses on a very uncommon case in which two out of three glass layers of a thermally toughened laminated slab of a passable floor element failed spontaneously.After initial on-site observations, witness interviews and reconstruction of the exact circumstances of the failure, no direct external cause such as hard or soft body impact, and local heating could be found. Consequently, the laminated glass slab was further investigated in the laboratory. During the laboratory analysis, several techniques have been used, such as crack pattern analysis, optical microscopy, and FEG scanning electron microscopy.As a result of the failure analysis, a nickel sulphide particle could be clearly detected. Based on striking similarities, a.o. in the crack pattern, breakage of the underlying glass layer of the laminate could be attributed to nickel sulphide as well.A method to assess the probability of failure of a double NiS failure is proposed. In spite of the design philosophy followed by the designer, in which the probability of this failure mode was not considered to be significant, this failure and risk analysis demonstrated clearly its importance for building practice.     

On the numerical evaluation of the anvil force for accurate dynamic stress intensity factor determination

To evaluate precisely the dynamic fracture toughness of a brittle material in the tests with short time-to-fracture, both tup and anvil forces have to be known. Unfortunately, the anvil force is rarely registered by the standard impact testing equipment. The method for numerical evaluation of the support reactions by using registered tup force and the calculated specimen modal parameters is proposed. It assumes that the contact between the specimen and the supports can be described by the quasi-static Hertz’s theory. Both linearized and nonlinear relations for the specimen-support contact compliance are considered. The efficiency of the method has been verified by processing the results of two three-point-bend impact tests reported by Böhme and Kalthoff. The influence of the various calculation parameters (number of eigenmodes taken into account, time step size) and the specimen geometry (length of the specimen overhangs) on the accuracy of determination of the anvil force and dynamic stress intensity factor variation with time is investigated.     

真空平板玻璃封接性能研究

针对真空平板玻璃封接温度较低和玻璃与封接焊料要具有相匹配热膨胀系数的特点,实验选定PbO-TiO2-SiO2-RxOy系封接焊料,采用真空熔接法侧边封接真空平板玻璃,利用EBSD、EDS、XRD方法分析了真空平板玻璃封接层的显微组织结构与物相组成,研究了封接层与玻璃界面处结合性与稳定性,并对真空平板玻璃封边进行了剪切强度与气密性实验,测定了真空平板玻璃封边处的剪切性能与气密性能,探讨了真空平板玻璃的封接机制。结果表明,封接层与玻璃之间的界面清晰,结合紧密,封接效果良好,封接层分为厚度在7~9μm的界面反应润湿层与厚度在180~190μm的熔融层两个部分,界面处出现了元素迁移,并在界面反应润湿层生成了少量的PbTiO3。封接层无明显裂纹,存在少量不连通的气孔,但不影响其气密性能,封边气密性达到1.0×10-9 Pa·m3/s。     

On the comparison of the ballistic performance of 10% zirconia toughened alumina and 95% alumina ceramic target

Ballistic performance of different type of ceramic materials subjected to high velocity impact was investigated in many theoretical, experimental and numerical studies. In this study, a comparison of ballistic performance of 95% alumina ceramic and 10% zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic tiles was analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Spherical cavity model based on the concepts of mechanics of compressible porous media of Galanov was used to analyze the relation of target resistance and static mechanical properties. Experimental studies were carried out on the ballistic performance of above two types of ceramic tiles based on the depth of penetration (DOP) method, when subjected to normal impact of tungsten long rod projectiles. Typical damaged targets were presented. The residual depth of penetration on after-effect target was measured in all experiments, and the ballistic efficiency factor of above two types ceramic plates were determined. Both theoretical and experimental results show that the improvement on ballistic resistance was clearly observed by increasing fracture toughness in ZTA ceramics.     

精炼钢与非精炼钢对冲击功的影响

针对精炼与非精炼船钢低温冲击值的差异，分析了两种钢的化学成分、夹杂物和显微组织等对冲击值的影响。结果表明，钢的精炼可以增加钢的耐冲击能力，使钢的冲击韧性大大提高，满足实际使用要求。     

Detection of fibre fracture and ply fragmentation in thin-ply UD carbon/glass hybrid laminates using acoustic emission

This paper investigates the link between acoustic emission (AE) events and the corresponding damage modes in thin-ply UD carbon/glass hybrid laminates under tensile loading. A novel configuration was investigated which has not previously been studied by AE, where the laminates were fabricated by embedding thin carbon plies between standard thickness translucent glass plies to produce progressive fragmentation of the carbon layer and delamination of the carbon/glass interface. A criterion based on amplitude and energy of the AE event values was established to identify the fragmentation failure mode. Since the glass layer was translucent, it was possible to quantitatively correlate the observed fragmentation during the tests and the AE events with high amplitude and energy values. This new method can be used as a simple and advanced tool to identify fibre fracture as well as estimate the number and sequence of damage events that are not visible e.g. in hybrid laminates with thick or non-transparent layers as well as when the damage is too small to be visually detected.     

Impact identification on a sandwich plate from wave propagation responses

This study investigates the use of an impact detection algorithm to locate a potentially damaging impact on an orthotropic plate by detecting the stress waves generated by such an event. The proposed algorithm was tested experimentally on a sandwich plate by using ultrasonic signals. The arrival times of stress waves at different frequencies at the sensor locations were determined by analyzing the recorded signals using the wavelet transforms. The stress wave propagation phenomenon was characterized by measuring the propagation speeds along different directions. This data along with the sensor co-ordinates were input into the impact detection algorithm, which uses the difference in time of flight to the sensors and trigonometric identities to locate impact source locations. The accuracy of the method was demonstrated by the close agreement observed between the estimated locations for the three impact locations studied with the actual locations of the impact loads applied. In particular, maximum error in the estimation of the co-ordinates of the impact location was less than 9% for all different types of loading considered.     

以钙云母为主相的可切削微晶玻璃的显微结构和性能

研究根据提高云母层结合强度的构想,研制以钙云母为主相可切削微晶玻璃,以钙云母和氧化锆为主相的微晶玻璃,具有棒状,长径比大,相互交错的晶粒,强度184MPa,断裂韧性2.17MPa.m^1/2,比目前临床用VITA提高了一倍,切削性能优良,材料的断裂和加工断口主要是云母层间的解理断裂和准解理断裂,故切削面光滑,易于保证加工的精度。同时说明提高云母层间结合强度是此类材料增强的本质所在。     

长余辉光致发光玻璃的制备及其性能研究

利用陶瓷制备方法合成了ＳｒＡｌ２Ｏ４：Ｅｕ,Ｄｙ长余辉发光粉体,该磷光体主发射波长位于５２０ｎｍ,余辉时间长达８ｈ以上,并以硼硅酸盐低熔点玻璃为底材,掺杂该发光粉体,在一定温度下烧成,制得长余辉发光玻璃。     

Failure analysis of the Columbia space shuttle glass windshields

The silica glass windshields failed under brittle fracture conditions during the devastating destruction of the Columbia space shuttle. Macroscopic analysis and the use of a stereomicroscope on two fragments of the windows showed that each had one critical crack origin. The crack tips could be traced by the Wallner lines making up the mirror zones along the fracture surfaces of the samples. Particle impact zones along the fracture surfaces of the specimens implied that the windshields failed during breakup and were bombarded with debris during re-entry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to identify the preexisting coatings found on the front and rear faces of the samples.     

金属玻璃基复合材料的制备及断裂韧性测试

采用铜模吸铸法制备了（Zr0.55Al0.1Ni0.05Cu0.30）100-xTix（x=0、2、4、6、8）板状哑铃型金属玻璃基复合材料试样。用X射线衍射（XRD）、岛津AG-10TA万能材料力学试验机和JSM-6700F场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对试样的组织结构以及断裂韧性进行了测试。结果表明,当x=0、2、4时,试样为非晶-晶体复合材料,当x=6、8时,试样为晶体材料。表明通过调整Ti的含量可以制备出金属玻璃基复合材料。采用三点弯曲法测定了复合材料的断裂韧性,当x=0、2、4时,试样的断裂韧性KIC值分别为10.529、5.142和3.446MPa.m1/2。     

The effect of microstructure on hardness and toughness of low carbon welded steel using inert gas welding

The heat affected zone (HAZ), has a great influence on the properties of welded joints since it can alter the microstructure and residual stresses. In this paper, the effect of welding parameters and heat input on the HAZ and grain growth has been investigated. The role of grain size on hardness and toughness of low carbon steel has also been studied.     

Prediction of crack paths in a quenched glass plate by using peridynamic theory

The peridynamic theory is employed to predict crack growth patterns in quenched glass plates previously considered for an experimental investigation. The plates containing single and multiple pre-existing initial cracks are simulated to investigate the effects of peridynamic and experimental parameters on the crack paths. The critical stretch value in the peridynamic theory and the gap size between the heat reservoirs are determined to be the most significant parameters. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations published in the literature.