Rayleigh散射研究部分相容聚苯乙烯／顺丁橡胶合金相结构

用光散射在线采集与分析方法完成了熔融混炼过程中非相容高分子共混物的形态结构分析。选择了聚苯乙烯／顺丁橡胶合金体系；使用了小角前向光散射和小角背散射(在线)技术，用Debye-Bueche光散射理论的结构参数如相关距离ac、平均弦长l、旋转半径Rg和积分不变量Q表征了共混物中分散相尺度和均匀性，讨论了合金体系的相容性。用扫描电子显微镜测定了共混物中分散相尺寸，并与光散射的结果进行了比较。ac、l和Rg的变化规律与显微镜的结果是一致的。用积分不变量Q研究了共混物的均匀性。     

Rayleigh散射研究非相容聚苯乙烯／顺丁橡胶合金相结构

用光散射在线采集与分析方法完成了熔融混炼过程中非相容高分子共混物的形态结构分析。选择了聚苯乙烯／顺丁橡胶合金体系。使用了小角前向光散射和小角背散射（在线）技术，用Debye-Bueche光散射理论的结构参数如相关蹁ac、平均弦长l、平均旋转半径Rg和积分不变量Q表征了共混物中分散相尺度和均匀性。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测定了共混物中分散相尺寸，并与光散射的结果进行了比较。ac,l和Rg的变化规律与显微镜的结果是一致的。用积分不变量Q研究了共混物的均匀性。     

相态结构对PS/PETG合金发泡行为的影响

制备了聚苯乙烯(PS)/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯–1,4–环己二甲醇酯(PETG)合金体系,以超临界二氧化碳为物理发泡剂,采用间歇法制备了PS和PS/PETG合金发泡试样。通过旋转流变仪对PS和PS/PETG合金的流变性能进行测试,并用扫描电子显微镜对PS/PETG合金微观形貌和泡孔形貌进行表征,探讨了相态结构对PS/PETG合金发泡行为的影响。结果表明,在PS/PETG合金体系中,PETG为分散相,PS为基体相;在PS与PS/PETG合金发泡过程中,由于PS/PETG合金相界面处成核能垒低,利于泡孔成核,PS/PETG泡沫试样较PS泡沫试样泡孔密度大,泡孔尺寸小且均一。     

拉曼Mapping成像研究聚苯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共混体系的相态结构

利用拉曼光谱成像技术研究了聚苯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PS/PMMA）共混薄膜体系及其增容体系（增容剂为PS-b-PMMA嵌段共聚物）的相态结构及化学成分分布。实验结果表明,拉曼Mapping成像技术不仅可以得到PS/PMMA共混体系化学成分的精确分布图,同时也可以获取共混体系中分散相、界面相和连续相的分子指纹光谱。研究发现,共混体系中分散相和连续相组分分布与体系的组成紧密相关,当PS/PMMA质量比30/70时,分散相为PS,连续相为PMMA;当PS/PMMA质量比为50/50时,分散相为PS,但PS分子链仍存在于PMMA连续相中;当PS/PMMA质量比为70/30时,分散相为PMMA,连续相为PS。当增容剂PS-b-PMMA加入到PS/PMMA共混体系中后,分散相粒径减小、分布更加均匀、共混体系相容性指数（N_c）增大,说明PS/PMMA共混体系由完全不相容体系趋向变成半相容性体系,这是因为增容剂能增加PS和PMMA之间的相互作用,降低了体系的相分离程度,改善了共混体系的相容性。     

PP/PS形态与性能的研究

主要研究了将苯乙烯-乙烯/丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、沙林(Surlyn)和聚丙烯与苯乙烯接枝共聚物(PP-g-PS)作为相容剂对聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯(PP/PS)流动性能、力学性能和微观形态的影响。结果发现:PP-g-PS使PP/PS合金分散相尺寸变小,分布变窄,相界面模糊消失,相容性得到有效改善;同时SEBS显著提高PP/PS合金的冲击强度,但其拉伸强度有所下降;Surlyn使PP/PS合金力学性能有所下降,不能起到增容效果。     

聚环氧酯的合成及其对PC/ABS相容性的影响

以双酚A环氧树脂和己二酸合成了聚己二酸环氧酯,将环氧酯作为相容剂加入到PC/ABS中通过双螺杆挤出机并注射成型制备了合金,与马来酸酐接枝聚苯乙烯（SMA）相容剂增容的合金的力学性能及分散形态进行了对比。结果表明,聚环氧酯对PC相具有良好的相容性,而SMA对ABS相的相容性较好,二者复合使用可以显著改善合金的相容性;聚环氧酯能明显提高PC/ABS合金的拉伸强度和缺口冲击强度,但过量加入会降低合金的冲击强度;SEM结果表明少量的聚环氧酯即可以使ABS分散相分布均匀,与SMA并用可以使分散相尺寸减小,提高相容性。     

官能化接枝共聚物增容PA6/PS共混物的研究

将苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯（GMA）通过乳液聚合接枝到聚丁二烯(PB)上,形成核壳结构接枝共聚物PB-g-PS和官能化接枝共聚物PB-g-(St-GMA),并考察了其对聚酰胺6/聚苯乙烯(PA6/PS)共混物相容性的影响。对共混物的流变性能、动态力学性能和形态结构进行了分析,结果表明,引入1 %官能化单体GMA后,共混物的平衡扭矩增加,PA6与PS两相的玻璃化转变温度差值变小,分散相尺寸明显减小,PB-g-(St-GMA)可以改善PA6/PS共混物的相容性。继续增加PB-g-(St-GMA)中GMA含量时,共混物相容性下降。     

SEP对PP/PS合金形态和力学性能的影响

研究了苯乙烯-乙烯／丙烯二嵌段共聚物(SEP)对聚丙烯／聚苯乙烯(PP／PS)合金的形态和力学性能的影响。结果表明：SEP在PP／PS合金中作为相容剂，降低了分散相的聚结，减小了分散相的平均粒径，大大改变了合金的形态，提高了合金的力学性能，对m(PP)：m(PS)为20：80的PP／PS合金的增容作用较为显著。     

影响HDPE/PS/PMMA三元体系核壳形态的因素

通过密炼得到高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)三元体系核壳结构。用扫描电镜(SEM)考察了组分配比、增容剂氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯弹性体(SEBS)和退火对体系核壳形态的影响。结果表明,组分用量最大的HDPE总是形成基体相,而PS形成壳,PMMA形成核;核壳粒子的尺寸和内部结构随组分用量而变化,随着分散相用量(PS+PMMA)增加,核壳粒子间碰撞融合机会增多,因此核壳粒子尺寸变大,同时核壳粒子由一核一壳逐渐转变为多核一壳结构;而随着核壳粒子中PS用量增加,PMMA核的尺寸显著减小;增容剂SEBS的加入,抑制了共混中核壳粒子间的融合,导致核和壳的尺寸减小;200℃下退火处理使分散相向体系自由能更小的一核一壳结构转变。     

聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯共混物超临界流体微孔发泡的研究

共混改性是改善聚丙烯(PP)发泡性能的一种有效方法.文章以PP/聚苯乙烯(PS)共混体系为研究对象,采用自制的高压釜装置进行发泡,并用扫描电镜观察发泡样品的泡孔结构.通过比较泡孔形态、泡孔密度和泡孔直径等,分析了PP/PS共混物组份比对泡孔结构的影响.结果显示:在PP中加入PS可以改善泡孔结构;随着PS含量的增加,泡孔平均直径逐渐增大,泡孔密度逐渐减小;PS分散相分布较均匀时,更有利于产生均匀分布的泡孔结构.     

The study of polystyrene blends: The relationship of phases and structure in blends of polystyrene with ethylene–propylene diene monomer rubber and its grafted copolymer

Pressed films of blends of polystyrene (PS) with ethylene–propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) or grafted copolymer of styrene (St) onto EPDM (EPDM-g-St) rubber were examined by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Small-angle X-ray scattering from the relation of phase was analyzed using Porod's Law and led to value of interface layer on blends. The thickness of interface layer (σ_b) had a maximum value at 50/50 (PS–EPDM-g-St) on blends. The radius of gyration of dispersed phase (domain) and correlation distances a_c in blends of PS–EPDM-g-St were calculated using the data of SAXS. The morphology and structure of blends were investigated by SEM. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 805–810, 1998     

Phase behavior and morphology in blends of poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(butylene succinate)

Blends of poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were prepared with various compositions by a melt‐mixing method and the phase behavior, miscibility, and morphology were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, small‐angle X‐ray scattering techniques, and polarized optical microscopy. The blend system exhibited a single glass transition over the entire composition range and its temperature decreased with an increasing weight fraction of the PBS component, but this depression was not significantly large. The DSC thermograms showed two distinct melting peaks over the entire composition range, indicating that these materials was classified as semicrystalline/semicrystalline blends. A depression of the equilibrium melting point of the PLA component was observed and the interaction parameter between PLA and PBS showed a negative value of ?0.15, which was derived using the Flory–Huggins equation. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering revealed that, in the blend system, the PBS component was expelled out of the interlamellar regions of PLA, which led to a significant decrease of a long‐period, amorphous layer thickness of PLA. For more than a 40% PBS content, significant crystallization‐induced phase separation was observed by polarized optical microscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 647–655, 2002     

Blends of polypropylene with poly(cis-butadiene) rubber. I. Phase structure and morphology of blends

Pressed films of blends of polypropylene with poly(cis-butadiene) rubbers (PcBR) or grafted copolymer of ethyl acrylate (EA) onto PcBR (PcBR-g-EA) was examined by IR spectra, small angle X-ray scattering, small angle laser scatering (SALS), and scanning election microscopy (SEM). The problem of isomerization on PcBR (or PP/PcBR) is discussed by melt mixing (at a temperature of 180°C) using IR. X-ray scatering from the relation of phase was analyzed using Porod's law and led to the values of the interface layer of the blends. With increasing content of rubber, the interface layer thickness (σ_b) had a maximum value at 60/40 (PP/PcBR-g-EA) for the blends. The invariant (Q) was calculated and the relation of Q with σ_b was calculated using Debye-Buech statistical theory, and the average chord length (l) was obtained by Porod's definition of blends. The morphology and structure of the blends were investigated by SEM. The phase separation of the blends was found by SALS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2265–2272, 1997     

Compatibilization of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer in polypropylene/polystyrene blends by analysis of phase morphology

Effect of compatibilization of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymer in polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends was studied by means of small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to SAXS, a certain amount of SBS was located at the interface in all the analyzed samples, forming the relatively thicker interface layer penetrating into homopolymers, and the thickness of the interface layer was quantified in terms of Porod light scattering theory. The incorporation of SBS into PP/PS blends resulted in a decrease in domain size following an emulsification curve as well as an uniform size distribution, and consequently, a fine dispersion of PP domains in the PS matrix. This effect was more pronounced when the concentration of SBS was higher. A critical concentration of SBS of 15% above which the interface layer approaches to saturation and domain size attains a steady‐state was observed. Further, the morphology fluctuation of unetched fracture surface of umcompatibilized and compatibilized blends was analyzed using an integral constant Q based on Debye‐Bueche light scattering theories. Variation of Q as a function of the concentration of SBS showed that, due to the penetrating interface layer, adhesion between phases was improved, making it possible for applied stress to transfer between phases and leading to more uniform stress distribution when blends were broken; accordingly, a more complicated morphology fluctuation of fracture surface appeared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:365–370, 2007     

The monolayer behavior and transfer characteristics of phospholipids at the air/water interface

The monolayer behavior of phospholipids at the air/water interface and their transfer characteristics on the: solid substrates have been investigated with a constant-perimeter type Langmuir trough. From the surface pressure-area (Π-A) isotherm, evaluated were the cross-sectional area of an oriented molecule, phase transition, and the miscibility of mixed monolayers. The monolayer state depends on the chain length and its mobility, and by adding proper salts, the monolayers were stabilized. The miscibility of mixed monolayers was also discussed with collapse pressure and excess area. The monolayers of all lipids were transferred into only one layer on hydrophobic substrates, and up to two layers on hydrophobic substrates. The multilayer formation of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (I)PPA) was significantly affected by the subphase pH and the addition of multivalent salts. As a transfer promoter. DPPA or octadecylamine (ODA) was used as a component in a mixture with lipid materials, and their mixed monolayers resulted in good transfer characteristics. The transferred mass and film thickness of DPPA, determined by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and by an ellipsometry respectively, were proportional to the number of transfer. The lattice spacing of DPPA was 20.3 Å per layer by ellipsometry, and 22.78 Å per layer by X-ray diffraction. These indicated that the transferred multilayers had well-defined layered structures of Y-type.     

Effects of chain conformation on miscibility, morphology, and mechanical properties of solution blended substituted polyphenylene and polyphenylsulfone

The effects of polymer conformation and degree of substitution on miscibility, morphology and mechanical properties of solution blended systems containing polyphenylsulfone and copolymers of phenylketone substituted p-phenylene with m-phenylene were studied. Static and dynamic light scattering studies were performed to obtain the z-average root mean square radius of gyration, second virial coefficient, weight average molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius. Solution blends of polyphenylsulfone with phenylene copolymers yielded free standing films. Blend miscibility was assessed by glass transition behavior, morphology was analyzed using atomic force microscopy and mechanical properties were measured using nanoindentation. Copolymer composition determined miscibility. Miscible blends exhibited homogeneous morphologies while immiscible blends displayed unique, heterogeneous morphologies. Polymer conformation in solution, rather than enthalpic contributions, was the primary determinant of miscibility. Successful reinforcement was achieved in blended systems.     

单晶硅上电沉积Cu/Co纳米多层膜及其巨磁电阻效应

采用双脉冲控电位技术在单晶硅上沉积了一系列Cu/Co纳米多层膜,调制波长从200nm到5nm不等.用扫描电镜及X射线衍射对多层膜的调制结构进行了表征.采用四探针法测试多层膜的巨磁电阻（GMR）效应,研究了GMR与调制波长（λ）、铜的子层厚度（δ_Cu）的关系：λ较大时,没有观察到明显的GMR效应;λ＜30nm时,GMR效应随λ减小而增大;而λ＜8nm时,GMR值随铜层厚度的变化周期性振荡.     

Phase behavior, morphology and interfacial structure in thermoset/thermoplastic elastomer blends of poly(propylene glycol)-type epoxy resin and polystyrene–b-polybutadiene

Thermoset/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)-type epoxy resin (ER) and a diblock copolymer, polystyrene–b-polybutadiene (SB, with 30% styrene content), were prepared using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as curing agent. The miscibility and thermal transition behavior of DDM-cured ER/SB blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The existence of three separate glass transitions, which are independent of the blend composition, indicates that SB is immiscible with DDM-cured ER. Neither the PS block nor the PB block exhibits miscibility with the cured ER. There exist three phases in the blends: a PS microphase, an ER-rich phase and a PB microphase. The phase structure and morphology of the ER/SB blends were studied using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM); a variety of morphologies were observed, depending on the blend composition. For the blends with 5 and 10 wt% SB, SB domains with irregular shapes and broadly distributed sizes are dispersed in a continuous cured ER matrix. For the blends with 20–60 wt% SB, interpenetrating bicontinuous phase structures are observed. For the blends with 70 wt% and more SB, a dispersion of cured ER particles in the SB matrix is obtained. The TEM observation showed that the two phases in the blends exhibit a good interfacial adhesion. The interfacial layer between the ER and SB phases varies from 100 to 300 nm for the blend with 20 wt% SB content, SB micelles are formed surrounding the SB domains in the ER matrix. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that the SB diblock polymer still exhibits a lamellar microphase structure within the SB phase and the long spacing of lamellae nearly does not change in the blends. The SB diblock copolymer is microphase separated in the macroscopically phase separated ER/SB blends.     

PA66/POE/POE-g-MAH的分散相形态与力学性能研究

以(乙烯/辛烯)共聚物(POE)和马来酸酐接枝POE(POE-g-MAH)并用,制备了尼龙(PA)66/POE/POE-g-MAH合金,研究了POE-g-MAH用量对合金形态结构、力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着POE-g-MAH含量的增加,PA66/POE/POE-g-MAH合金的形态结构得到明显改善,弹性体分散相粒径细化且分布均匀,冲击强度显著提高;分散相粒径越小,粒径分布越均匀,POE-g-MAH较好增韧PA66的粒径范围是0.1～0.3μm;弹性体含量一定时,合金的缺口冲击强度随弹性体的细化而增大,但拉伸屈服强度和拉伸弹性模量不受影响.     

电沉积组分调制合金的技术进展及工艺设计

组分调制合金的多层膜结构中由于存在薄膜效应,界面效应,耦合效应和周期性效应而使特性增强或产生出新颖的特性,利用电化学方法可制造结构可控的组分调制合金新材料,综述了电沉积组分调制的技术进展,并分析了电解液组分,pH值,温度,搅拌速率,脉冲电位和时间等电 沉积工艺参数对多层膜组分,结构和调制波长的影响。