Contribution of water and cooked rice to an estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal, India

Arsenic contamination of rice plants by arsenic-polluted irrigation groundwater could result in high arsenic concentrations in cooked rice. The main objective of the study was to estimate the total and inorganic arsenic intakes in a rural population of West Bengal, India, through both drinking water and cooked rice. Simulated cooking of rice with different levels of arsenic species in the cooking water was carried out. The presence of arsenic in the cooking water was provided by four arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonate or dimethylarsinate) and at three total arsenic concentrations (50, 250 or 500 µg l^-1). The results show that the arsenic concentration in cooked rice is always higher than that in raw rice and range from 227 to 1642 µg kg^-1. The cooking process did not change the arsenic speciation in rice. Cooked rice contributed a mean of 41% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. The daily inorganic arsenic intakes for water plus rice were 229, 1024 and 2000 µg day^-1 for initial arsenic concentrations in the cooking water of 50, 250 and 500 µg arsenic l^-1, respectively, compared with the tolerable daily intake which is 150 µg day^-1.     

Contribution of water and cooked rice to an estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal,India

Arsenic contamination of rice plants by arsenic-polluted irrigation groundwater could result in high arsenic concentrations in cooked rice. The main objective of the study was to estimate the total and inorganic arsenic intakes in a rural population of West Bengal, India, through both drinking water and cooked rice. Simulated cooking of rice with different levels of arsenic species in the cooking water was carried out. The presence of arsenic in the cooking water was provided by four arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonate or dimethylarsinate) and at three total arsenic concentrations (50,?250 or 500?µg?l^?1). The results show that the arsenic concentration in cooked rice is always higher than that in raw rice and range from 227 to 1642?µg?kg^?1. The cooking process did not change the arsenic speciation in rice. Cooked rice contributed a mean of 41% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. The daily inorganic arsenic intakes for water plus rice were 229, 1024 and 2000?µg?day^?1 for initial arsenic concentrations in the cooking water of 50, 250 and 500?µg?arsenic?l^?1, respectively, compared with the tolerable daily intake which is 150?µg?day^?1.     

Effect of cooking method and rice type on arsenic concentration in cooked rice and the estimation of arsenic dietary intake in a rural village in West Bengal,India

Arsenic (As) contamination of rice plants can result in high total As concentrations (t-As) in cooked rice, especially if As-contaminated water is used for cooking. This study examines two variables: (1) the cooking method (water volume and inclusion of a washing step); and (2) the rice type (atab and boiled). Cooking water and raw atab and boiled rice contained 40 μg As l^?1 and 185 and 315 μg As kg^?1, respectively. In general, all cooking methods increased t-As from the levels in raw rice; however, raw boiled rice decreased its t-As by 12.7% when cooked by the traditional method, but increased by 15.9% or 23.5% when cooked by the intermediate or contemporary methods, respectively. Based on the best possible scenario (the traditional cooking method leading to the lowest level of contamination, and the atab rice type with the lowest As content), t-As daily intake was estimated to be 328 μg, which was twice the tolerable daily intake of 150 μg.     

山东、河北及湖南产区芝麻中铅、镉、砷的 污染状况及评价

目的探究山东、河北、湖南3省芝麻中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)的污染状况,为芝麻的安全生产提供科学依据。方法选取山东、河北、湖南3省的代表性种植区域的芝麻籽粒作为样品,测定其中的Pb、Cd、As含量,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法对芝麻样品中的Pb、Cd、As进行污染评价。结果山东和湖南2省个别采样地块的芝麻样品中,Cd为中度污染和重度污染水平,河北省是综合污染指数最低的区域。各采样区域内芝麻中的Pb含量、山东和河北2省芝麻中的Cd、As含量均属中等变异程度;湖南省所产芝麻中的Cd、As含量均属强变异程度,且湖南省所产芝麻中的Cd超标率最高;各采样区域内,芝麻籽粒的Cd超标率高于Pb和As的超标率。结论在各采样区域内,Pb、Cd、As的单项污染指数和综合污染指数评价均为未受污染,Cd为综合污染的主要贡献因子,As的污染指数最低,Cd的污染指数最高。     

芝麻酱、花生酱酸值和过氧化值测定中的油脂提取方法

为解决现有芝麻酱和花生酱酸值、过氧化值测定中油脂提取方法存在的提取时间长、效率低等问题,通过在样品中加入丙酮水溶液,使蛋白质发生变性、絮凝,从而破坏芝麻酱、花生酱稳定的溶胶体系,使体系快速分层,油脂快速游离出来,从而快速高效地提取油脂。具体方法：按料液比1∶1向芝麻酱、花生酱样品中加入丙酮水(体积比1∶1)溶液,搅拌混匀后加入3倍样品体积的石油醚,振摇提取,静置约30 min分层,将上层有机相经无水硫酸钠过滤,于40℃脱除溶剂,获得油脂。通过加入丙酮水溶液大大缩短了油脂提取时间,效率极大提高,并且降低了提取时间长带来的油脂氧化风险,提高了结果准确度。通过精密度、准确度方法学考察,证明该方法准确可靠。综上,该方法可以用于芝麻酱、花生酱产品酸值、过氧化值测定中油脂的提取。     

非挥发性有机酸与卷烟主流烟气总粒相物pH关系研究

以国内具有代表性的卷烟为研究对象,分别对卷烟样品的非挥发性有机酸含量和卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH进行了测定,通过数学分析研究了非挥发性有机酸含量对烟气粒相物pH的影响.主流烟气粒相物pH值评价指标与有机酸的关联分析结果表明,苹果酸、十五酸、油酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值相对影响较大.对影响主流烟气粒相物pH值的11种非挥发性有机酸的主成分分析结果表明,亚油酸,油酸,苹果酸,棕榈酸,草酸和亚麻酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值相对影响较大.综上可得,苹果酸和油酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值具有较大影响.     

Effect of sesame protein isolate in partial replacement of milk protein on the rheological,textural and microstructural characteristics of fresh cheese

Soft cheeses were manufactured from bovine milk with the addition of 0–12% sesame protein isolate (SPI) were utilised to investigate rheology, texture and microstructure at different stages of cheese making. SPI addition reduced the speed of milk fermentation, kappa‐casein proteolysis of rennet and elongated the time of cheese curd formation. Renneted milk storage modulus G′_60min was decreased and coagulation time increased with increasing SPI content. Low SPI supplements (4% and 8%) enhanced the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess of the soft cheese, while high SPI addition (12%) deteriorated the texture. In the cheese curd gel matrix, SPI distributed as specific SPI‐gel clusters on the surface of curd fractures, stacked or fused with ball‐shaped casein micelles and wrapped up to casein gel strands. In summary, SPI actively interacted with casein colloid throughout the cheese making process.     

Evaluation of markers for the traceability of potato tubers grown in an organic versus conventional regime

Identification of parameters discriminating organic and conventional produce should help prevent misconduct and could provide a firm basis for comparative assessment of the two types of produce. In this report, we compare for selected markers organically versus conventionally grown tubers in four separate field trials. Within each field trial, organic and conventional tubers were subjected to the same pedoclimatic conditions as they were grown in adjacent plots. In all sites and in both cultivars tested, irrespective of environment, organic tubers exhibited a significant enrichment in ¹⁵N‰ when compared to their conventional counterparts. Also, the sum of all samples from the four sites (organic versus conventional) showed higher δ¹⁵N‰ (7.17 ± 48% versus 3.36 ± 38%; means ± CV%; n = 39; P < 0.001); furthermore, setting as threshold value for assignment in the organic group the lowest δ¹⁵N observed for organic samples (i.e. + 4.3‰), only 15% of conventional tubers were misclassified. On the other hand, further parameters selected on the basis of reports of alterations as a consequence of agricultural technique—ascorbic acid, protein content and dry matter—did not show consistent trends of variation throughout the four field trials. We conclude that, as opposed to other relevant parameters, ¹⁵N enrichment appears as a promising discriminative marker. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes of polyphenols, sugars, and organic acid in 5 Vitis genotypes during berry ripening

The concentrations of sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols during berry ripening in 5 grape genotypes were analyzed using HPLC and HPLC-MS to determine which were correlated. Veraison is critical stage during grape berry development, and marks the beginning of ripening. Glucose and fructose accumulated sharply in a 1 : 1 ratio, though the concentration of fructose was slightly higher than that of glucose at maturation. Malic acid and tartaric acid were the dominant organic acids, and they decreased rapidly during berry ripening. The 5 cultivars contained 28 anthocyanins and 8 other polyphenols. All anthocyanins accumulated and were positively correlated with the sugars and negatively correlated with the organic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids declined and were positively correlated with anthocyanin contents. Changes in flavanols and flavonols different among the 5 genotypes, with flavonols positively correlated with anthocyanin content, but the flavanols procyanidin B1 and epicatechin negatively correlated with anthocyanins content. There were obvious differences in patterns of change of polyphenols among 5 grape genotypes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results could be used for improving grape berry quality during ripening and developing a comprehensive database of primary and secondary metabolites in the Vitis for grape breeding.     

Production of Garcinia wine: changes in biochemical parameters,organic acids and free sugars during fermentation of Garcinia must

Garcinia wine was prepared by fermentation of ameliorated must of Garcinia xanthochymus using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The present studies focused on changes in biochemical parameters (brix, pH, aldehydes, esters and alcohols), organic acids (reduction of oxalic acid), free sugars and antioxidant activities on fermentation of Garcinia must. The wine had higher amount of residual sugars contributing to the calorific value. The aldehydes and esters content in the final wine were 0.034% and 0.26%, respectively. There was reduction of citric acid and oxalic acid (antinutritional factor) and synthesis of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Garcinia beverage was accepted on sensory analysis with high score for desirable attributes and overall quality with alcohol content of 6.1%. There was increase in total phenolics (0.039% gallic acid equivalent) and reducing power on fermentation but decrease in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity.     

Influence of calcium and phosphorus, lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio on Cheddar cheese quality: changes in residual sugars and water-soluble organic acids during ripening

Cheddar cheese ripening involves the conversion of lactose to glucose and galactose or galactose-6-phosphate by starter and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria. Under ideal conditions (i.e., where bacteria grow under no stress of pH, water activity, and salt), these sugars are mainly converted to lactic acid. However, during ripening of cheese, survival and growth of bacteria occurs under the stressed condition of low pH, low water activity, and high salt content. This forces bacteria to use alternate biochemical pathways resulting in production of other organic acids. The objective of this study was to determine if the level and type of organic acids produced during ripening was influenced by calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) of cheese. Eight cheeses with 2 levels of Ca and P (0.67 and 0.47% vs. 0.53 and 0.39%, respectively), lactose at pressing (2.4 vs. 0.78%), and S/M (6.4 vs. 4.8%) were manufactured. The cheeses were analyzed for organic acids (citric, orotic, pyruvic, lactic, formic, uric, acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids) and residual sugars (lactose, galactose) during 48 wk of ripening using an HPLC-based method. Different factors influenced changes in concentration of residual sugars and organic acids during ripening and are discussed in detail. Our results indicated that the largest decrease in lactose and the largest increase in lactic acid occurred between salting and d 1 of ripening. It was interesting to observe that although the lactose content in cheese was influenced by several factors (Ca and P, residual lactose, and S/M), the concentration of lactic acid was influenced only by S/M. More lactic acid was produced in low S/M treatments compared with high S/M treatments. Although surprising for Cheddar cheese, a substantial amount (0.2 to 0.4%) of galactose was observed throughout ripening in all treatments. Minor changes in the levels of citric, uric, butyric, and propanoic acids were observed during early ripening, whereas during later ripening, a substantial increase was observed. A gradual decrease in orotic acid and a gradual increase in pyruvic acid content of the cheeses were observed during 12 mo of ripening. In contrast, acetic acid did not show a particular trend, indicating its role as an intermediate in a biochemical pathway, rather than a final product.     

木薯酒发酵过程中的有机酸变化及对其品质的影响分析

以新鲜甜木薯为原料,跟踪监测木薯酒发酵过程中的理化指标,并采用高效液相色谱法分析木薯酒发酵期间的有机酸组成及动态变化情况,进一步分析酒发酵过程中的酸味强度。结果表明,发酵过程中,木薯酒中的还原糖含量先快速上升至最高点最后趋于平稳（54.67 mg/mL）;酒精度先上升后平稳（7.11%vol）;总酸含量先缓慢减少至2.21 mg/mL,再缓慢增加,后快速增加,与pH值变化趋势相反。酒石酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸是木薯酒发酵中重要有机酸,分别占木薯酒总有机酸含量的2.66%～12.31%,41.50%～63.53%,18.21%～23.82%,1.22%～27.77%,3.17%～15.89%,其他有机酸是酒中的辅助酸味特征成分。乳酸和乙酸是木薯酒的主体酸,其味道强度值（TAV）占总TAV值的65.82%～95.84%,发酵84 h的木薯酒有最高的味道强度值,其可达到223.87。     

Variations in the composition of various acyl lipids,tocopherols and lignans in sesame seed oils roasted in a microwave oven

Seeds from various strains of cultivated Sesamum indicum Linn (colour of seeds: black, brown and white) were exposed to microwave roasting for 16 and 30min at a frequency of 2450 MHz and were studied not only for different acyl lipids and their fatty acid compositions, but also for the contribution of anti-oxidants to the oxidative stability of the oils. Lipids from all-seeded strains were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids as the major acids. The total lipids were isolated by thin-layer chromatography into the following five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, polar lipids and steryl esters. The TAG were slightly and randomly hydrolysed by microwaves, but was still representing 900 g kg^?1 of the total lipids at 30min of roasting. Although burning and bitter tastes occurred at the time, the tocopherols and lignans still amounted to over 80% of the original level. The results suggested that the oxidative stability of the oils would probably be due to the synergism between endogenous antioxidants and browning substances produced during microwave roasting.     

有机酸介质作用下大米中镉元素的释放及其在工艺脱除中应用初探

目的研究不同有机酸介质条件下对大米中镉元素释放的影响及其在脱除中的应用。方法在不同浓度的有机酸介质溶液的作用下,测定镉元素从含镉大米中释放到浸提溶液的含量。通过测定酸性溶液中镉元素浓度与大米中镉元素含量的比值,评估其浸提释放效果。结果不同浓度的有机酸对大米中镉元素的释放有明显影响,固液比1:10时,1%浓度的有机酸对镉大米的浸提率平均高达97.3%,将有机酸浓度降低到0.01%,仅有少量的镉会被浸出,平均浸提率为16.7%。脱除效果与大米的形态和有机酸浓度有关,固液比1:4时,采用整粒浸泡法(10 h),糙米去除率可达25.1%,精米可达58.0%,物料损失率小于1.4%;采用粉状振荡浸提法(30 min),去除率最高可达82.9%,其物料损失率小于3.4%。结论通过控制不同有机酸溶液的浓度,能够显著释放出大米中的镉元素,本研究可为镉污染大米的工艺化合理处理提供一种途径。     

吉林省主要食品中砷污染状况及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握吉林省主要食品中砷污染水平,评估吉林省居民砷暴露风险及对人体潜在的健康危害。方法 2012—2017年吉林省居民主要食品中砷的含量数据来自国家食品风险监测,共11种类别4 532份样品。食物消费量的数据来自2012年吉林省居民营养与健康调查。采用确定性评估方法 ,结合无机砷的原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)和暴露边距(MOE),评价吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露情况。结果 11类食品中砷平均含量为0.030 mg/kg,谷物类、蔬菜类和水产类是膳食中砷的主要来源,三者贡献率之和为76.59%,其中谷物类贡献率高达54.44%。10个不同性别-年龄组平均摄入量为0.73～1.31μg/kg BW,一般人群暴露量MOE均1。结论吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露风险总体上是安全的。     

不同烤烟基因型非挥发性有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量的变异分析

研究了56个烤烟基因型非挥发性有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量的变异。结果表明:(1)非挥发性有机酸和高级脂肪酸在不同基因型间存在广泛的变异。非挥发性有机酸总量为(27.52±7.23)mg.g-1,其中苹果酸、柠檬酸和乙二酸等3者的含量之和占总量的84.92%。高级脂肪酸总量平均为(10.11±1.24)mg.g-1,其中饱和高级脂肪酸含量为(4.52±0.48)mg.g-1,不饱和高级脂肪酸含量为(5.59±0.79)mg.g-1,二者分别占总量的44.71%和55.29%。(2)聚类分析根据各种有机酸的含量大小分为高、中、低3个类群:非挥发性有机酸含量依次为(35.28±3.23)mg.g-1、(25.96±1.91)mg.g-1和(18.22±2.28)mg.g-1;饱和高级脂肪酸含量依次为(5.35±0.26)mg.g-1、(4.62±0.17)mg.g-1和(4.07±0.19)mg.g-1;不饱和高级脂肪酸含量依次为(7.05±0.57)mg.g-1、(5.78±0.29)mg.g-1和(4.80±0.27)mg.g-1。一般同一种有机酸含量在不同基因型类群之间差异较大,而在类群之内则差异较小。