A chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources

A chromogenic agar, R&F Enterobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating medium (ESPM), was developed for isolating presumptive colonies of E. sakazakii from foods and environmental sources. ESPM contains two chromogenic substrates (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-cellobioside), three sugars (sorbitol, D-arabitol, and adonitol), a pH indicator, and inhibitors (bile salts, vancomycin, and cefsulodin), which all contribute to its selectivity and differential properties. On ESPM, 79 pure culture strains of E. sakazakii (10 clinical isolates and others from food and environmental sources) yielded blue-black (three strains were blue-gray) raised colonies, 1 to 2 mm in diameter with and without halos after 24 h at 35 degrees C. Other enteric organisms plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa yielded white, yellow, green, or clear colonies with and without clear halos. Of these genera, only Shigella sonnei and one Pantoea strain produced blue-black to blue-gray colonies. ESPM was used to isolate E. sakazakii from a variety of foods: corn, wheat, and rice flours; powdered infant formula; dairy products (dried milk, whey, and caseinates); cereals; and environmental sources. Most false-positive results on ESPM were eliminated by observing acid production on either sucrose or melibiose after 6 h at 35 degrees C on a R&F E. sakazakii screening medium (ESSM) biplate. In an analysis of 240 samples, the number of samples positive for E. sakazakii by the ESPM-ESSM method and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration protocols (violet red bile glucose agar and tryptic soy agar) were 27 and 16, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0 and 96.9% versus 59.3 and 43.7%, respectively. These data support the fact that E. sakazakii confirmation should be based on more than one confirmation system. Both the API 20E and Biolog Microlog3 4.20 systems should be used for confirmation of E. sakazakii isolates.     

阪崎肠杆菌-食品安全控制的新目标

自 196 1年英国首次报道阪崎肠杆菌引起婴儿脑膜炎病例以来 ,世界上相继有多个国家报道了新生儿阪崎肠杆菌感染事件 ,婴儿配方奶粉与疾病的暴发密切相关。在 2 0 0 3年第 35次食品卫生法典大会上 ,美国和加拿大提出了有关控制婴幼儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的危险性框架 ,指出 1岁以下的易感婴幼儿感染阪崎肠杆菌后有生命危险。 2 0 0 4年第 36次食品卫生法典大会一致通过并设立了以加拿大为首的起草工作组 ,加速修订婴幼儿食品国际卫生操作规范 ,制定阪崎肠杆菌和其它可能导致婴幼儿健康危害的相关病原菌的微生物标准。     

乳粉中坂崎肠杆菌的检测

阐述了坂崎肠杆菌（Enterobacter sakazakii)的由来、致病性及其检测史，重点介绍FDA的婴儿配方奶粉中坂崎肠杆菌的分离与计数检测程序，同时提供定量结果表示方式，并探讨了坂崎肠杆菌鉴别要点及检测发展趋势。     

Microbiological, epidemiological, and food safety aspects of Enterobacter sakazakii

Enterobacter sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in foodborne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. The U.S FoodNet 2002 survey rate of invasive infections with this organism in infants under 1 year of age was 1 per 100,000 infants. Severity of the disease is a matter of concern. In a recent study on the occurrence of E. sakazakii in production environments from food (milk powder, chocolate, cereal, potato, and pasta) factories and households, this organism was isolated with varying frequency from nearly all environments examined, strongly indicating that it is widespread. Stationary phase E. sakazakii cells are remarkably resistant to osmotic and drying stresses compared with other species of the Enterobacteriacae. In this article, we review the literature on this organism with special respect to the information relevant for food safety.     

婴幼儿配方食品中阪崎肠杆菌的计数结果不确定度评定

[目的] 了解专项抽查的婴儿配方食品中的阪崎肠杆菌指标状况,并探讨阪崎肠杆菌的计数结果的不确定度评定方法。[方法] 按照GB 4789.1-2010 《食品微生物学检验 总则》和GB 4789.40-2016 《食品微生物学检验 阪崎肠杆菌检验》进行了抽样和检测, 依据JJF1059.1-2012 《测量不确定度评定与表示》及贝塞尔统计学方法对计数结果进行不确定度评定。[结果]22批次婴儿配方食品中有1批次检出阪崎肠杆菌,检出率为4.55%, 该批次样品中阪崎肠杆菌平均计数为25.5MPN/100g,计数结果扩展标准不确定度为2.72MPN/100g。[结论] 本次评估依据阪崎肠杆菌检计数检验国家标准,对4次保温培养节点进行了分析,结果表明固液混合过程,酵液取样体积,阪崎肠杆菌显色平板上可疑菌落选择和MPN法重复计数的四个不确定度较大,是记数检验过程中的重要环节。     

食品工业中克罗诺杆菌(原阪崎肠杆菌)的污染与控制

克罗诺杆菌是一种新兴的食源性致病菌,能对新生儿引起如脑膜炎、败血症及坏死性小肠结肠炎等疾病,并带来严重的神经系统后遗症,有较高的死亡率,因此受到国内外的广泛关注.该文对克罗诺杆菌的生理生化特点、污染来源、生物膜形成及其在食品工业的污染和控制等方面的研究进展进行概述.     

辣椒粉中检出阪崎肠杆菌

目的—验证辣椒粉中阪崎肠杆菌存在状况.方法—采用国家标准GB 4789.40-2010,应用VITEK 32全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统进行检验.结果—从辣椒粉中检出阪崎肠杆菌.结论—阪崎肠杆菌存在于辣椒粉调味品中,存在较大的安全隐患.     

A simple and rapid cultural method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples

A method was developed to detect and identify Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. The method is based on selective enrichment at 45+/-0.5 degrees C in lauryl sulfate tryptose broth supplemented with 0.5 M NaCl and 10 mg/liter vancomycin (mLST) for 22 to 24 h followed by streaking on tryptone soy agar with bile salts. When exposed to light during incubation at 37 degrees C, E. sakazakii produces yellow colonies within 24 h; identification was confirmed by testing for alpha-glucosidase activity and by using API 20E strips. All of the E. sakazakii strains tested (n = 99) were able to grow in mLST at 45+/-0.5 degrees C, whereas 35 of 39 strains of potential competitors, all belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, were suppressed. A survey was carried out with 192 environmental samples from four different milk powder factories. Using this new protocol, E. sakazakii was isolated from almost 40% of the samples, whereas the reference procedure (enrichment in buffered peptone water, isolation on violet red bile glucose agar, and biochemical identification of randomly chosen colonies) only yielded 26% positive results. This selective method can be very useful for the rapid and reliable detection of E. sakazakii in environmental samples.     

A new protocol for the detection of Enterobacter sakazakii applied to environmental samples

Enterobacter sakazakii is a motile, peritrichous, gram-negative rod that was previously known as a yellow pigmented Enterobacter cloacae. It is documented as a rare cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of life-threatening neonatal meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. E. sakazakii has been isolated from milk powder-based formulas, and there is thus a need to investigate whether and where E. sakazakii occurs in these manufacturing environments. For this purpose, a simple detection method was developed based on two features of E. sakazakii: its yellow pigmented colonies when grown on tryptone soy agar and its constitutive alpha-glucosidase, which is detected in a 4-h colorimetric assay. Using this screening method, E. sakazakii strains were isolated from three individual factories from 18 of 152 environmental samples, such as scrapings from dust, vacuum cleaner bags, and spilled product near equipment. The method is useful for routine screening of environmental samples for the presence of E. sakazakii.     

Enterobacter sakazakii in food and beverages (other than infant formula and milk powder)

The ubiqitous microorganism Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare contaminant of infant formula and may cause severe systemic infection in neonates. So far, other food is not known to cause E. sakazakii-infections. The scarce information about the ecology of E. sakazakii and the uncertainty concerning the source of infection in children and adults warrant a summary of the current knowledge about the presence of this opportunistic microorganism in food other than infant formula. This review systematizes publications on the presence of E. sakazakii in food and beverages until June 2006. Food other than infant formula has been rarely investigated for the presence of E. sakazakii. Nevertheless, this microorganism could be isolated from a wide spectrum of food and food ingredients. E. sakazakii was isolated from plant food and food ingredients like cereal, fruit and vegetables, legume products, herbs and spices as well as from animal food sources like milk, meat and fish and products made from these foods. The spectrum of E. sakazakii-contaminated food covers both raw and processed food. The kind of processing of E. sakazakii-contaminated food was not restricted to dry products. Fresh, frozen, ready-to-eat, fermented and cooked food products as well as beverages and water suitable for the preparation of food, were found to be contaminated by E. sakazakii. Although E. sakazakii-contaminated food do not have general public health significance, measures for prevention should consider the presence of E. sakazakii in food, food ingredients, their processing and preparation as possible source of contamination, colonization or infection.     

冰激凌中阪崎肠杆菌的检测

目的 对市售冰激凌中的阪崎肠杆菌进行抽样检测。方法 按照《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 (GB 4789.40- 2010)》进行检验。结果 从冰激凌中检出阪崎肠杆菌,经过染色和生化试验, 在29份样品中有3份样品分离出阪崎肠杆菌,检出率为10.34%。结论 市售冰激凌样品中存在一定比例的阪崎肠杆菌,有较大的安全隐患。质检系统应加强对市售的冰激凌的卫生预防与控制。     

阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状与健康危害

阪崎肠杆菌是肠杆菌科的一种,1980年由黄色阴沟肠杆菌更名为阪崎肠杆菌。阪崎肠杆菌能引起严重的新生儿脑膜炎、小肠结肠炎和菌血症,死亡率高达50%以上。目前,微生物学家尚不清楚阪崎肠杆菌的污染来源,但许多病例报告表明婴儿配方粉是目前发现的主要感染渠道。阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状及其对人群的健康危害受到人们的关注并被报告。     

环介导等温扩增法快速检测阪崎肠杆菌

目的：研究阪崎肠杆菌的环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,简称LAMP)方法,实现对食品中阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测。方法：针对阪崎肠杆菌16S rRNA 基因(16S rDNA)及外膜蛋白A(OmpA)基因设计LAMP 引物,扩增后通过电泳或加入显色剂SYBR-GREEN Ⅰ检测。结果：LAMP 法能有效特异地检测出阪崎肠杆菌;以16S rRNA 引物检测阪崎肠杆菌的最低检出限为32CFU/mL,用OmpA 引物检测阪崎肠杆菌的最低检出限达3CFU/mL,扩增产物加入SYBR-GREEN Ⅰ在紫外条件下可见荧光,与电泳检测具有同样的灵敏度。结论：LAMP 法可实现对阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测,在食品检测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

阪崎肠杆菌分子检测研究进展

对分子生物学法检测阪崎肠杆菌的研究进展及在分子检测中内部扩增参比（内参）的应用作一综述。     

阪崎肠杆菌分子检测研究进展

对分子生物学法检测阪崎肠杆菌的研究进展及在分子检测中内部扩增参比(内参)的应用作一综述.     

Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula

A quantity of dehydrated powdered infant formula was prepared to contain Enterobacter sakazakii strain 607 at approximately 106 CFU/ml when rehydrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. The survival of the microorganism in the dry formula was followed for 2 years, during which samples periodically were rehydrated and analyzed for viable E. sakazakii. During the initial 5 months of storage at room temperature, viable counts declined approximately 2.4 log cycles. During the subsequent 19 months, the concentration of viable E. sakazakii declined an additional 1.0 log cycle. These results indicate that a small percentage of E. sakazakii cells can survive for extended periods in dehydrated powdered infant formula.     

液态奶中分离的阪崎肠杆菌生物学性状研究

对从巴氏消毒奶、高温灭菌奶中分离的阪崎肠杆菌菌株的培养特征、生化反应、耐热性、抗药性、毒力等生物学性状与标准株进行了比较研究,分析各生物学性状之间的相关性。     

阪崎肠杆菌随机突变体库的构建

阪崎肠杆菌(Cronobacter(Enterobacter sakazakii))是一种以婴幼儿奶粉为主要致病源的食源性致病菌。至今人们对其功能基因所知不多,毒力因子和致病机制研究都未能找到突破口。本研究利用质粒pTnMod-okm和pBSL180构建阪崎肠杆菌随机突变体库,最终以工程菌Escherichia coli WM3064及其所含质粒pBSL180成功构建了阪崎肠杆菌随机突变体库,并通过阪崎肠杆菌显色培养技术和抗生素抗性标记(卡那霉素50μg/mL)对重组子进行筛选,建立了该菌功能基因组研究平台。在后继研究中不但可以实现对单个基因进行定位及功能研究还可找到有相似功能的一类基因,为抗性机制和致病机理研究奠定基础。     

从进口浓缩营养粉中检出阪崎肠杆菌

为保证供特殊人群食用的营养食品的安全,对进口浓缩营养粉进行监测,从中检出1株阪崎肠杆菌。提示特殊食品的监测十分必要。     

奶制品中分离的阪崎肠杆菌温度耐受性的研究

对从奶制品中分离的65株阪崎肠杆菌的培养特征、生化鉴定、温度耐受性等进行分析研究,比较来源不同的菌株在生物学特性方面是否存在差异,了解从奶制品中分离的阪崎肠杆菌的热耐受情况、60℃存活时间以及4℃低温的耐受情况。结果表明,阪崎肠杆菌热耐受性与菌落形态特征、表型存在一定的相关性,65株菌都表现较为耐热和能够耐受4℃低温3个月以上。