Design and fabrication of ultrasmall arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers based on Si nanowire waveguides

In the past decades, integrated optical devices based on planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) have been developed rap- idly and used in various areas, such as optical communications, optical sensing and, etc. Because of their excellent performances and the feasibility for massive productions, PLC-based integrated optical devices may take the place of discrete devices more and more in the future. In order to satisfy the increasing demands of the optical net- works with a large capacity and high s…     

Polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for apulse in single-mode fibers

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) for a pulse in optical fibers are calculated with a model of two concatenated fibers. Each of the two fibers has both elliptical birefringence and PDL. The results show that the PMD and PDL for a short pulse can be very different from those for a narrow-band pulse in optical fibers. Two anomalous results are reported: (1) the effective PDL for a pulse can be smaller than the PDL difference of the two fibers and (2) the effective PMD for a pulse can be either larger than the sum of the differential group delays (DGDs) of the two fibers or less than the DGD difference of the two fibers, depending on the input pulsewidth. The pulse distortions when the pulses are launched into the two principal states of polarization (PSPs) are discussed     

Constructions and analyses of nonblocking WDM switches based on arrayed waveguide grating and limited wavelength conversion

Constructing fast wavelength division multiplexing switches with cheap, integratable components, less power consumption and noise accumulation, and low complexity is an important problem in optical networking. Typically, there are two request models widely considered. In one model, a connection request asks to go from a wavelength on an input fiber of the WDM switch to a particular wavelength on an output fiber. In the other, a connection only needs to get to a particular output fiber, irrespective of what wavelength it will be on. In this paper, we give novel constructions of strictly nonblocking and rearrangeably nonblocking WDM switches for both request models using limited range wavelength converters and arrayed waveguide grating routers. We fully analyze their blocking characteristics. Our designs are all relatively simple and easy to be laid out, consume little power, do not accumulate much noise, and are useful for both optical circuit-switching and optical packet/burst switching. As far as we know, these are the first of such constructions.     

The effect of spatially dependent temperature and carrier fluctuations on noise in semiconductor lasers

The spatially dependent equations of motion for a single-mode semiconductor laser including Langevin source terms are derived and solved. The relative intensity, frequency, and field fluctuation spectra are derived and calculated. The results include low-frequency excess noise, frequency noise enhancement due to two forms of amplitude-phase coupling, and power-independent contributions to the linewidth.     

基于偏振相关损耗测量磁场的高精度方法

为提高测量精度,提出了一种利用光纤光栅测量磁场的方法.依据磁场与光纤光栅偏振相关损耗成正比的理论,运用正交共轭反射镜来消除线性双折射,以Muller矩阵为基本方法,设计磁场测量原理图.数值仿真表明,通过正交共轭反射镜可以大幅度减少测量过程中的线性双折射,从而提高磁场的测量精度.     

全息波导显示中输出扩展光栅的衍射效率分布分析

对于全息波导显示系统,为获得连续的输出光瞳而引入的半透半反膜,会在波导中形成阶跃形光强分布,与阶跃形强度分布相匹配的输出光栅衍射效率须为阶跃形分布,这样才能获得均匀的衍射输出强度。为保证衍射角带宽内所有光线均有较佳的输出强度均匀性,提出了一种连续递增的衍射效率分布光栅模型。建立了基于对阶跃形衍射效率分布的分段加权平均和二次曲线拟合的优化计算模型,计算得到了衍射效率分布曲线,并由衍射效率分布曲线计算得到衍射角带宽内不同视场光束的输出光强分布。结果表明,输出光强位置均匀性最小为52.4%,出瞳内角度均匀性达到84.9%。随着分束膜层数的增加,波导阶跃形光强差将会减小,可获得更好的输出强度均匀性。     

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a long-period grating with a polarization maintaining fiber in a loop mirror

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a long-period grating (LPG) and a polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) in a fiber loop mirror (FLM) is presented. The sensing head is formed by an LPG. The transmitted optical intensity from the FLM is linear with the variation of the strain. And the interference resonant dip has a blue shift with the increasing of the temperature. Experimental results show that the proposed sensor has the sensitivities of 0.0346 nm/°C and 1.82 × 10⁻³ dB/με within the strain range of 0–1300 με, respectively.     

光纤Bragg光栅温度与应力的测量分析

采用了一种基于等度强悬臂梁的双光纤栅组合法,实现温度与应力的同时测量。选用同一批次生产的参数一致的两根光纤Bragg光栅,将其分别粘贴在等强度梁的上下表面,通过梁上下光栅所受的应力大小相等而方向相反,产生两个反射峰来实现温度与应力的同时测量。通过实验测得光栅温度灵敏度系数为0.1346nm/℃,梁上下光栅误差仅为0.0001nm/℃;应力灵敏度系数分别为0.4085nm/N,-0.4089nm/N,误差也仅为0.0004nm/N。实验结果表明该方法切实可行,制作工艺简单,克服了传统双光栅组合法难以保证测量位置的准确性的缺点。     

基于光学零差偏振探测和锁相的合束激光偏振控制

激光偏振合束是提升窄线宽光纤激光亮度的重要技术,能实现多路激光的共孔径合束输出,同时维持较高的光束质量和线偏振态。文中探索和研究了基于线性锁相技术的合束激光偏振控制系统,详细分析和建立了光零差偏振检测物理模型和线性锁相控制环路的数学模型。利用高精度的光零差技术对合束激光的偏振相位进行检测,并通过快速实时反馈进行激光锁相,获得了输出功率为279 mW的线偏振态激光。锁相控制后,合束激光的偏振消光比达到19.3 dB,控制带宽高达39.6 kHz,剩余相位噪声为710-4 rad/Hz（1 Hz）和310-4 rad/Hz。当提高激光输出总功率达1 W时,偏振消光比维持在~15 dB,其限制因素在于光功率波动引入的相位噪声和光斑空间模式不匹配。     

基于单一倾斜光纤光栅的温度应变同时测量

利用光纤光栅分析软件OptiGrating对倾斜光纤光 栅温度与应变传感进行系统的理论仿真,研究发 现,温度、应变的变化都可以引起倾斜光纤光栅的纤芯模和包层模谐振峰的漂移,而且温度 和应变对纤芯 模与包层模的影响是各不相同的。利用倾斜光纤光栅这一特性,提出了一种基于单一倾斜光 纤光栅的温度 与应变同时测量的传感系统,并通过实验进行了验证。在实验中,光电探测器可以将倾斜光纤 光栅的波长的 漂移转换成电压的变化,由此得到了倾斜光纤光栅只受温度变化时,随着温度的变化,示波 器测到其纤芯 模与包层模的电压(峰—峰值)的变化呈线性变化,其斜率分别为0.063mV/℃和0.001mV/ ℃;其只受 应变变化时,随着应变的变化,示波器测到其纤芯模与包层模的电压(峰—峰值)的变化也 呈线性变化, 其斜率分别为0.009mV/με, 0.001mV/με。研究结果将对倾斜光纤光栅的传感应用具 有一定的指导意义。     

8通道-1.6nm Si纳米线阵列波导光栅的设计与制作

设计了基于绝缘层上硅(SOI)材料的8通道Si纳米线阵列波导光栅(AWG),器件的通道间隔为1.6nm,面积为420μm×130μm。利用传输函数法模拟了器件传输谱,结果表明,器件的通道间隔为1.6nm,通道间串扰为17dB。给出了结合电子束光刻(EBL)和感应耦合等离子(ICP)刻蚀技术制备器件的详细流程。光谱测试结果分析表明,器件通道间隔为1.3～1.6nm,通道串扰为3dB,中心通道损耗为11.6dB。     

基于向列相液晶弹性各向异性偏振光栅结构方位锚定能的理论研究

通过设计上下基板向列相液晶分子排列构建偏振光栅结构模型,并根据向列相液晶Frank弹性理论计算其方位锚定能,其理论结果可为实验测量提供有力的理论指导作用。本文根据弹性理论,考虑弹性各向异性计算了偏振光栅结构的方位锚定能,得到了方位锚定能与光栅条纹宽度关系的解析解。弹性各向异性对方位锚定能有着显著影响。由于液晶具有各向异性,考虑弹性各向异性研究方位锚定能是必要的,其结果更具有普遍性。     

Refractive index and temperature dependent displacements of resonant peaks of long period grating inscribed in hydrogen loaded SMF-28 fiber

In this paper, the effects of refractive index (RI) of surrounding medium and ambient temperature on the transmission characteristics of a long period grating (LPG) are experimentally analyzed. The spectral behavior of LPG is investigated when the ambient index is higher or lower than that of the cladding material. The results show that the refractive index sensitivity of lower order attenuation bands is very low compared with that of the highest order attenuation band. But in the case of temperature, the lower order attenuation bands of the LPG can also exhibit good sensitivity like the higher-order bands.     

Simulation of random fiber Bragg grating array in polarization-maintaining fiber based on photonic localization effect

Mid-infrared wavelength switchable and dual-wavelength random laser output has many potential applications. A polarization-maintaining random fiber Bragg grating (PMRFBG) array based on the photonic localization effect of longitudinal invariant transverse disorder in fiber structure is proposed, which can be used as random feedback of dual-wavelength and wavelength switchable output of random fiber laser (RFL). The random fiber Bragg grating (RFBG) array was designed on the panda-type polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF), and the two center wavelengths were 2 151.60 nm and 2 152.22 nm, respectively. The RFBG array was designed on the bow tie-type PMF, and the two center wavelengths were obtained, which were 2 153.08 nm and 2 153.96 nm, respectively. The RFBG array with a center wavelength of 2 139.27 nm was designed on single-mode fiber (SMF). The length of individual fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and PMRFBG, the refractive index modulation depth, the number of cascaded gratings, and the distance between gratings have different effects on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and reflectance of the RFBG and PMRFBG array, but not on the central wavelength, as obtained by simulation using the transmission matrix method. The designed PMRFBG array provides theoretical support for the design of the feedback mechanism of RFL.     

Influence of temperature and heat flux time lags on the temperature distribution in modern GAAFET structure based on Dual-Phase-Lag thermal model

In this paper the analysis of the influence of the temperature time lag and the heat flux time lag on the temperature distribution obtained using Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model is presented. Due to this fact, the modern GAAFET structure, developed in 5 nm technology node, has been taken into account. The simulation presents the influence of mentioned time lags on the temperature distribution inside analyzed structure for different time instants in three cases. The first one is related to the situation when the temperature time lag is changing and the value of the heat flux time lag is fixed. The second one concerns the changing value of the heat flux time lag and fixed value of the temperature time lag. The last case allows changing of these two parameters simultaneously. Apart from that, the temperature distributions inside the structure for some pairs of different values of analyzed time lags have been also evaluated and compared for certain time instants.     

An efficient handoff algorithm based on received signal strength and wireless transmission loss in hierarchical cell networks

Compared with the macrocell systems, the femtocell systems allow users to obtain broadband service with high data rate by using lower costs of transmit power, operation and capital expenditure. Traditional handoff algorithms used in macrocells cannot well satisfy the mobility of users efficiently in hierarchical macro/femto cell networks. In this paper based on the received signal strength (RSS) and wireless transmission loss, a new handoff algorithm in hierarchical cell networks called RWTL-HO is proposed, which considers the discrepancy in transmit power between macrocell and femtocell base stations. The simulation results show that compared with the conventional algorithm, the proposed algorithm improves the utilization of femtocells by doubling the number of handoffs; and in comparison with the handoff algorithm based on combining the RSSs from both macro and femto cell base stations, reduces half the number of redundant handoffs.     

基于Beta分布的无线传感器网络分簇路由信任管理机制研究

信任管理机制为保障无线传感器网络安全提供了一种有效方案,通过对节点的行为进行评价,建立整个网络的信任管理机制,对判断的恶意节点采用相应的限制措施来保障安全。文章以Beta概率密度分布函数的期望值作为信任值,优化网络分簇路由协议,可在保障网络能量高效利用的同时,有效提升整个网络的安全性。     

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index based on a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer cascaded with a long-period fiber grating

An all-fiber sensor based on a cascaded optical fiber device is proposed and demonstrated, and its sensor head is composed of a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) and a long-period fiber grating(LPFG). In the experiment, two dips shaped by the intermodulation between the interference fringe of MZI and the resonant wavelength of LPFG are monitored. Experimental results show that temperature sensitivities of two dips are 0.060 7 nm/°C and 0.056 3 pm/°C, and the refractive index(RI) sensitivities are –18.025 nm/RIU and –55.06 nm/RIU, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of the temperature and external RI is demonstrated based on the sensitive matrix. Its low fabrication cost, simple configuration and high sensitivity make this sensor have potential applications in chemical and biological sensing.