Multistage WDM access architecture employing cascaded AWGs

Here we propose passive/active arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) with enhanced performance for system applications mainly in novel access architectures employing cascaded AWG technology. Two technologies were considered to achieve space wavelength switching in these networks. Firstly, a passive AWG with semiconductor optical amplifiers array, and secondly, an active AWG. Active AWG is an AWG with an array of phase modulators on its arrayed-waveguides section, where a programmable linear phase-profile or a phase hologram is applied across the arrayed-waveguide section. This results in a wavelength shift at the output section of the AWG. These architectures can address up to 6912 customers employing only 24 wavelengths, coarsely separated by 1.6 nm. Simulation results obtained here demonstrate that cascaded AWGs access architectures have a great potential in future local area networks. Furthermore, they indicate for the first time that active AWGs architectures are more efficient in routing signals to the destination optical network units than passive AWG architectures.     

Athermalisation of silica arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers

Successful athermalisation of a silica arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer using compensating longitudinal strain is reported. Peak wavelength shift of <0.04 nm is recorded over 5-70/spl deg/C in a 40/spl times/100 GHz device, representing a 95% reduction on standard silica AWGs, without introduction of birefringence or compromise of optical crosstalk.     

The AWG/spl par/PSC network:a performance-enhanced single-hop WDM network with heterogeneous protection

Single-hop wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks based on a central passive star coupler (PSC) or arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) hub have received a great deal of attention as promising solutions for the quickly increasing traffic in metropolitan and local area networks. These single-hop networks suffer from a single point of failure: if the central hub fails, then all network connectivity is lost. To address this single point of failure in an efficient manner, we propose a novel single-hop WDM network, the AWG/spl par/PSC network. The AWG/spl par/PSC network consists of an AWG in parallel with a PSC. The AWG and PSC provide heterogeneous protection for each other; the AWG/spl par/PSC network remains functional when either the AWG or the PSC fails. If both AWG and PSC are functional, the AWG/spl par/PSC network uniquely combines the respective strengths of the two devices. By means of analysis and verifying simulations we find that the throughput of the AWG/spl par/PSC network is significantly larger than the total throughput obtained by combining the throughput of a stand-alone AWG network with the throughput of a stand-alone PSC network. We also find that the AWG/spl par/PSC network gives over a wide operating range a better throughput-delay performance than a network consisting of either two load sharing PSCs in parallel or two load sharing AWGs in parallel.     

Simulation and design for a tunable dispersion compensator package

A novel optical model for a tunable dispersion compensator is realized by a deliberate packaging scheme ensuing from intensive interactions of mechanical design, materials science and numerical simulation techniques including computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis. The compensator is comprised of multiple cascaded single cavity Gires-Tournois etalons, each under independent temperature control. Three critical issues are addressed: etalon temperature uniformity, thermal insulation and optical surface deformation of the etalons. With etalon optical surface deformation minimized and etalon temperature uniformity successfully controlled within a range of /spl plusmn/0.1/spl deg/C, this small (232 /spl times/ 139 /spl times/ 16 mm) compensator achieves extremely low group delay ripple (<2.0 ps), low insertion loss ripple (<0.5 dB, insertion loss <6.3 dB), low polarization dependent loss [(PDL),<0.15 dB] and low polarization mode dispersion [(PMD),<0.7 ps]. The dispersion tuning range is from -700 ps/nm to +700 ps/nm in a dispersion passband of 0.2 nm which is sufficient for 10-Gb/s transmission. Thermal insulation design makes the tuning process take effect within 1 min at maximum power consumption 5 W.     

Super-high-/spl Delta/ athermal arrayed waveguide grating with resin-filled trenches in slab region

A small and low-loss athermal AWG is demonstrated based on super-high-/spl Delta/ waveguides. Resin-filled trenches are formed in the slab region to compensate for the temperature-dependent wavelength shift. Small wavelength shift of 0.03 nm is achieved for the temperature range 0-65/spl deg/C with almost no spectral degradation.     

Crosstalk reduction in arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer/demultiplexer using cascade connection

This paper proposes a cascade-connected arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) as a solution to the problem of crosstalk accumulation in a large-scale AWG multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) and demonstrates a 64-channel cascaded AWG module with a very low background crosstalk of less than -80 dB and a total crosstalk of about -34 dB. In this paper, the authors densely integrate 64 additional compactly designed crosstalk-suppressing AWGs whose bandwidths were carefully optimized and directly attach them to a conventional 64-channel AWG. Consequently, in addition to a very low crosstalk, a low insertion loss and a compact size without passband shape distortion are achieved with this module. Based on the performance of the cascaded AWG module, it is then estimated that it is possible to realize a 1000-channel AWG MUX/DEMUX that is free from the problem of crosstalk accumulation.     

Reducing the thermal dependence of silica-based arrayed-waveguide grating using inorganic-organic hybrid materials

This study demonstrates the application of a temperature-independent arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) using a simple hybrid waveguide structure composed of silica core/inorganic-organic hybrid material overcladding layer. The thermooptic effect of the hybrid materials varies over a wide range of temperature and provides athermal characteristics in an AWG. The temperature dependence of the AWG was reduced through the precision control of the thermooptic coefficient of the hybrid materials (/spl Delta//spl lambda/=/spl sim/3pm//spl deg/C).     

Low-cost WDM-PON with colorless bidirectional transceivers

This paper presents a low-cost bidirectional (BiDi) wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) employing colorless uncooled BiDi transceivers (TRxs) and superluminescent diode (SLD)-based broadband light sources (BLSs). The C band is allocated for upstream and the E+ band for downstream in consideration of BiDi packaging, SLD development, and wavelength alignment of dual-window arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs). The BiDi TRx integrates an uncooled Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD), a p-i-n photodiode (PD), and a 45/spl deg/-angled thin-film filter in a small-form-factor (SFF) package. The SLD-based BLSs provide 13-dBm amplified spontaneous emissions (ASEs) with spectral ripples of < 3 dB and polarization dependencies of <1 dB. Colorless operations over 32 100-GHz-spaced channels are demonstrated from -20 to 80/spl deg/C in 155-Mb/s BiDi transmissions over 25 km.     

基于SOI材料的偏振不敏感的阵列波导光栅

阵列波导光栅(AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating)是实现多通道密集波分复用(DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)光网络的理想器件,偏振敏感性是它的一个重要性能指标。本文针对SOI材料的阵列波导光栅,分析了如何采用特殊的波导结构来减小它的偏振相关性,并对16通道、间隔为0．8nm的AWG解复用器进行了计算,结果表明其偏振敏感性低于0．06nm。     

FDTD-derived correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in child and adult head models due to dipole antenna

This paper investigates the correlation between the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) and the maximum temperature increase in head models of adults and children due to a dipole antenna. Much attention is paid to the effect of variation of electrical and thermal constants on the correlation for the child models, since these constants of child tissues are different from those of adult tissues. For investigating these correlations thoroughly, a total of 1400 situations are considered for the following six models: 3-year-old child, 7-year-old child, and adult models developed at the Nagoya Institute of Technology and the Osaka the University. The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of statistics. We find that the maximum temperature increases in the head can be estimated linearly in terms of peak SAR averaged over 1- or 10-g of tissue. In particular, no clear difference is observed between the adult and child models in terms of the slopes correlating the maximum temperature increase with the peak SAR. Also, the effect of electrical and thermal constants of tissue on these correlation is found to be marginal. Further, we discuss possible maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for SAR limits prescribed in safety guidelines. For the adult model developed at the Osaka Univ., these are found to be 0.26/spl deg/C and 0.10/spl deg/C at the SAR value of 1.6 W/kg for 1-g cubic tissue and 0.59/spl deg/C and 0.21/spl deg/C at the SAR value of 2.0 W/kg for 10-g cubic tissue. Similarly, for the 3-year-old child model at Osaka Univ., these are 0.23/spl deg/C and 0.11/spl deg/C for the value of 1-g SAR and 0.53/spl deg/C and 0.20/spl deg/C for the value of 10-g SAR.     

Study on high-temperature performances of 1.3-/spl mu/m InGaAsP-InP strained multiquantum-well buried-heterostructure lasers

Stripe-width and cavity length dependencies of high-temperature performances of 1.3-/spl mu/m InGaAsP-InP well-designed buried-heterostructure strained multiquantum-well (MQW) lasers were investigated. The threshold currents as low as 4.5/10.5 mA and slope efficiencies as high as 0.48/0.42 mW/mA at 25/spl deg/C/85/spl deg/C were obtained in the MQW lasers with 1.5-/spl mu/m width, 250-/spl mu/m length, and 0.3/0.85 facet reflectivity. With temperature increasing from 25/spl deg/C to 85/spl deg/C, the MQW lasers exhibited lower output power degradation, the minimum value was 1.78 dB at an operation current of 45 mA. The MQW lasers were suitable for application in optical access networks.     

Hybrid WDM and optical CDMA implemented over waveguide-grating-based fiber-to-the-home networks

This paper presents a hybrid wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) scheme over fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks. Exploiting the periodic free-spectral-range (FSR) properties of arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) routers, the total ONU (optical network unit) capacity in the network is partitioned into different groups based on the subscriber's geographical locations. Maximal-length sequence (M-sequence) codes are taken as signature addresses to take advantage of the cyclic properties of AWG routers. The proposed scheme is suitable for networks in which the distance between the OLT (optical line terminal) and the individual ONUs varies. The influence of the degree of polarization (DOP) on the signal to phase-induced intensity-noise ratio is evaluated. By introducing a depolarizer in front of the balanced photo-detector, the maximum permissible number of simultaneous active ONUs can be improved by approximately 20% for a 10⁻⁹ error probability. By exploiting the inherent cyclic FSR characteristics of AWG routers, the OLT enables a significant reduction in the number of AGW-based network codecs compared to the previous coded WDM (i.e., OCDMA in spectral domain) scheme. Furthermore, while the number of AWGs in the proposed scheme is comparable to that of conventional WDM-EPON schemes, the current scheme is more flexible, confidential, and scalable.     

An estimation of performance degradation due to fabrication errors in AWGs

Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) are important components for the realization of wavelength-division multiplexing optical networks. Their filtering performance is limited by the existence of phase errors in the grating waveguides due to fabrication imperfections. In this paper, the statistical properties of the phase errors are related to the waveguide imperfections using a variation of the effective index method. The filtering quality of the AWG is then investigated by considering the behavior of its transfer function in the presence of random phase errors. The probability density function of the transfer function's sidelobes is evaluated numerically, and the results are justified using theoretical considerations. Finally, the behavior of the maximum sidelobe level is also analyzed numerically, and universal diagrams are presented that allow the estimation of its mean value, standard deviation, and cumulative distribution function for every specific AWG.     

PZT MIM capacitor with oxygen-doped Ru-electrodes for embedded FeRAM devices

An add-on-type, Pb(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ (PZT) metal-insulator- (MIM) capacitor on Al multilevel interconnects is developed for embedded FeRAM devices, concluding that the oxygen-doping into the ruthenium (Ru) electrodes is crucial for obtaining large remnant polarization under a limited process temperature below 450/spl deg/C. The oxygen-doped, Ru bottom-electrode with a granular structure reduces the PZT sputtering temperature below 450/spl deg/C to obtain the ferroelectric perovskite-phase. On the other hand, oxygen doping into the Ru top-electrode suppresses the reductive damage at the interface between the top-electrode and the PZT, keeping the leakage current low. The PZT MIM capacitor with these oxygen-doped, Ru electrodes exhibits the remnant polarization of 21 /spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/ on the Al multilevel interconnects with no degradation of the interconnect reliability, thus applicable to the embedded FeRAM in 0.25 /spl mu/m-CMOS logic LSIs.     

Polarization characteristics of index-guided surface-emitting lasers with tilted pillar structure

We report precise control of polarization states for index-guided surface-emitting lasers by tilted-etching of the laser pillar. Circular laser pillars were etched by tilting the substrate toward ~110 or ~11~0 direction with an angle of 15/spl deg/-30/spl deg/ using reactive ion beam etching. For the laser device with a diameter of 7-10 /spl mu/m, we observed selectivity of the polarization state. We found a dominant polarization with an electric field perpendicular to the tilted direction of laser pillar. The maximum orthogonal polarization suppression ratio was about 25 dB. The selectivity of polarization in the tilted laser pillar devices is interpreted to be originated from the difference in optical losses for the two waves polarized to ~110 and ~11~0 directions.     

阵列波导光栅解复用器的偏振相关损耗的优化

对硅基二氧化硅阵列波导光栅解复用器(AWG DEMUX)的偏振相关损耗(PDL)进行了优化。理论分析了引起AWG偏振相关性的物理因素以及消除偏振相关性的工艺方法和条件。利用化学气相沉积、光刻和刻蚀等半导体工艺制备了AWG DEMUX芯片,并结合理论分析对包层材料中的硼(B)、磷(P)含量进行了优化调整,成功地将芯片的PDL降低至0.12 dB,使PDL参数满足芯片的商用化需求。     

Influence of ordering on the polarization characteristics of GaInP vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We investigate the polarization characteristics of GaInP vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) as a function of substrate misorientation and quantum-well strain. All the structures investigated show dominant polarization along the [110] direction. The polarization selectivity is found to be essentially independent of QW strain but increases significantly as the substrate misorientation is reduced from 10/spl deg/ to 3/spl deg/. These results provide clear experimental evidence that the major contribution to the polarization characteristics of GaInP VCSEL's is a consequence of ordering-induced gain anisotropy.     

A 14-bit high-temperature /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator in standard CMOS

Experimental verification is given for the use of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulation for high-temperature applications (/spl ges/approximately 150/spl deg/C) in a standard CMOS process. Switched-capacitor circuits are used to implement a second-order single-stage and a third-order 2-1 MASH /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with single-bit quantization. The two modulators have an oversampling ratio of 256 with an input signal bandwidth of 500 Hz. The modulators were fabricated in a 1.5-/spl mu/m standard CMOS technology. A fully differential signal path and near minimum sized switches are used to mitigate the effect of large junction-to-substrate leakage current present at high temperatures. Experimental results show both modulators are capable of over 14 bits of resolution at 225/spl deg/C and over 13 bits of resolution at 255/spl deg/C. Results show that the single-stage modulator is more resistant to high-temperature circuit impairment than is the MASH cascaded structure.     

Correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in the human head due to handset antennas

This paper attempts to correlate the maximum temperature increase in the head and brain with the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) value due to handset antennas. The rationale for this study is that physiological effects and damage to humans through electromagnetic-wave exposure are induced by temperature increases, while the safety standards are regulated in terms of the local peak SAR. For investigating these correlations thoroughly, the total of 660 situations is considered. The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of statistics. We find that the maximum temperature increases in the head and brain can be estimated in terms of peak SARs averaged over 1 and 10 g of tissue in these regions. These correlations are less affected by the positions, polarizations, and frequencies of a dipole antenna. Also, they are reasonably valid for different antennas and head models. Further, we discuss possible maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for the SAR values prescribed in the safety standards. They are found to be 0.31/spl deg/C and 0.13/spl deg/C for the Federal Communications Commission Standard (1.6 W/kg for 1 g of tissue), while 0.60/spl deg/C and 0.25/spl deg/C for the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Standard (2.0 W/kg for 10 g of tissue).     

Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON with wavelength-selection-free transmitters

A hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexed/time-division-multiplexed passive optical network serving 128 subscribers with wavelength-selection-free transmitters is presented by cascading 1/spl times/16 arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs) and 1/spl times/8 splitters. The wavelength-selection-free transmitter is an uncooled Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode (FP-LD) wavelength-locked to an externally injected narrow-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Bit-error rates better than 10/sup -9/ over temperature ranging from 0 to 60/spl deg/C are achieved in all 16 wavelength channels using a single FP-LD with an ASE injection of about -15 and -2 dBm in 622-Mb/s upstream and 1.25-Gb/s downstream transmissions over a 10-km feeder fiber, respectively. It is also reported that the ASE injection does not exert penalty upon burst-mode operations of the FP-LDs in the upstream.