GH141合金的热态变形特性

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机研究了GH141合金在1020～1170℃、应变速率在0.01～10 S-1的热态变形特性,分析了流动应力与热力参数的关系,并建立了GH141合金在热态变形过程中的本构方程.采用Quantiment-500型自动图像分析仪定量测定了动态再结品品粒尺寸和再结晶体积分数与Z参数的关系.建立了该合金的动态再结晶数学模型.结果表明,该数学模型的计算结果与实验数据很好地吻合,从而为GH141合金的锻造工艺制定与质量控制提供了理论依据.     

Effect of Deformation Conditions on the Dynamic Recrystallization of GH690 Alloy

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行高温等温压缩实验,研究了变形条件对GH690合金高温变形动态再结晶的影响。结果表明:GH690合金动态再结晶过程是一个受变形温度和应变速率控制的过程,在应变速率为0.001～1s-1的实验条件下,GH690合金获得完全动态再结晶组织所需的温度随变形速率的增大而升高;动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高而增大。采用力学方法直接从流变曲线确定了GH690合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变量,并回归出临界应变量与Z参数的关系式:εc=1.135×10-3Z0.14233。GH690合金的主要动态再结晶机制是原始晶界凸起形核的不连续动态再结晶机制(DDRX),而新晶粒通过亚晶逐渐转动而形成的连续动态再结晶机制(CDRX)则起辅助作用。     

GH4169合金热加工过程中的显微组织演化数学模型

采用Thermecmastor—Z型热加工模拟试验机对GH4169合金热态变形过程中(温度范围为960～1020℃，应变速率范围为10^-2～50s^-1，等效应变范围为0．357～0．916和变形后高温滞留阶段内(滞留时间为0～15s)的显徽组织演化过程进行了实验研究，定量地测定了试样内的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和再结晶体积分数。根据实验结果，指出了GH41．69合金热加工过程中的主要显微组织演化过程是动态和亚动态再结晶，确定了峰值应力和峰值应变与锻造热力参数间的关系，建立了动态再结晶和亚动态再结晶过程的运动学方程和晶粒尺寸演化模型，从而为预测和控制GH4169合金锻件的组织性能提供了依据。     

镍基变形高温合金动态软化行为与组织演变规律研究

采用Gleeble3500D热模拟试验机研究了GH4720Li合金的高温热变形行为,分析了不同热压缩工艺条件下流变力学曲线特征,建立了表征材料流变力学特征的包含应变参量的双曲正弦型Arrhenius本构关系模型以及BP人工神经网络模型,并通过对材料热变形组织的表征,揭示了GH4720Li合金高温变形过程中的动态再结晶形核机制。结果表明,包含应变参量的双曲正弦型Arrhenius本构关系模型预测精度较差,而BP人工神经网络模型能很好地表征GH4720Li合金热变形过程中的流变力学行为,模型预测值与实验值的平均相对误差仅为0.814%。组织分析结果表明,GH4720Li合金在1140℃条件下动态再结晶的主要形核机制为非连续动态再结晶,变形晶粒的晶界为再结晶晶粒提供形核位置。     

GH4141高温合金热变形行为及组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了经均匀化处理后的GH4141合金在变形温度为1000～1200℃和应变速率为0.01-5 s^-1条件下的热变形行为,构建了GH4141合金的热变形本构方程,并分析了热变形过程中微观组织的演变规律。结果表明,GH4141合金的峰值应力和峰值应变均随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而显著降低。当变形温度为1100～1150℃时,由于动态再结晶的发生,动态软化逐渐与加工硬化达到平衡,流变应力基本不变,真应力-真应变曲线趋于平稳状态。基于Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦模型可以很好地描述GH4141合金热变形过程中峰值应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系。GH4141合金热变形过程中的再结晶程度随着变形温度升高、应变速率减小和变形量增加而增加。当变形温度≥1100℃,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s^-1,变形量≥50%时,合金发生完全动态再结晶。     

GH696合金动态再结晶模型

采用热模拟压缩试验研究GH696合金在变形温度为880~1020℃、应变速率为0.01~10.0 s~(-1)、变形程度为30%~60%条件下的高温变形行为。采用金相显微镜对GH696合金高温压缩变形后的显微组织进行观察。结果表明:较高的变形温度和较低的应变速率有利于GH696合金的动态再结晶。采用加工硬化率-流动应力曲线确定GH696合金的动态再结晶临界应变,应用Avrami方程建立GH696合金的动态再结晶体积分数模型,并根据合金的金相定量试验结果建立GH696合金的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型。     

GH1016合金的动态再结晶行为

利用GLEEBLE-3500热模拟试验机完成了变形温度为1000～1150℃,应变速率为0. 1～10 s~(-1),变形量分别为20%、40%和60%的热压缩试验,获得了各试验条件下GH1016合金的真应力-真应变曲线,并利用数据拟合的手段求得了GH1016合金的临界变形条件方程。同时,得到了所有变形条件下的再结晶组织,分析了变形工艺对GH1016合金的动态再结晶过程的影响规律,最终获得了GH1016合金在试验条件下的动态再结晶状态图,可为生产现场的锻造工艺的合理制定提供理论参考依据,尤其适用于GH1016合金的精锻工艺的制定和优化。     

ZK60镁合金热变形过程中的动态再结晶动力学

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对ZK60镁合金在温度为200～400℃、应变速率为0.001～10s-1、最大变形量为60%的条件下进行恒应变速率高温压缩实验,研究高温变形过程中合金的动态再结晶行为;采用EM模型描述合金的动态回复曲线,以此为基础,得出ZK60合金热压缩过程中的动态再结晶动力学Avrami方程.利用有限元模拟合金热压缩过程中的动态再结晶.结果表明ZK60合金热压缩过程中由于存在动态再结晶的软化作用,流变应力达到峰值后逐渐减小,并最终达到稳态;随着变形量的增加和变形温度的升高,动态再结晶体积分数增加,合金变形更加均匀;随着应变速率的增加,动态再结晶分数有所减小,且.变形也更不均匀.     

热变形参数对GH690合金晶粒细化的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行高温等温压缩试验,研究了热变形参数对GH690合金晶粒细化的影响.结果表明:当变形程度较小时,随着真应变的增加,GH690合金动态再结晶的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,但当真应变达到0.5后,随着真应变继续增加,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸变化不大;动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随变形温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小.建立起热变形条件即Z参数与动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的关系.     

粗晶GH4720Li合金热变形行为与动态再结晶特点

为了模拟难变形镍基高温合金GH4720Li开坯锻造过程,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究经均匀化处理的GH4720Li铸锭高温压缩变形时的力学流动行为,分析高温变形过程中微观组织演化规律。结果表明,GH4720Li合金在1100℃,0.1 s-1条件下应力水平达到250 MPa,且应力对热变形温度和应变速率敏感,动态再结晶是主要的软化机制。粗晶组织提高了合金动态再结晶临界变形温度和应变速率,如在变形量为60%,变形条件为1140℃,0.001 s-1和1180℃,0.001s-1才能发生完全动态再结晶。计算的粗晶GH4720Li合金热变形激活能Q=1171kJ/mol,较高的热变形激活能表明粗晶组织不利于热塑性变形和动态再结晶的发生。基于本研究,铸态GH4720Li合金开坯温度应高于1140℃,同时保证较低的应变速率,以确保动态再结晶的充分发生,实现枝晶组织破碎。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。