Secondary Laplace operator and generalized Giaquinta–Hildebrandt operator with applications on surface segmentation and smoothing

Various geometric operators have been playing an important role in surface processing. For example, many shape analysis algorithms have been developed based on eigenfunctions of the ​Laplace–Beltrami operator (LBO), which is defined based on the first fundamental form of the surface. In this paper, we introduce two new geometric operators based on the second fundamental form of the surface, namely the secondary Laplace operator (SLO) and generalized Giaquinta–Hildebrandt operator (GGHO). Surface features such as concave creases/regions and convex ridges can be captured by eigenfunctions of the SLO, which can be used in surface segmentation with concave and convex features detected. Moreover, a new geometric flow method is developed based on the GGHO, providing an effective tool for sharp feature-preserving surface smoothing.     

Deep learning-based optimal segmentation of 3D printed product for surface quality improvement and support structure reduction

Large-sized product cannot be printed as one piece by a 3D printer because of the volume limitation of most 3D printers. Some products with the complex structure and high surface quality should also not be printed into one piece to meet requirement of the printing quality. For increasing the surface quality and reducing support structure of 3D printed models, this paper proposes a 3D model segmentation method based on deep learning. Sub-graphs are generated by pre-segmenting 3D triangular mesh models to extract printing features. A data structure is proposed to design training data sets based on the sub-graphs with printing features of the original 3D model including surface quality, support structure and normal curvature. After training a Stacked Auto-encoder using the training set, a 3D model is pre-segmented to build an application set by the sub-graph data structure. The application set is applied by the trained deep-learning system to generate hidden features. An Affinity Propagation clustering method is introduced in combining hidden features and geometric information of the application set to segment a product model into several parts. In the case study, samples of 3D models are segmented by the proposed method, and then printed using a 3D printer for validating the performance.     

Adaptive multi-scale segmentation of surface data using unsupervised learning of seed positions

This paper presents a method for multi-scale segmentation of surface data using scale-adaptive region growing. The proposed segmentation algorithm is initiated by an unsupervised learning of optimal seed positions through the surface attribute clustering with a two-criterion score function. The seeds are selected as consecutive local maxima of the clustering map, which is computed by an aggregation of the local isotropic contrast and local variance maps. The proposed method avoids typical segmentation errors caused by an inappropriate choice of seed points and thresholds used in the region-growing algorithm. The scale-adaptive threshold estimate is based on the image local statistics in the neighborhoods of seed points. The performance of this method was evaluated on LiDAR surface images.     

基于区域竞争分割结果的体绘制研究

在开发医学图像处理系统时,采用区域竞争模型分割产生的图像只反映图像的轮廓及位置信息,不包含内部的图像信息,所以只能直接进行面绘制.据此,提出了基于区域竞争模型分割结果的体绘制算法.算法根据分割结果中的轮廓信息,对原始医学图像进行数值转换,使目标图像中既包含内部l冬I像信息又包含轮廓边界信息,最后利用转换后的数据对肝脏进行体绘制.实验结果表明本算法有效可行,而且有很高的实用性.     

Direct Segmentation of Algebraic Models for Reverse Engineering

In Reverse Engineering a physical object is digitally reconstructed from a set of boundary points. In the segmentation phase these points are grouped into subsets to facilitate consecutive steps as surface fitting. In this paper we present a segmentation method with subsequent classification of simple algebraic surfaces. Our method is direct in the sense that it operates directly on the point set in contrast to other approaches that are based on a triangulation of the data set. The segmentation process involves a fast algorithm for k-nearest neighbors search and an estimation of first and second order surface properties. The first order segmentation, that is based on normal vectors, provides an initial subdivision of the surface and detects sharp edges as well as flat or highly curved areas. One of the main features of our method is to proceed by alternating the steps of segmentation and normal vector estimation. The second order segmentation subdivides the surface according to principal curvatures and provides a sufficient foundation for the classification of simple algebraic surfaces. If the boundary of the original object contains such surfaces the segmentation is optimized based on the result of a surface fitting procedure.     

人体表面点云数据的拓扑特征检测与自动分割

对标准站立测量姿态下的人体表面点云数据的拓扑特征检测与自动分割进行了研究,提出基于全景深度图像表示的人体点云表面拓扑特征检测和自动分割新方法。首先把人体表面的点云数据转换为圆柱极坐标形式,获得人体扫描表面的全景深度图像表示,根据全景深度图像中的层次信息自动检测人体表面的拓扑特征,并根据拓扑特征把人体分割成5个功能结构。实验证明这种方法改进了人体表面点云数据的拓扑特征检测和自动分割的效率和精度。     

基于多分辨统计模型和曲面恢复的腹部图像分割算法

针对腹部器官边缘模糊、形状差异大、小样本集合难建立统计模型等问题,提出了基于多分辨率统计集成模型和曲面缺失数据恢复的混合图像分割算法。该算法根据器官模型的纹理特征,建立外观轮廓模型;并定义标志点自信度。对于自信度较高的点,使用基于主动图像搜索和模型变形的方法进行分割;将自信度较低的点视为未知点,利用统计模型和自信度高的已知点进行数据恢复。实验结果表明,该混合算法可成功地降低器官分割的平均误差。     

基于窗口傅立叶变换功率谱分析的盐田地区高分辨率遥感影像分割分类方法探讨

图像分割是面向对象图像分析的基础。目前常规的图像分割算法普遍基于光谱同质性假设,但是这种假设对于提取干旱地区盐田这种具有析出结晶盐与卤水两种高反差地物共存的空间对象而言显得不足为用。针对面向对象图像分析中只采用光谱和形状异质进行图像分割的不足,以吉兰泰盐田及周边地区2008年11月SPOT 5影像为例,首先采用窗口傅立叶变换功率谱方法提取影像纹理特征,然后进行基于纹理、光谱的多尺度分割,进而对分割后图像进行多层次分类来提取盐田信息。实验结果表明,该方法对盐田地区的信息提取有较好的效果。     

基于多模态互补特征学习的遥感影像语义分割

在遥感影像语义分割任务中,数字表面模型可以为光谱数据生成对应的几何表示,能够有效提升语义分割的精度。然而,大部分现有工作仅简单地将光谱特征和高程特征在不同的阶段相加或合并,忽略了多模态数据之间的相关性与互补性,导致网络对某些复杂地物无法准确分割。本文基于互补特征学习的多模态数据语义分割网络进行研究。该网络采用多核最大均值距离作为互补约束,提取两种模态特征之间的相似特征与互补特征。在解码之前互相借用互补特征,增强网络共享特征的能力。在国际摄影测量及遥感探测学会 (international society for photogrammetry and remote sensing, ISPRS)的Potsdam与Vaihingen公开数据集上验证所提出的网络,证明了该网络可以实现更高的分割精度。     

一种隐式曲面多相图像分割的变分水平集模型

隐式曲面上的图像处理,与曲面的性状和特征息息相关,运用多个函数标记不同区域来进行图像分割计算量大。针对上述问题首先借助遥感图像提出了一种隐式曲面构建方式,利用图像中的高程数据来构建山体曲面模型,进而计算山体区域的曲面面积。其次将基于一个水平集函数的多相图像分割的模型推广到隐式曲面上,并设计了相应的交替方向乘子法,通过求解一个函数的极值实现对图像多个区域的分割,最后多个数值实验对该方法和模型的高效性和鲁棒性进行了验证。     

二维直方图分水岭分割方法的研究

提出了一种二维直方图分水岭分割方法。该方法选取遥感影像总体分辨能力较强的两个特征构建二维直方图,直接将二维直方图看作一幅灰度影像,然后用标记分水岭算法对二维直方图进行分割以确定不同类别的地物在特征空间中的位置,最后对遥感影像中的每个像素进行类别标记。与传统二维直方图分割方法相比,新方法可以筛选出区分能力较强的两个特征构建二维直方图,因而能取得更为理想的分割效果。     

多特征组合的深度图像分割算法

深度图像直接反映景物表面的三维几何信息,且不受光照、阴影等因素的影响,对深度图像处理、识别、理解是目前计算机视觉领域研究的热点和重点之一。针对深度图像信息单一且噪声较大的特点,提出一种基于组合特征的阈值分割算法,实现对深度图像数据的有效分割。算法首先通过梯度特征对图像进行Otsu阈值分割;在此基础上,分别在不同分割区域内利用深度特征进行Otsu多阈值分割,得到候选目标;然后,在空域上利用像素的位置特征对候选目标进行分割、合并与去噪,最终得到图像分割的结果。实验结果表明,该方法能有效克服深度图像中噪声的影响,得到的分割区域边界准确,分割质量较高,为以后的室内对象识别和场景理解工作奠定了较好的基础。     

纹理图像的多尺度分割

纹理图像分割最常用的方法就是基于特征的纹理分割,即首先提取出图像的纹理特征,在利用提取出的纹理特征来进行特征划分.通过对纹理特征进行划分来实现纹理图像分割的过程所面对的主要困难可以概括为:效率和效果.纹理图像分割算法大多具有较高的时间复杂度,这一方面是因为纹理特征提取比较费时,另一方面较高的特征维数导致特征划分过程的计算量通常比较大.本文提出基于图像四叉树的多尺度分割算法来实现实时图像的粗分割,实验表明此算法可以在保持分割精度的前提下大大降低时间复杂度.     

一种改进的拉普拉斯水平集医学图像分割算法

作为图像识别与图像理解的关键步骤,图像分割一直受到人们的重视,很多相应的算法被提出,但它也面临着很多挑战。医学图像分割的难点是对模糊边缘的连续有效分割,为准确的目标提取提供保障。提出一种新的医学图像分割算法,算法在拉普拉斯水平集图像分割算法基础上,融入图像的区域信息,重新定义了驱动水平集表面演化的速度函数。算法除了利用图像的边缘梯度信息外,还充分融合了图像的区域信息,从而在保持图像边缘局部特征的同时,充分利用了区域全局优化的特点,可实现医学图像的有效分割。与经典水平集分割方法相比,改进后的方法能够更好地保持边界的连续性,得到比较完整的分割结果,为图像分析提供可靠的科学数据。     

三角网格模型体素特征分割

针对现有机械制造领域网格模型分割结果缺少工程含义的现状,提出了一种三角网格模型体素特征分割方法。首先在对三角网格模型分割的基础上,对由网格分割得到的每个子网格进行曲面类型识别,然后在基本体素及典型结构显著特征表示的基础上,把识别出的曲面集合与基本体素及典型结构进行匹配,从而将分割结果分类为自由曲面、基本体素和复杂体素,实现具有工程含义的体素特征分割。该方法可以降低模型重构的难度,加快模型重构的速度。     

Segmenting point-sampled surfaces

Extracting features from point-based representations of geometric surface models is becoming increasingly important for purposes such as model classification, matching, and exploration. In an earlier paper, we proposed a multiphase segmentation process to identify elongated features in point-sampled surface models without the explicit construction of a mesh or other surface representation. The preliminary results demonstrated the strength and potential of the segmentation process, but the resulting segmentations were still of low quality, and the segmentation process could be slow. In this paper, we describe several algorithmic improvements to overcome the shortcomings of the segmentation process. To demonstrate the improved quality of the segmentation and the superior time efficiency of the new segmentation process, we present segmentation results obtained for various point-sampled surface models. We also discuss an application of our segmentation process to extract ridge-separated features in point-sampled surfaces of CAD models.     

Distinguishing wetland vegetation and channel features with object-based image segmentation

Mapping landscape features within wetlands using remote-sensing imagery is a persistent challenge due to the fine scale of wetland pattern variation and the low spectral contrast among plant species. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is a promising approach for distinguishing wetland features, but systematic guidance for this use of OBIA is not presently available. A sensitivity analysis was tested using OBIA to distinguish vegetation zones, vegetation patches, and surface water channels in two intertidal salt marshes in southern San Francisco Bay. Optimal imagery sources and OBIA segmentation settings were determined from 348 sensitivity tests using the eCognition multiresolution segmentation algorithm. The optimal high-resolution (≤1 m) imagery choices were colour infrared (CIR) imagery to distinguish vegetation zones, CIR or red, green, blue (RGB) imagery to distinguish vegetation patches depending on species and season, and RGB imagery to distinguish surface water channels. High-resolution (1 m) lidar data did not help distinguish small surface water channels or other features. Optimal segmentation varied according to segmentation setting choices. Small vegetation patches and narrow channels were more recognizable using small scale parameter settings and coarse vegetation zones using larger scale parameter settings. The scale parameter served as a de facto lower bound to median segmented object size. Object smoothness/compactness weight settings had little effect. Wetland features were more recognizable using high colour/low shape weight settings. However, an experiment on a synthetic non-wetland image demonstrated that, colour information notwithstanding, segmentation results are still strongly affected by the selected image resolution, OBIA settings, and shape of the analysis region. Future wetland OBIA studies may benefit from strategically making imagery and segmentation setting choices based on these results; such systemization of future wetland OBIA approaches may also enhance study comparability.     

基于多特征融合和条件随机场的道路分割

针对复杂交通场景图像中路面分割难度大和分割边缘粗糙的问题,提出了一种基于多特征融合和条件随机场的道路分割方法.首先,提取图像的纹理基元特征与颜色特征;然后,将道路分割问题视为一个基于像素的二分类问题,融合所提取的两种特征,使用SVM分类器实现对交通场景图像中路面区域与背景区域的粗糙划分;最后,利用全连接条件随机场中的颜色与位置约束,对分割结果进行优化,获得更加平滑的分割边缘,并与其他分割算法进行对比.实验结果表明,基于多特征融合与条件随机场的道路分割算法获得了95.37%的平均分割准确率和94.55%的平均像素精度.     

Motif analysis for automatic segmentation of CT surface contours into individual surface features

This paper presents a new layer-based technique for automatic high-level segmentation of 3-D surface contours into individual surface features through motif analysis. The procedure starts from a contour-based surface model representing a composite surface area of an object. For each of the surface contours, a relative turning angle (RTA) map is derived. The RTA map usually contains noise and minor features. Algorithms based on motif analysis are applied for extracting a main profile of the RTA map free from background noise and other minor features. All feature points on the extracted profile are further identified from the extracted main profile through further motif analysis. The original contour is thus partitioned into individual segments with the identified feature points. A collection of consecutive contour segments among different layers form an individual 3-D surface feature of the original composite surface. The developed approach using motif analysis is particularly useful for the identification of smooth joins between individual surface features and for the elimination of superposed noise and unwanted minor features.     

Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized Point Data with Quadrics

We present a reverse engineering method for constructing a surface approximation scheme whose input is a set of unorganized noisy points in space and whose output is a set of quadric patches. The local surface properties, necessary for the subsequent segmentation, are estimated directly from the data using a simple and efficient data structure—the neighborhood graph. Our segmentation scheme, based on principal curvatures, constructs initial point subsets, which may be enlarged or further subdivided based on associated approximation error estimates obtained through approximation of the initial segments by quadric surfaces. Our method is highly efficient and produces a high‐quality piecewise quadric surface approximation of engineering objects, which we demonstrate for several simple and complex example data sets.