液相还原法制备纳米铂粉研究

采用液相还原法，以硼氢化钾(KBH₄)作为还原剂，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙二醇(PEG)等作为分散剂，将还原剂、分散剂及其他添加剂混合制成还原液，加入到处理过的氯铂酸(H₂PtCl₆)溶液中制备电子浆料用纳米铂粉。研究了还原过程中氯铂酸浓度、还原液p H值、分散剂种类等对铂粉粒度大小及形貌的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对铂粉进行表征。结果表明，通过控制反应条件可制备平均粒径在20～100 nm的高纯纳米铂粉。对上述铂粉制备的铂浆料指标进行分析后表明，其可应用于制备催化铂电极。     

非水溶液体系中晶种法制备球形银纳米颗粒

以丙三醇作溶剂,硝酸银为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,硼氢化钠为还原剂制备了银纳米晶种;以此银纳米粒子作为初级晶种,以丙三醇作溶剂和还原剂,通过升温提高丙三醇的还原性制备银纳米颗粒。研究分散剂种类、生长液银浓度、晶种加入量对银粉的影响,采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备产物的结构、物相、形貌进行表征。结果表明,通过改变条件可以制备出分散性良好、粒径均匀的70 nm左右的球形银粉。     

晶种法制备单分散的金纳米粒子及光学性能研究

加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)做稳定化试剂,用硼氢化钾还原氯金酸,结合晶种生长法制备了单分散性、粒径小的胶体金。通过晶种生长法,在反应中加入PVP试剂,用抗坏血酸做还原剂,制备了单分散的金纳米棒。结果表明,PVP试剂对金纳米粒子的形貌有重要的影响;加入PVP试剂得到的金纳米粒子(胶体金和金纳米棒)分散性好,无明显的团聚现象。应用透射电镜,纳米粒度分析仪和紫外-可见分光光度计对不同粒径的纳米金进行了表征。     

室温制备纳米银醇溶胶

在室温下制备了分散性好、稳定性好、粒径分布均匀的高浓度纳米银醇溶胶。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)对产物的形貌和光学性能进行表征。结果表明,所制备的纳米银为分散均匀的球形粒子,平均粒径为4.8nm。在此反应过程中,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)既作保护剂又作还原剂,作为溶剂的乙醇有利于PVP分子链的舒展,增大了PVP分子与Ag+的接触几率,促进了还原反应的快速进行;另一方面,充分舒展的PVP分子能有效抑制银纳米粒子团聚。     

不同分散剂对纳米铋粉在无水乙醇中分散性能影响

在用直流电弧等离子体法制备纳米铋粉的基础上,通过研究pH值对纳米铋粉分散性能影响,选用不同分散剂,研究了不同超声时间和不同分散剂加入量条件下,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙二醇4 000(PEG)、油酸(OA)三种分散剂对纳米铋粉在无水乙醇中分散性能的影响。结果表明,加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮及聚乙二醇分散剂的分散效果随着超声时间和表面活性剂加入量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而加入油酸的溶液分散性出现了波动;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和聚乙二醇对纳米铋粉的分散性较好;不同分散剂分散效果从高到低顺序依次为:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮>聚乙二醇>油酸。最佳分散工艺为:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮加入量5%,超声功率560 W,超声时间50 min。     

液相还原法制备微米级球形银粉及其分散机理

采用液相还原法,以硝酸银为原料、抗坏血酸为还原剂制备银粉。系统探索加料方式、分散剂、反应温度、分散剂用量和Ag NO3溶液浓度等工艺参数对银粉形貌、粒径的影响,并对分散机理进行研究。结果表明:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)与Ag+和银粉的相互作用有利于银粉形貌和分散性的提高。采用正向快速加料法,在PVP用量为硝酸银的5%~20%(质量分数),硝酸银溶液浓度为0.1~0.3 mol/L的条件下,可制备出分散性较好、表面光滑的球形银粉,其振实密度可达4.9 g/cm3;通过调节分散剂的用量,能够实现银粉平均粒径在1.02~2.72μm之间的可控制备。     

气固反应法制备Ag@Ag2S核壳纳米颗粒

采用两步法了合成Ag@Ag2S核壳纳米颗粒。首先以无水乙醇为还原剂,PVP(K-30)为分散剂,AgNO3为原料,采用溶剂热法合成出银纳米颗粒,随后在真空管式炉中对银纳米粉体进行硫化。紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-vis),X射线衍射(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM)的结果表明,以450℃加热硫粉,银粉所处位置为80℃,硫化时间为20~80min,成功制备出了Ag@Ag2S核壳结构纳米颗粒,颗粒粒径约为100±30nm。     

花状自组装FePt纳米颗粒的制备

选用硼氢化钠(NaBH4)作为还原剂,聚乙二醇(PEG2000)作为表面活性剂,利用简单的湿化学还原工艺,在室温下制备花状自组装的FePt纳米颗粒。XRD和TEM表征显示:所制备的FePt纳米颗粒是化学无序的面心立方(fcc)结构。颗粒形貌主要由平均粒径分别为19.2和4.9nm的梭形和球形颗粒组成。这些梭形的"花瓣"和球形的"花蕊"自组装形成大小不等的花状结构。推测认为,纳米颗粒的花状自组装主要是表面活性剂集合的结果。VSM显示所制备FePt纳米颗粒的磁性能室温下为超顺磁性,饱和磁化强度Ms约为10.9(A·m2)/kg,相同条件下PVP作为表面活性剂时Ms约为0.6(A·m2)/kg,两者比较,选用PEG作为表面活性剂,Ms大约增大18倍。     

分散剂对HA 粒径及形貌的影响

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB) 和聚乙二醇(PEG) 为分散剂,采用包覆沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)胶体,经干燥和烧结后获得HA 粉体,并利用X 射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜考察了所得粉体的物相和形貌。结果表明,CTAB 或PEG 的添加量均对羟基磷灰石颗粒的形状和粒径有影响,控制合适的添加量可以使粒径变小,长径比增大。     

微生物吸附-化学还原法合成金钯纳米线机理研究

采用微生物吸附-化学还原法,以大肠杆菌(ECCs)为模板、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为保护剂、抗坏血酸(AA)为还原剂制备金钯纳米线(Au-Pd NWs),考察不同金钯摩尔比对合成金钯纳米材料的影响,并通过SEM、TEM、XRD等技术进行了表征,研究其形成机理。结果表明,吸附还原作用使ECCs在短时间内还原生成了少量Pd(0)和Au(0),大量的钯离子和金离子聚集在ECCs表面周围;还原剂AA的加入使ECCs表面成为优先成核位点,菌体表面基团与晶核相互作用阻止其迁移;在CTAB的作用下,菌体表面的纳米颗粒逐渐形成链状纳米中间结构,中间结构通过Ostwald熟化作用进一步形成Au-Pd纳米线。通过ECCs和CTAB协同作用,有利于一维纳米结构的生长。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.