云南磷深加工发展探讨

近年来,云南黄磷、湿法磷酸工业发展较快,在国内同行业占有重要地位,为云南磷深加工工业(不含肥料工业)的发展奠定了基础。通过对云南黄磷、湿法磷酸工业以及磷深加工工业现状的分析,较完整地预测云南磷深加工工业的发展趋势与目标,并提出一些发展建议。     

加速中国磷化工可持续发展几个问题的探讨

论述了国内外磷化工的发展态势.根据国内外磷化工发展的新趋势和新特点,指出中国磷化工的发展方向,即,为了实现中国磷化工的可持续发展,必须做好黄磷的深加工、热法磷酸的深加工和湿法磷酸的深加工,以做大做强中国的磷化工产业.同时,对适度发展高浓度磷复肥、大力发展精细磷化工、积极发展再资源化环保型产业等重点领域进行了较为详细的论述.     

云南精细磷化工产业发展概况及转型升级建议

介绍了精细磷化工的概念和国内精细磷化工产业的发展状况,重点详述了云南精细磷化工产业的发展历程、现状以及存在的问题,并分别对以黄磷出发的热法精细磷化工产业和以湿法净化磷酸出发的湿法精细磷化工产业的发展趋势进行了展望,在此基础上,对云南精细磷化工产业的转型升级发展提出了建议。     

用绿色化学技术发展我国的磷化学工业

分析了国内外磷化工发展的新趋势和新特点,提出为促进我国磷化工的可持续发展,应着力搞好黄磷的深加工、热法磷酸的深加工和湿法磷酸的深加工,用绿色化学技术(如新型催化技术、生物催化技术、电化学合成技术、微波化学技术等)发展我国的磷化工产业.同时指出加强技术创新,改进生产工艺,拓展磷化工绿色产业链,构建磷化工发展的绿色工程,才能大力推进我国磷化工产业的绿色化.     

湿法磷酸净化及磷酸盐产品的现状和发展

黄磷、热法、湿法磷酸的发展和现状。湿法磷酸净化替代热法磷酸制磷酸盐的技术水平和发展、经济效益。副产品磷石膏的开发和利用。     

云南做大做强精细磷化

云南是我国乃至世界知名的磷都，已探明磷矿储量近80亿t。该省黄磷、磷酸等生产精细化工产品的母体原材料产量在全国占据重要地位，黄磷和湿法磷酸产量均居全国首位，其中黄磷产量占全国总产量的55％以上。     

配加湿法磷酸淤渣生产黄磷的技术创新

云南天安化工拥有完整的黄磷和湿法磷化工产业链,公司技术创新,将湿法磷酸淤渣添加到磷矿粉中应用于黄磷生产。介绍配加湿法磷酸淤渣生产黄磷的试生产情况、工艺路线的改进及运行效果。结果表明,该法磷炉运行总体平稳,各项参数指标可控,生产环保、社会经济效益显著,开拓了湿法磷酸淤渣利用新途径。     

完善湿法酸制磷酸盐技术是提高全行业效益的重要措施

上世纪九十年代初，我们在研究我国黄磷及磷化工发展战略研究时曾经指出，国外磷化工的近期发展趋势和特点是：传统老产品发展缓慢，其中发达国家中黄磷、三聚磷酸钠已呈负增长。湿法磷酸发展十分迅速，净化技术已趋成熟、热法磷酸有被取代之势。从那时候起到现在，十多年过去了，十多年来我国磷酸盐工业有了长足的发展，主要磷化工产品的产能、产量、出口量增长了数倍乃至十倍、数十倍，磷化工产品的产值和出口创汇额也增加了若干倍(见表Ⅰ)。     

湿法磷酸净化及其盐类生产技术:1.磷酸盐类生产原理

介绍正磷酸的化学性质及用其生产正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、偏磷酸盐、聚磷酸盐的原理。分析国内外发展磷化工的技术路线,指出我国走了一条以黄磷为原料的路线,这是一条国外被淘汰、与我国目前和今后的磷化工产业发展相悖的路线。提出我国应加大湿法磷酸净化技术的研究与开发,并应以净化湿法磷酸代替热法磷酸发展我国的磷化工产业。     

创新和循环经济是磷化工发展的必由之路：Ⅳ．湿法磷酸净化制造净化湿法磷酸

回顾国内黄磷及磷酸盐的发展现状;概述湿法磷酸净化几种主要方法的原理、工艺流程及技术特点;分析对比热法磷酸、净化湿法磷酸的生产成本。认为,用湿法磷酸制饲料级、工业级和食品级磷酸盐产品,采用新化学净化湿法磷酸投资少,净化成本低;引进湿法磷酸净化技术生产净化湿法磷酸与具有矿、电、磷一体的黄磷成本比较,不具有优势。     

黄磷生产中火灾事故的预防

通过对生产规模2500t／a黄磷生产厂生产实践的分析，提出发生事故的几种主要原因，如磷及磷泥的自燃、尾气爆炸及CO中毒、磷渣的排放和磷铁回收等，总结了处理和防范事故的一些实际经验，对小型黄磷生产厂具有一定的参考作用。     

反硝化聚磷菌在污水处理中的应用

综合国内外反硝化除磷技术的最新研究,着重分析反硝化聚磷菌的脱氮除磷机理和对反硝化除磷工艺有较大影响的各种因素,介绍反硝化聚磷菌在污水处理中的应用及目前反硝化除磷技术在工艺上的研究进展。     

A simple equation for calculating the residual effect of phosphorus fertilizers

A simple equation to calculate the residual effect of fertilizer phosphorus is derived from a model distinguishing only two soil phosphorus pools. With time intervals of one year the model calculates the phosphorus transfers between the pools, the uptake of phosphorus by the crop and the resulting pool sizes. Most input data required to operate the model can be obtained from ordinary one-season phosphorus fertilizer trials.For easily soluble phosphorus fertilizers the residual effect can also be calculated with a formula: Rt = (0.8 – R1)^t-1* R1 where Rt and R1 are the recovery fractions in year t and year 1, respectively. During the first five years after fertilizer application the residual effects, as calculated with the equation, are almost equal to those obtained with the model.     

Sorption of labelled phosphate by a Vertisol and an Alfisol of the semi-arid zone of India

Information on phosphate sorption properties of Vertisols is scarce, but can help to explain the different responses of crops to fertilizer P on Vertisols, as compared with Alfisols.Adsorption isotherms for total adsorbed phosphate and isotopically exchangeable phosphate were measured for typical examples of a Vertisol and an Alfisol, occurring in close proximity at the ICRISAT centre. For each soil, the relationships of exchangeable P and total adsorbed P with phosphate solution concentration were described well by the Freundlich isotherm. Neither of the soils adsorbed significant amounts of P in a non-exchangeable form. The Vertisol had a higher capacity and buffer power for phosphate sorption, implying a lower response to fertilizer P. However, all adsorbed P remained in forms labile to³²P, equilibrated for 22 h, so that for equal amounts of CaCl₂ extractable P there was more labile P in the Vertisol. In the absence of added P, the data suggested that the Vertisol maintained a greater level of dissolved and labile P. These observations are in accord with the results of field experiments, where larger applications of P may be required in Vertisols, compared with Alfisols, to achieve the same yield response, but that P is more freely available to crops grown in Vertisols than is suggested by chemical extraction methods for available P.     

三氯化磷生产装置的技术改造及运行总结

介绍了三氯化磷产品的运行状况.采用黄磷与氯气直接氯化法生产三氯化磷,对不合理工艺过程进行技术改造,总结了日常生产的控制措施.     

Estimates of soil phosphorus for different soil series

Over a range of soil series, the responses to applied P were measured with Swedish turnips and potatoes in field experiments and with oats in a pot experiment. Phosphorus was extracted from soil samples, taken before the experiments were started, by acetic acid, Morgan's, bicarbonate, resin and lactate methods. The relationships between the amounts of soil P extracted and the responses to applied P showed that curved models, using reciprocals or logarithms of soil P, were generally superior to linear and quadratic models especially for the field experiment data. Including loss-on-ignition in the model significantly improved the relationships for some soil series.Reciprocal and logarithmic models were used to determine the ranges for classifying soil P into three classes and to calculate responses to soil P at each site. For the experiments with Swedish turnips, soil P and calculated responses were allocated to three classes and compared with the corresponding classification of the actual field responses. Using different ranges of critical values for classifying soil P for a specific series is shown to be at least as important as using the best method of extraction. The results illustrate how the reliability of a three-class system for predicting the P status of these acid, Scottish soils can be increased by using different class intervals for soil P for different series.     

用磷表快速测定磷石膏中水溶磷和非水溶磷

用磷表分析法代替磷钼酸喹啉容量法测定磷石膏中的水溶磷和非水溶磷,分析方法简单,经与传统容量法对照,结果准确、可靠,降低了分析成本,能满足生产控制分析需求。     

Denitrification and Dephosphatation by Anaerobic/Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than lmg·L-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus     

我国制磷电炉炉渣的综合利用

分析制磷炉渣的特性,介绍磷渣综合利用途径:制水泥掺合料,作硅肥,生产白炭黑,生产保温材料、炉渣砖、釉面瓷砖,制SU F微细粉等,并对磷炉渣的利用提出了几点建议。     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.