氨分解制氢棒状La x Ce1-x O y 负载Ru催化剂

氨分解得到的H₂不含CO _x 、SO _x 、NO _x 等有害物质,是其他所有含碳资源为原料制氢所不能比拟的。本文采用无模板水热法制备了一系列棒状载体,并采用沉积沉淀法制备了Ru/La _x Ce_1-x O _y 催化剂,考察了制备方法、催化剂组成对性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、BET、H₂-程序升温还原（TPR）和CO₂-程序升温脱附（TPD）进行了表征。结果表明,La₂O₃掺杂量为40%的Ru/La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8催化剂在常压、7800h^-1、450℃下氨分解转化率为98%。该催化剂活性高归因于部分还原的CeO_2-x 对Ru的供电子性能和Ru/La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8催化剂表面的强碱性增加了对Ru活性位的给电子能力。同时考察了K₂O含量的影响,最优的催化剂为Ru-2%K/La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8,在400℃、7800h^-1氨气转化率可以达到93%。结果表明Ru-2%K/La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8可以作为一种新型高效氨分解催化剂,为工业化应用提供了可能,具有良好的发展前景。     

An investigation of NO/CO reaction over perovskite-type oxide La0.8Ce0.2B0.4Mn0.6O3 (B = Cu or Ag) catalysts synthesized by reverse microemulsion

The perovskite-type oxides La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃ and La_0.8Ce_0.2Ag_0.4Mn_0.6O₃ prepared by reverse microemulsion and sol–gel methods (denoted as R and S, respectively), have been investigated on their catalytic performance for the (NO + CO) reaction, and characterized by means of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD measurements proved the presence of the perovskite phase with a considerable amount of CeO₂ phase and the formation of CeO₂ phase was restrained with the reverse microemulsion method. TEM investigations revealed that the La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-R nanoparticles were uniform spheres in shape with diameters ranging from 40 to 50 nm, whereas an aggregation of particles was found for the La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-S catalyst. The activity of NO reduction with CO decreased in the order of La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-R > La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-S > La_0.8Ce_0.2Ag_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-R > La_0.8Ce_0.2Ag_0.4Mn_0.6O₃-S. In NO-TPD experiments, the principal desorbed species detected in the effluent was NO with a trace amount of O₂ and N₂O, suggesting that the non-dissociated adsorption of NO on the surface of the perovskite-type oxides was dominant. The XPS results revealed that Ce⁴⁺ and Cu⁺ was the predominant oxidation state for Ce and Cu components in La_0.8Ce_0.2Cu_0.4Mn_0.6O₃ and La_0.8Ce_0.2Ag_0.4Mn_0.6O₃ catalysts. The existence of Cu⁺ ions and its redox reaction (Cu⁺ ↔ Cu²⁺) would benefit the NO adsorption and reduction by CO.     

Catalytic combustion of methane in the presence of organic and inorganic compounds over La0.9Ce0.1CoO3 catalyst

The catalytic combustion of the emission from coke ovens containing various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic species over a La_0.9Ce_0.1CoO₃ catalyst is investigated in an integral fixed reactor through several steps. (1) Combustion of a mixture of VOC reveals that the kinetics of total oxidation of methane determines the total VOC conversion. (2) The conversion of methane, in the case of sulfur-free feed is inhibited by H₂O and CO₂.     

Decomposition of nitric oxide over perovskite oxide catalysts: effect of CO2, H2O and CH4

Direct nitric oxide decomposition over perovskites is fairly slow and complex, its mechanism changing dramatically with temperature. Previous kinetic study for three representative compositions (La_0.87Sr_0.13Mn_0.2Ni_0.8O_3−δ, La_0.66Sr_0.34Ni_0.3Co_0.7O_3−δ and La_0.8Sr_0.2Cu_0.15Fe_0.85O_3−δ) has shown that depending on the temperature range, the inhibition effect of oxygen either increases or decreases with temperature. This paper deals with the effect of CO₂, H₂O and CH₄ on the nitric oxide decomposition over the same perovskites studied at a steady-state in a plug-flow reactor with 1 g catalyst and total flowrates of 50 or 100 ml/min of 2 or 5% NO. The effect of carbon dioxide (0.5–10%) was evaluated between 873 and 923 K, whereas that of H₂O vapor (1.6 or 2.5%) from 723 to 923 K. Both CO₂ and H₂O inhibit the NO decomposition, but inhibition by CO₂ is considerably stronger. For all three catalysts, these effects increase with temperature. Kinetic parameters for the inhibiting effects of CO₂ and H₂O over the three perovskites were determined. Addition of methane to the feed (NO/CH₄=4) increases conversion of NO to N₂ about two to four times, depending on the initial NO concentration and on temperature. This, however, is still much too low for practical applications. Furthermore, the rates of methane oxidation by nitric oxide over perovskites are substantially slower than those of methane oxidation by oxygen. Thus, perovskites do not seem to be suitable for catalytic selective NO reduction with methane.     

Enhanced activity of metal oxide-doped Ga2O3–Al2O3 for NO reduction by propene

Effect of additives, In₂O₃, SnO₂, CoO, CuO and Ag, on the catalytic performance of Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel method for the selective reduction of NO with propene in the presence of oxygen was studied. As for the reaction in the absence of H₂O, CoO, CuO and Ag showed good additive effect. When H₂O was added to the reaction gas, the activity of CoO-, CuO- and Ag-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ was depressed considerably, while an intensifying effect of H₂O was observed for In₂O₃- and SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃. Of several metal oxide additives, In₂O₃-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ showed the highest activity for NO reduction by propene in the presence of H₂O. Kinetic studies on NO reduction over In₂O₃–Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ revealed that the rate-determining step in the absence of H₂O is the reaction of NO₂ formed on Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ with C₃H₆-derived species, whereas that in the presence of H₂O is the formation of C₃H₆-derived species. We presumed the reason for the promotional effect of H₂O as follows: the rate for the formation of C₃H₆-derived species in the presence of H₂O is sufficiently fast compared with that for the reaction of NO₂ with C₃H₆-derived species in the absence of H₂O. Although the retarding effect of SO₂ on the activity was observed for all of the catalysts, SnO₂–Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ showed still relatively high activity in the lower temperature region.     

The activity and characterization of sol–gel Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx in the presence of oxygen

Catalytic performance of Sn/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared by impregnation (IM) and sol–gel (SG) method for selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by propene under lean burn condition were investigated. The physical properties of catalyst were characterized by BET, XRD, XPS and TPD. The results showed that NO₂ had higher reactivity than NO to nitrogen, the maximum NO conversion was 82% on the 5% Sn/Al₂O₃ (SG) catalyst, and the maximum NO₂ conversion reached nearly 100% around 425 °C. Such a temperature of maximum NO conversion was in accordance with those of NO_x desorption accompanied with O₂ around 450 °C. The activity of NO reduction was enhanced remarkably by the presence of H₂O and SO₂ at low temperature, and the temperature window was also broadened in the presence of H₂O and SO₂, however the NO_x desorption and NO conversion decreased sharply on the 300 ppm SO₂ treated catalyst, the catalytic activity was inhibited by the presence of SO₂ due to formation of sulfate species (SO₄²⁻) on the catalysts. The presence of oxygen played an essential role in NO reduction, and the activity of the 5% Sn/Al₂O₃ (SG) was not decreased in the presence of large oxygen.     

Sulphur poisoning of transition metal oxides used as catalysts for methane combustion

Different bulk metal oxides (NiO, CuO, Mn₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and Co₃O₄) were prepared and tested for the combustion of methane–air lean mixtures (5000 ppmV of CH₄) in presence of SO₂ (40 ppmV). Methane combustion experiments were carried out at ambient pressure, 425 and 625 °C and a space time of 93.3 g h mol_CH4⁻¹. Catalysts aged (60 h on stream) both in absence and in presence of SO₂, were characterised by nitrogen physisorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-MS) and infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). It was observed that Cr₂O₃ is not deactivated at the studied conditions, whereas all the other materials present fast deactivation in presence of SO₂. Aged catalysts characterisation reveals that the outstanding behaviour of the Cr₂O₃ catalyst is caused by the absence of formation of surface sulphates. By contrast, Mn₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ are more active than Cr₂O₃ for methane oxidation in absence of sulphur species, but they are strongly deactivated in presence of SO₂.

Finally, the performance of the Cr₂O₃ catalysts was compared to the corresponding to Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst and to a highly sulphur-tolerant perovskite (La_0.9Ce_0.1CoO₃) for the oxidation of methane in a real industrial emission from a coke oven, containing different inorganic gases (NH₃, N₂, H₂, H₂O, CO, CO₂, SO₂ and H₂S). Cr₂O₃ catalyst shows to be also the most stable catalyst for the treatment of these emissions.     

CH4/CO2 reforming over La2NiO4 and 10%NiO/CeO2–La2O3 catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion via cavity ring-down spectroscopic analysis

CH₄/CO₂ reforming over La₂NiO₄ and 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion was studied via direct monitoring of the reactants and products using the sensitive technique of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Vibration–rotational absorption lines of CH₄, H₂O, CO₂ and CO molecules were recorded in the near infrared spectral region. Our results indicated that La₂NiO₄ is superior to 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ in performance. In addition, we observed enhanced reverse-water-gas-shift reaction at augmented reaction temperature. The formation of reaction intermediates was also investigated by means of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and there was the detection of CH_x⁺, OH⁺ and H⁺ species.     

The role of lanthana loading on the catalytic properties of Pd/Al2O3-La2O3 in the NO reduction with H2

The role of La₂O₃ loading in Pd/Al₂O₃-La₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H₂ was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO.

The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La₂O₃ inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H₂ molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h⁻¹) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La₂O₃. At NO/H₂ = 0.5, the catalysts show high N₂ selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H₂ = 1, the N₂ selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H₂O vapor. The high N₂ selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdO_x phase interacting with La₂O₃. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La₂O₃. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al₂O₃ the O₂ uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO₂, and when La₂O₃ is present the O₂ uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La₂O₃ in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N₂.     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.     

Reduction of CeO2 in composites with transition metal complex oxides under hydrogen containing atmosphere and its correlation with catalytic activity

Reduction behavior of pure and doped CeO₂, the multi-phase La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃?xCeO₂, La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ ?xCeO₂, and La_0.95Ni_0.6Fe_0.4O₃?xCeO₂ composites, was studied under hydrogen containing atmosphere to address issues related to the improvement of electrochemical and catalytic performance of electrodes in fuel cells. The enhanced reduction of cerium oxide was observed initially at 800°C in all composites in spite of the presence of highly reducible transition metal cations that could lead to the increase in surface concentration of oxygen vacancies and generation of the electron enriched surface. Due to continuous reduction of cerium oxide in La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃?xCeO₂ and La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃?xCeO₂ (up to 10 h) composites the redox activity of the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ pair could be suppressed and additional measures are required for reversible spontaneous regeneration of Ce⁴⁺. After 3 h exposure to H₂-Ar at 800°C the reduction of cerium oxides and perovskite phases in La_0.95Ni_0.6Fe_0.4O₃?xCeO₂ composites was diminished. The extent of cerium oxide involvement in the reduction process varies with time, and depends on its initial deviation from oxygen stoichiometry (that results in the larger lattice parameter and the longer pathway for O^2- transport through the fluorite lattice), chemical origin of transition metal cations in the perovskite, and phase diversity in multi-phase composites.     

Study of Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 catalysts for complete oxidation of methanol and ethanol at low concentrations

Ag-modified La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃-based catalysts with the perovskite-type structure were prepared by using a citric acid sol–gel method, and their catalytic performance for complete oxidation of methanol and ethanol was evaluated and compared with that of the γ-Al₂O₃-supported catalysts, Ag/γ-Al₂O₃, Pt/γ-Al₂O₃, and Pd/γ-Al₂O₃. The results showed that the Ag-modified La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃-based catalysts with the perovskite-type structure displayed the activity significantly higher than that of the supported precious metal catalysts, 0.1%Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ and 0.1%Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ in the temperature range of 370–573 K. Over a 6%Ag/20%La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the T₉₅ temperature for methanol oxidation can be as low as 413 K. Even at such low reaction temperature, there were little HCHO and CO detected in the reaction exit-gas. However, for the 0.1%Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ and 0.1%Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, the HCHO content in the reaction exit-gas reached 200 and 630 ppm at their T₉₅ temperatures. Over a 6%Ag/La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ catalyst, the T₉₅ temperature for ethanol oxidation can be as low as 453 K, with a corresponding content of CH₃CHO in the exit-gas at 782 ppm; when ethanol oxidation is performed at 493 K, the content of acetaldehyde in the exit-gas can be below 1 ppm. Characterization of the catalysts by X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM, XPS, laser Raman spectra (LRS), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O₂-TPD) methods revealed that both the surface and the bulk phase of the perovskite La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ played important roles in the catalytic oxidation of the alcohols, and that γ-Al₂O₃ as the bottom carrier could be beneficial in creating a large surface area of catalyst. Moreover, a small amount of Ag⁺ doped onto the surface of La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ was able to partially occupy the positions of La³⁺ and Sr²⁺ due to their similar ionic radii, and thus, became stabilized by the perovskite lattice, which would be in favor of preventing the aggregation of the Ag species on the surface and enhancing the stability of the catalyst. On the other hand, modification of the Ag⁺ to the surface of La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ resulted in an increase in relative content of the surface O₂²⁻/O⁻ species highly reactive toward the alcohols and aldehydes as well as CO. Besides, solution of low-valence metal oxides SrO and Ag₂O with proper amounts in the lattice of the trivalent metal perovskite-type oxide LaMnO₃ would also lead to an increase in the content of the reducible Mnⁿ⁺ and the formation of anionic vacancies, which would be favorable for the adsorption-activation of oxygen on the functioning catalyst and the transport of the lattice and surface oxygen species. All these factors would contribute to the pronounced improvement of the catalyst performance.     

添加剂CH3COONH4对介质阻挡-电晕放电耦合法脱除NO、SO2的影响

采用自行研究设计的介质阻挡-电晕放电等离子体反应装置在模拟烟气中进行NO、SO₂的脱除研究。考察了O₂、CO₂、水蒸气等气体组分对脱除NO、SO₂的影响,并进一步探讨了添加剂CH₃COONH₄对脱除NO、SO₂的影响及作用机理。实验结果表明：O₂、CO₂和水蒸气浓度的增加对NO脱除有抑制作用,而引入CH₃COONH₄后,这些抑制作用会被减弱,使NO的脱除率得到大幅度提升,但这些抑制作用不会完全消除。在引入CH₃COONH₄后,气体组分和输入电流的变化对脱除SO₂的影响不明显,SO₂脱除率可达到94%左右。在N₂/O₂/CO₂/H₂O/NO/SO₂体系中加入0.27%的CH₃COONH₄后,NO初始浓度不变的条件下,SO₂含量较少时,对NO的脱除影响不明显,随着SO₂浓度的增加,NO的脱除率不断下降,增加CH₃COONH₄的添加量可消除SO₂的影响;另一方面,在SO₂初始浓度恒定的条件下,随着NO含量的增加,SO₂的脱除率保持在94%左右。在N₂/O₂/CO₂/H₂O/NO/SO₂体系中加入0.51%的CH₃COONH₄后,输入电流2.5A时,NO的脱除率达到72%。     

Activity enhancement of SnO2-doped Ga2O3–Al2O3 catalysts by coexisting H2O for the selective reduction of NO with propene

Catalytic reduction of NO by propene in the presence of oxygen was studied over SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel method. Although SnO₂-doped Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ gave lower NO conversion than Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ in the absence of H₂O, the activity was enhanced considerably by the presence of H₂O and much higher than that of Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃. The presence of SnO₂ and Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ species having intimate Ga–O–Al bondings was found to be essential for the promotional effect of H₂O. The promotional effect of H₂O was interpreted by the following two reasons. The first one is the removal of carbonaceous materials deposited on the catalyst surface by H₂O. The other is the selective inhibition by H₂O of the reaction steps resulting in propene oxidation to CO_x without reducing NO.     

乙醇胺对介质阻挡耦合电晕放电同时脱除NO、SO2的影响

采用自行设计的介质阻挡耦合电晕放电等离子体反应装置进行了模拟烟气同时脱硫脱硝的研究,分别考察乙醇胺（HOCH₂CH₂NH₂,MEA）在不同模拟烟气体系中对NO、SO₂脱除的影响,深入探讨了MEA在放电过程中与NO的作用机理。结果表明：在N₂/O₂/SO₂/NO体系中,0.56% MEA的加入可以显著消除O₂对NO脱除的抑制作用;在N₂/CO₂/SO₂/NO体系中,MEA会吸收进入体系中的部分CO₂,以减弱CO₂对NO脱除的抑制;在N₂/O₂/CO₂/H₂O/NO/SO₂体系中,0.56% MEA的加入既可以有效减弱H₂O的影响,也可以使NO的脱除率达到71.28%,继续将MEA的体积分数增大至1.20%时,可将该体系下NO脱除率提高到81.25%;同时,MEA可以在短时间内高效吸收体系内的SO₂,且几乎不受其他气体成分的影响,SO₂脱除率保持在95%左右。     

Selective catalytic reduction of N2O in industrial emissions containing O2, H2O and SO2: behavior of Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic behavior in N₂O reduction by propane in the presence of O₂, H₂O and SO₂ of Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by ion exchange and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is reported. The catalyst prepared by CVD shows a lower dependence of the rate of selective N₂O reduction on the decrease in C₃H₈ to N₂O ratio in the feed and a higher resistance to deactivation by SO₂ in accelerated durability tests with high SO₂ concentration (500 ppm). This catalyst shows stable catalytic behavior in the presence of SO₂ for more than 600 h of time-on-stream. Characterization of the catalysts by UV–VIS–NIR diffuse reflectance indicates that the poor performances of the sample prepared by ion exchange could be related to the presence of highly clustered Fe³⁺ species, in this catalyst. On the other hand, Fe₂O₃ particles are not present in the sample prepared by CVD while mainly isolated Fe³⁺ ions and iron-oxide nanoclusters are present.     

Comparative analysis of ceramic-carbonate nanocomposite fuel cells using composite GDC/NLC electrolyte with different perovskite structured cathode materials

A comparative analysis of perovskite structured cathode materials, La_0.65Sr_0.35MnO₃ (LSM), La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO₃ (LSC), La_0.6Sr_0.4FeO₃ (LSF) and La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O₃ (LSCF), was performed for a ceramic-carbonate nanocomposite fuel cell using composite electrolyte consisting of Gd_0.1Ce_0.9O_1.95 (GDC) and a eutectic mixture of Na₂CO₃ and Li₂CO₃. The compatibility of these nanocomposite electrode powder materials was investigated under air, CO₂ and air/CO₂ atmospheres at 550 °C. Microscopy measurements together with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elementary analysis revealed few spots with higher counts of manganese relative to lanthanum and strontium under pure CO₂ atmosphere. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance (EIS) analysis showed that LSC had the lowest resistance to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) (14.12 Ω·cm²) followed by LSF (15.23 Ω·cm²), LSCF (19.38 Ω·cm²) and LSM (>300 Ω·cm²). In addition, low frequency EIS measurements (down to 50 µHz) revealed two additional semi-circles at frequencies around 1 Hz. These semicircles can yield additional information about electrochemical reactions in the device. Finally, a fuel cell was fabricated using GDC/NLC nanocomposite electrolyte and its composite with NiO and LSCF as anode and cathode, respectively. The cell produced an excellent power density of 1.06 W/cm² at 550 °C under fuel cell conditions.     

Catalytic conversion of methane and CO2 to synthesis gas over a La2O3-modified SiO2 supported Ni catalyst in fluidized-bed reactor

In this contribution, a commercial spherical SiO₂ was modified with different amounts of La₂O₃, and used as the support of Ni catalysts for autothermal reforming of methane in a fluidized-bed reactor. Nitrogen adsorption, XRD and H₂-TPR analysis indicated that La₂O₃-modified SiO₂ had higher surface area, strengthened interaction between Ni and support, and improved dispersion of Ni. CO₂-TPD found that La₂O₃ increased the alkalescence of SiO₂ and improved the activation of CO₂. Coking reaction (via both temperature-programmed surface reaction of CH₄ (CH₄-TPSR) and pulse decomposition of CH₄) disclosed that La₂O₃ reduced the dehydrogenation ability of Ni. CO₂-TPO, O₂-TPO (followed after CH₄-TPSR) confirmed that only part amount of carbon species derived from methane decomposition could be removed by CO₂, and O₂ in feed played a crucial role for the gasification of the inactive surface carbons. Ni/xLa₂O₃-SiO₂ (x = 10, 15, 30) possessed high activity and excellent stability for autothermal reforming of methane in a fluidized-bed reactor.     

Facile synthesis of hierarchical flower-like Ag/Cu2O and Au/Cu2O nanostructures and enhanced catalytic performance in electrochemical reduction of CO2

Novel, hierarchical, flower-like Ag/Cu₂O and Au/Cu₂O nanostructures were successfully fabricated and applied as efficient electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂. Cu₂O nanospheres with a uniform size of ~180 nm were initially synthesized. Thereafter, Cu₂O was used as a sacrificial template to prepare a series of Ag/Cu₂O composites through galvanic replacement. By varying the Ag/Cu atomic ratio, Ag_0.125/Cu₂O, having a hierarchical, flower-like nanostructure with intersecting Ag nanoflakes encompassing an inner Cu₂O sphere, was prepared. The as-prepared Ag_x/Cu₂O samples presented higher Faradaic efficiencies (FE) for CO and relatively suppressed H₂ evolution than the parent Cu₂O nanospheres due to the combination of Ag with Cu₂O in the former. Notably, the highest CO evolution rate was achieved with Ag_0.125/Cu₂O due to the larger electroactive surface area furnished by the hierarchical structure. The same hierarchical flower-like structure was also obtained for the Au_0.6/Cu₂O composite, where the FE_CO (10%) was even higher than that of Ag_0.125/Cu₂O. Importantly, the results reveal that Ag_0.125/Cu₂O and Au_0.6/Cu₂O both exhibit remarkably improved stability relative to Cu₂O. This study presents a facile method of developing hierarchical metal-oxide composites as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂.     

La2O3/AC催化剂在CO同时还原SO2和NO反应中的性能

以改性活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了La₂O₃/AC催化剂。采用XRD和BET手段对催化剂进行表征,使用微型固定床反应器考察催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性。结果表明,La₂O₃/AC催化剂对CO同时还原SO₂和NO具有良好活性,负载质量分数10%的La₂O₃/AC催化剂活性较好,SO₂和NO转化率达到90%的反应温度最低,分别为335 ℃和325 ℃;载体与活性组分之间存在协同作用,引入活性炭载体能够降低反应温度并提高催化活性。