硅树脂249的交联与裂解陶瓷化研究

研究了硅树脂249(SR 249)的交联与裂解行为。结果表明,SR 249在250℃能自交联,其机理主要通过硅羟基脱水缩合实现。裂解产物组成为34.69%S i,37.99%C,27.32%O。SR 249的裂解陶瓷化主要在470℃~1150℃范围,分为三个阶段。第一阶段在470℃~600℃区间,裂解活化能为23.32 kJ/m o l,由随机成核步骤控制裂解反应。第二阶段在720℃~800℃区间内,裂解活化能为196.95 kJ/m o l,由三维扩散步骤控制裂解反应。第三阶段在1000℃~1150℃区间内,裂解活化能为135.87 kJ/m o l,由随机成核步骤控制裂解反应。引入纳米级活性填料A l、S i进行裂解,可以减少裂解产物中的自由炭,形成S i-A l-O-C陶瓷。     

用作陶瓷先驱体的聚硅氧烷的交联与裂解

研究了含氢聚硅氧烷(HPSO)与含乙烯基聚硅氧烷(VPSO)的交联与裂解。研究发现,氯铂酸能有效催化两者之间的交联反应。催化剂的质量分数为1.697×10-5、m(VPSO)/m(HPSO)=4∶1的体系在180℃交联6h后凝胶含量为96.7%,基本达到完全交联状态。1000℃时基本上裂解完全,陶瓷产率74.6%。裂解产物由Si、O、C三种原子组成,其质量分数分别为47.80%、31.39%、20.81%。1000℃裂解产物中有β-SiC微晶,1200℃时出现SiO2微晶。     

聚碳硅烷和二乙烯基苯的交联及纳米SiC陶瓷的制备

碳化硅基复合材料是理想的高温结构材料,以聚碳硅烷(PCS)作为碳化硅陶瓷的先驱体,二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联体,通过改变二者的配比研究了PCS与DVB的交联反应以及PCS/DVB交联体的热裂解过程。通过傅立叶红外光谱详细研究了PCS/DVB配比变化对PCS与DVB的交联反应和交联体微观结构的影响,PCS/DVB配比最终决定碳化硅陶瓷的产率,当PCS/DVB配比为1∶0.5时,经1500℃热裂解后碳化硅陶瓷产率最高,达到63.1%,热裂解产物为纳米碳化硅,粒径为10-40nm。用SEM和XRD研究了不同PCS/DVB配比交联体热裂解产物的微观结构和相组成,通过热重分析研究了PCS/DVB配比为1∶0.5时交联体的热裂解过程,在400-800℃,PCS/DVB交联体失重显著,在800℃热裂解过程基本完成,PCS/DVB配比为1∶0.5时能够制备出纳米碳化硅基复合材料。     

聚硅氧烷先驱体转化制备三维Cf/Si-O-C复合材料的研究

研究了含氢聚硅氧烷(PSO)与二乙烯基苯(DVB)的交联与裂解。结果表明:只有在氯铂酸的催化作用下,PSO与DVB才能完全交联。DVB/PSO质量比对陶瓷产率的影响较大,DVB/PSO＝0.5时陶瓷产率最高,达到76%。裂解产物中Si,C,O的含量分别为38.3wt%,34.3wt%,27.4wt%。以质量比为0.5的DVB/PSO体系为先驱体,采用先驱体转化法制备出三维C_f/Si-O-C复合材料。研究发现:第一次裂解时采用热压辅助可以明显提高材料的力学性能。第一次在1600℃,10MPa的条件下热压裂解5min,后续真空浸渍-常压裂解处理六个周期所制得的材料具有较高的力学性能,其弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为502MPa,23.7MPa·m 1/2。理想的界面结合状态是其具有高性能的主要原因。     

聚甲基硅烷/二乙烯基苯的交联和裂解

本文研究了在不同的交联制度下,不同配比的聚甲基硅烷(PMS)/二乙烯基苯(DVB)对凝胶含量、陶瓷产率、陶瓷显微结构的影响.结果表明:随保温温度的升高,交联体系凝胶含量、陶瓷产率逐渐增大.PMS/DVB配比越小,陶瓷显微结构的缺陷越多.PMS/DVB配比为1/0.2,保温温度为300℃时,陶瓷产率较高,达到80%.XRD分析表明所得陶瓷为β-SiC.     

纳滤法提锂氢氧化镁废渣制取碳酸锂的研究

以含锂氢氧化镁废渣为原料,采用碳酸氢铵碳化法提取锂,恒温热分解法制备高纯碳酸锂.最优碳化条件为:反应温度40℃、反应时间120 min、NH4HCO3/Mg(OH)2物质的量比1∶0.8、液固比20,锂提取率高达97.5％.母液循环10次后,锂质量浓度由0.7 mg/L富集至5.5 g/L.80℃恒温分解母液60 min,制得产率为81.7％,纯度为99.3％的工业级碳酸锂.同时,推导出碳酸锂结晶符合准二级反应动力学,0～30 min和40～125min两个阶段的活化能分别为140.67 kJ/mol和107.56 kJ/mol.表明碳酸锂的结晶决定步骤是由化学反应控制的.     

聚醚砜酮薄膜热稳定性及热解动力学规律的研究

采用热重分析法对聚醚砜酮(PPESK)薄膜在氮气氛下的热分解反应进行了研究，结果表明，热分解反应最剧烈的温度区间在400℃～600℃之间，这也是热解炭化阶段的关键温度区间；温度高于600℃分解反应趋于缓和。动力学研究得出，PPESK分解过程为一级反应；以Kissinger最大失重速率法求得表观活化能为211．35kJ／mol；以Ozawa等失重百分率法求得10％～30％的失重率下反应表观活化能在152．31kJ／mol～274．43kJ／mol之间，频率因子1nA值在21．98min^-1-38．75min^-1之间，充分表明PPESK热稳定性很高，这也为炭化过程提供了重要动力学参数。     

含铁碳化硅复合材料的制备

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)、羰基铁(Fe(CO)_5)、二乙烯基苯(DVB)和碳化硅(SiC)纤维为原料,采用先驱浸渍裂解工艺制备含铁碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基(SiC_f/SiC)复合材料,研究了原料配比对交联反应的影响,以及浸渍次数对复合材料致密度及陶瓷产率的影响。研究表明:当羰基铁添加量为20%(质量分数),二乙烯基苯为5%(质量分数)时有利于基体交联的进行;经1100℃裂解后基体中可明显观察到β-SiC晶体的生成;经5次浸渍裂解,制得的复合材料密度为1.72g/cm~3,孔隙率为20.43%,陶瓷产率得到提高,达到82.67%。     

2D-C/C复合材料氧化动力学模型及其氧化机理

用热重法研究了二维炭/炭(2D-C/C)复合材料的等温氧化, 提出了氧化动力学模型, 用SEM观察了样品不同氧化程度的微观形貌, 并探讨了材料的等温氧化机理。氧化分2个阶段: 线性氧化阶段, 氧化失重率小于约65%, 氧化速率处于稳定状态; 非线性氧化阶段, 氧化失重率约大于65%, 氧化速率急剧减小。Arrhenius曲线由折点在800~850℃之间的2条直线组成。线性氧化阶段, 活化能分别为217.2kJ/mol和157.0kJ/mol; 非线性氧化阶段, 反应级数分别为0.55和0.65, 活化能分别为219.3kJ/mol和182.0kJ/mol。通过实验验证, 氧化动力学模型可以较好地预测材料的恒温氧化。氧化从炭纤维与基体炭的界面开始, 基体氧化快于纤维, 氧化后期主要是纤维的氧化。在750~800℃, 氧化为化学反应控制; 在850~905℃, 氧化由化学反应和气体扩散共同控制, 但非线性氧化阶段气体扩散对氧化的贡献小于线性氧化阶段。      

燃料电池质子交换膜的热稳定性和热降解动力学

采用热重分析(TGA)、Kissinger、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa、Friedman和Modified Coats-Redfem方法,在氮气气氛和升温速率分别为5℃/min、10℃/min、15℃/min和20℃/min条件下,研究了质子交换膜的热稳定性及热降解动力学。TG-DTG曲线显示该质子交换膜分解率达到5%时,最低热降解温度大于350℃,热分解过程经历两个阶段,第一和第二阶段热分解区间分别出现在340℃～440℃和405℃～600℃之间。采用不同方法的计算结果显示,第一阶段的平均表观活化能为155.8kJ/mol,第二阶段的平均表观活化能为177.1kJ/mol。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.