Pressure Fluctuation Analysis of Laboratory Scale Air/Polyethylene Fluidized Beds

Differential pressure fluctuations were studied along the wall of a laboratory scale column filled with a polyethylene resin. Air flow rates to the column were varied in order to examine the changes in wall pressure with respect to superficial gas velocity. Statistical and spectral analysis was used to study the periodic features of column wall pressure measurements in the dense region of a fluidized bed. From the analysis, it is evident that multiple flow regimes exist in the column. These flow regimes are dependent upon the height above the distributor. Results also show a significant peak developing at 1 Hz as superficial gas velocity increases.     

Decreasing the Sampling Time Interval in Radioactive Particle Tracking

The study of the movement of solids in multiphase reactors using radioactive particle tracking is currently limited to fairly modest particle velocities because of count‐rate limitations of the detection system. In this work, this restriction was overcome by increasing the activity of the radioactive tracer, by decreasing the sampling time interval and by modifying the particle tracking software to recognize which detectors were saturated and to use only the data from the remaining unsaturated detectors. Higher tracer activity resulted in lower standard deviation of the calculated tracer coordinates.     

Studies on Liquid—Gas and Three‐Phase Fluidized Beds with Pulsating Air Flows

The effects of air‐flow pulsation and water and air flowrates on the hydrodynamics of liquid—gas and three‐phase fluidized beds containing 3‐mm glass beads have been studied in a 90‐mm i.d. column. Under steady‐flow conditions, both types of bed contained a relatively large number of small bubbles. With a pulsing air flow, however, a smaller number of much larger bubbles or slugs were formed. This was attributed to different mechanisms of bubble formation at the distributor. Variations in phase holdup were explained in terms of the effects of the operating parameters on the bubble characteristics.     

气固流化床中大差异双组份颗粒分级特性的实验研究

为解决清洁汽油生产工艺中存在的能量利用问题,需开发一种能使两种温度不同的催化剂直接混合换热,然后实现催化剂再次分离的组合流化床再生器.在一套φ500 mm×7000 mm的大型冷模装置上对密度相近、粒径差异较大的双组份颗粒形成的气固流化床中稀、密相间颗粒分级特性进行了系统的实验研究,结果表明表观气速、混合颗粒平均停留时间以及混合进料浓度是影响颗粒分级的主要因素,停留时间阈值可用于表征气体分布板形式对分级的影响.利用实验数据回归得到了分级效率的经验模型,模型计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

Modeling and Characterization of Air Emissions from Laboratory and Industrial Fluidized Beds

A fluidized bed model using several elutriation correlations was developed and tested against an operating fluidized bed used in a Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Unit (FCCU) and a 1:8.5 scale laboratory system. It was found that there was little variation between the emission rates predicted using different elutriation correlations, although the newly developed equations were slightly more accurate for the laboratory‐scale system. Although total emission rates were predicted with reasonable accuracy, the actual volatility and fluctuations seen in real fluidized beds emissions were not predicted. When the model was used to predict particle emission from the industrial FCCU, they preformed poorly, grossly overestimating the actual levels. It was determined that the attrition terms used in emission modeling were inappropriate and that the model preformed better without them, but still overestimated the actual emissions. This overestimation was greater in the industrial system compared with the smaller laboratory system. It was also found that the older elutriation terms were better for predicting industrial emissions compared with those of the smaller scale units.     

Measurement of Solid Circulation Patterns in Liquid—Solid and Gas—Liquid—Solid Fluidized Beds

Solid circulation patterns were determined by measuring collisions between tracer particles and cylindrical probes in liquid—solid and gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds. Special probes were used to obtain two‐ and three‐dimensional views of particle motion. Circulation patterns for 3 and 5 mm glass beads were studied. Mixing cells, which had been formed at low liquid velocities, grew in size and eventually merged as the liquid velocity increased. The flow patterns of smaller particles having the same density as bed particles and particles lighter than bed particles (graphite particles) with the same size were also measured.     

气-固流化床中颗粒碰撞压力时间序列信分析与随机模拟

对气－固流体床中颗粒碰撞压力的波动现象及其时间序列信号的统计特征进行了探讨。分析结果表明,颗粒碰撞压力的波动规律与气泡的运动密切相关,所测颗粒碰撞压力是由气泡运动所引起的尾涡颗粒动量传输的结果。用自回归模型对颗粒碰撞压力信号进行了随机模拟,模拟结果与实测结果有较好的相似性。     

Characterization of Mixing and Size Segregation in a Rotating Drum by a Particle Tracking Method

The mechanisms of segregation in solids mixing, even in simple rotating drums, are not clearly understood. Although most past studies have focused on binary mixtures, this work investigates the effect of polydispersity on granular flow, mixing, and segregation in a rotating drum operated in rolling regime through particle trajectories obtained from the radioactive particle tracking technique. Velocity profiles, radial segregation, and axial dispersion coefficients for monodisperse and polydisperse systems of glass beads are analyzed with respect to rotational speed and particle size. A model is introduced to predict the residence times along streamlines and evaluate the rate at which the material renews at the free surface and within the inner layers of the bed. Our results reveal similar velocity profiles and residence times for monodisperse and polydisperse systems. They also indicate that the particles distribute along the radial direction of the drum, although not necessarily in a core/shell configuration. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1894–1905, 2013     

湍动流化床过渡段中颗粒速度分布的光纤测量与模拟

流化床中颗粒速度的测量一直是个技术上的难点。今针对光纤测量信号提出一种基于互相关原理的时均速度计算方法。考虑到数据分段计算时其可靠性方面的差异,将互相关系数作为第二权重因子引入时均速度计算公式。利用PV6D光纤探针在200 mm直径流化床中测得的原始信号,对比了三种数据处理方法所得的颗粒时均速度,并分别计算其床层截面颗粒净流率,说明提出的方法可靠性更高。据此测量了流化床过渡段不同高度处颗粒时均速度的径向分布,并采用修正的三段曳力模型来描述具有团聚行为的颗粒曳力,进行计算流体力学模拟。测量与模拟结果均表明,从过渡段到稀相段,床中心区的颗粒速度先降低后升高,其径向分布也从陡峭变平缓,然后再次趋于陡峭。颗粒速度分布的上述规律主要由固含率与气速的径向分布共同作用所致。     

X射线投影成像法测量气固流化床中的固含分布 — (II) 应用及误差分析

通过标准化实验对X射线投影成像系统的误差进行了分析，进而应用该测量系统对提升管、纳米颗粒聚团床、鼓泡床和大直径下行床入口区的固含分布进行了测量，结果说明本测量方法可较准确、无接触测量气固两相流体系的固含分布.     

Position and velocity of a large particle in a gas/solid riser using the radioactive particle tracking technique

The flow behavior of the solids phase in the fully developed region of a laboratory-scale circulating fluidized bed riser was studied using an assembly of sixteen NaI detectors to determine the position of a 500 μm radioactive particle, 100 times/s. The particle location was inferred from the number of γ-rays recorded by the assembly. The knowledge of the instantaneous positions enabled the determination of the instantaneous and mean velocity fields. Tests were conducted in a 0.082 m diameter, 7 m tall riser using 150 μm silica sand particles. Data were obtained at a gas superficial velocity of 4 m/s and solids mass fluxes from 23 to 75 kg/m²·s. Radial profiles of axial particle velocity showed that the solids velocity decreased with increasing solids circulation rates. Correspondingly, turbulent particle velocities and solids dispersion coefficient in the longitudinal direction were found to decrease as the solids circulation rate increased. The cross-sectional area where, on average, solids downflow took place, increased with increasing solids circulation rate.     

液体粘度对气液固三相循环流化床颗粒循环速度和流型特征速度的影响

实验的三相循环流化床以玻璃珠 (dp = 0.48 mm, ρs = 2460 kg(m(3) 和苯乙烯颗粒 (dp = 1.45mm, ρs = 1264 kg(m(3)为固相,空气为气相,水、0.05%、0.20% (mass) CMCS (羧甲基纤维素钠)水溶液为液相.实验研究了液体粘度、表观液体速度、表观气体速度、辅助液体速度及颗粒密度对颗粒循环速度的影响.随着液体粘度的增加,颗粒循环速度增加;随着表观液体速度和辅助液体速度增加,颗粒循环速度都增加;随着表观气体速度的增加,颗粒循环速度减小.低密度颗粒系统同高密度颗粒系统相比,低密度颗粒系统能提前从三相传统流型进入三相循环流型.实验还研究了液体粘度对低密度颗粒的起始液体速度和过渡液体速度的影响,为得到三相循环流化床的流型图提供了可靠的依据.     

Analysis of gamma‐ray imaging data to describe hydrodynamic properties of gas–polyethylene fluidized beds

A scintillation gamma camera was used for measuring the instantaneous velocity profile and average velocity as well as the trajectories of a radioactive particle in small laboratory scale air–polyethylene–fluidized beds. A large number of frames, with frequencies between 1 and 50 Hz, were analyzed to investigate the effects of bed height, gas velocity and particle morphology. Subsequently: (1) horizontal and axial variations of the particle velocity were found; (2) three different flow zones along the axis (i.e., entrance zone, circulation zone and free board) were quantified; and (3) a characteristic time and a new definition of circulation (cycle) period were introduced. It was also found that the particle sometimes oscillates in the free board or gets trapped in the entrance zone.     

Some Issues on Core‐Annulus and Cluster Models of Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactors

The one‐dimensional cluster model and the core‐annulus model are examined based on existing correlations. The core‐annulus model is found to give reasonable agreement with ozone decomposition data when the effective interphase mass transfer rate constant is equal to about 0.1 1/s, which is one order smaller than the reported values based on gas tracer tests. The prediction from the core‐annulus model that the reactor performance decreases with increasing the riser diameter is found to be inconsistent with limited experimental data The one‐dimensional cluster model predicts that a riser reactor performs very close to the pseudo‐homogeneous plug flow reactor because of the high mass transfer rate between the cluster and the dilute phase. The improvement of model predictions lies in the better characterization of the cluster shape, size and the mass transfer rate between the cluster and the dilute phases.     

Experimental investigation of solid particles flow in a conical spouted bed using radioactive particle tracking

Solid particles flow in a conical spouted bed is characterized by radioactive particle tracking. The influence of operating conditions on key parameters of this flow is evaluated and discussed: the morphology of the solid bed is not strongly influenced by the forces exerted by the gas on the solid particles, but rather by geometrical considerations; the particles spend approximately 8% of their time in the spout in all experiments; it is the force exerted on the solid particles by the gas that directly controls the volumetric flow rate between adjacent regions, and not the amount of particles in the bed; as U/U_ms increases, the volume of solid particles in the annulus decreases, the volume of solid particles in the fountain increases and the volume of solid particles in the spout remains constant. Correlations to predict key flow parameters as functions of operating conditions are also established and discussed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 26–37, 2016     

喷管型气体分布器和颗粒物性对提升管内气固两相流动行为的联合影响

在两套均采用喷管型气体分布器的循环流化床实验装置上分别采用河沙和FCC颗粒系统测试了提升管内的轴向压力梯度分布和局部颗粒浓度,研究了气体分布器结构和颗粒直径及密度对上行气固两相流动行为的共同影响.结果表明,当表观气速小于8.0 m·s-1时,粗重的河沙颗粒在喷管型气体分布器效应逐渐消失的过程中会出现不同程度的减速,而细轻的FCC颗粒在本实验的测试范围内则不存在上述现象.当采用喷管型气体分布器时,粗重的河沙颗粒在加速过程中,不仅其颗粒浓度显著高于FCC,而且其沿径向分布的不均匀程度也明显大于FCC;但在充分发展段,河沙的颗粒浓度不仅比FCC低,而且在径向的分布也更为均匀.     

The influence of particle size and density on the radial gas mixing in the dilute region of the circulating fluidized bed

A cold model of a CFB, having a 0.120m ID, 5.75m high riser, was operated at a superficial gas velocity of 6m/s and at average solids mass fluxes varying in the range between 16 and 55kg/sm². A stream of carbon dioxide was injected continuously at a fixed position along the riser axis and used as tracer gas. Three solids, belonging to groups A and B of Geldart's classification, were selected in order to investigate separately, the effect of particle size and density on the radial mixing of the gas phase. The intensity of radial gas dispersion reduced when larger or heavier particles were used. The differences in the values of radial dispersion coefficient and Peclet number were explained, taking into account the role of the particle size with respect to the scale of gas turbulence.     

Comparison of Two‐Fluid and Discrete Particle Modeling of Dense Gas‐Particle Flows in Gas‐Fluidized Beds

Both two‐fluid models embedding the kinetic theory of granular flow for particulate phase stress (TFM) and discrete particle models (DPM) are widely used for the numerical simulation of gas fluidization. In this study, a detailed comparison between results obtained from both TFM and DPM is reported, including axial and radial solid concentration profiles, solids circulation patterns, pressure drop and its standard deviation and granular temperature. It was shown that good agreement can be obtained even in cases of low restitution coefficient, which suggests the possible applicability of kinetic theory of granular flow beyond its nominal range of validity and clearly indicates that the continuum treatment of the solids phase in TFM provides a good approximation of its discrete nature.     

声波多尺度分析方法在流化床平均粒径检测上的应用

平均粒径是流化床聚合工艺的重要参数,亟需在环保安全、不侵入流场的条件下,快速准确地检测.流化床声信号与平均粒径相关,可对其进行小波(包)分析,提取尺度和频度特征,构建能量模式,用于粒径判别,其判别能力与尺度相关.可选定适当的尺度,采用特征筛选和Bayes方法建立判别模型,预报性能优良,计算量甚小,适于在线检测.用于聚乙烯实例,效果令人满意.