Flywheel‐based AC cache power for stand‐alone power systems

Stand‐alone power systems (SPS) are attracting more and more interest with the global move toward distributed generation (DG). Without strong support from the power grid, they suffer from poor load‐following capability at varying loads. A cache power that has fast response and high energy efficiency is demanded. As a solution, this paper provides an AC power technology based on flywheel energy storage. Different from the other DC generation technologies such as electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), the proposed flywheel system generates AC power and therefore can be directly connected to the power line without any power semiconductors. Furthermore, the proposed technology realizes power in/out automatically in response to the frequency/voltage variation of the power line. Therefore, this system has the advantages of robustness, simplicity, and fast response. Besides, by getting rid of power semiconductors, the proposed flywheel system has a good overload capability as high as two to three times. We prove by simulation and experimentation the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technology to provide cache power for stand‐alone power systems. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Hybrid configuration of Darrieus and Savonius rotors for stand‐alone wind turbine‐generator systems

The suitable hybrid configuration of Darrieus lift‐type and Savonius drag‐type rotors for stand‐alone wind turbine‐generator systems is discussed using our dynamic simulation model. Two types of hybrid configurations are taken up. Type A installs the Savonius rotor inside the Darrieus rotor and Type B installs the Savonius rotor outside the Darrieus rotor. The computed results of the output characteristics and the dynamic behavior of the system operated at the maximum power coefficient points show that Type A, which has fine operating behavior to wind speed changes and can be compactly designed because of a shorter rotational axis, is an effective way for stand‐alone small‐scale systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 13–22, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20071     

Unbalanced power flow calculation of a power system containing a variable‐speed generator

There are some factors that render a power system network unbalanced: UHV transmission lines in which three‐phase transmission lines are not transposed, an unbalanced transformer, unbalanced load as well as sustained unbalanced faults. On the other hand, the number of variable‐speed generators used in pumping‐up power stations has recently been increasing in Japan. This paper presents a new means of calculating unbalanced power flow of a power system which contains variable‐speed pumping‐up generators. This new technique is based on the phase coordinate method, because a power system which has elements of unsymmetrical impedance can easily be analyzed by using it. In this paper, phase coordinate models of the variable‐speed generator and its secondary exciting circuit, composed of a GTO converter/inverter, are analyzed first. Procedures of power flow calculation of unbalanced power systems follow. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(3): 34–43, 2001     

Dynamic behavior of an island power system with variable‐pitch wind turbines under high renewable energy penetration and high wind speed

High penetration of renewable energy in a power system may cause the problem of power dispatching and stability. The detailed dynamic behavior analysis for such a system is therefore important to the planning and operation of the power system. This study discussed the dynamic characteristics of an island power system with variable‐pitch wind turbines under high wind speed and high small hydraulic output power. The system primarily consisted of three diesel engine power generation systems, three constant‐speed variable‐pitch wind turbines, a small hydraulic induction generation system, and lumped static loads. The maximum penetration of renewable energy in this system could reach almost 60%. Detailed models based on MATLAB/Simulink were developed to cater for the dynamic behavior of the system. The results suggested that this island power system can operate stably in this operational mode with the help of variable‐pitch wind turbines. This study can serve as an important reference for planning, operation, and further expansion of island power systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximum output power control system of variable‐speed small wind generators

This paper proposes a maximum output power control system for variable‐speed small wind generators. The proposed control system adjusts the rotational speed of a single‐phase AC generator to the optimum rotational speed, which yields the maximum output power according to the natural wind speed. Since this adjustment is performed on‐line in order to adapt to variations in wind speed, the rotational speed of the single‐phase AC generator is adjusted by controlling the generated current flowing in an FET (field‐effect transistor) device, serving as the generated power brake, which is linked directly to the single‐phase AC generator. In order to reduce heat loss from the FET device, a PWM (pulse width modulation) controller is introduced. An experimental model of the proposed control system was built and tested, and the validity and practicality of the proposed control system were confirmed by the experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 9–17, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20692     

A novel induction generator system using bi‐directional PWM converter for small‐scale power applications

This paper presents a deadbeat current control structure for a bidirectional power flow pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter connected to a stand‐alone induction generator (IG), which works with variable speed and different types of loads. Sensorless control of the IG, meaning stator voltage vector control without a mechanical shaft sensor, is considered to regulate both the IG line‐to‐line voltage and the DC‐bus voltage of the PWM converter. In the proposed system, a newly designed phase locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to determine the stator voltage vector position of the IG. A 2.2 kW laboratory prototype has been built to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed cost‐effective IG system with a deadbeat current‐controlled PWM converter and capacitor bank requires only three sensors. Moreover, the required rating of the PWM converter becomes smaller due to the existence of the capacitor bank. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Simulation of variable‐speed wind generation system using boost converter of permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes a variable‐speed wind generation system using the boost converter. The proposed system has three speed control modes for the wind velocity. The control mode of low wind velocity regulates the armature current of the generator with the boost converter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of middle wind velocity regulates the DC link voltage with the vector controlled inverter to control the speed of wind turbine. The control mode of high wind velocity regulates the pitch angle of the wind turbine with the pitch angle control system to control the speed of the wind turbine. The hybrid combination of three control modes extends the variable‐speed range. The proposed system simplifies maintenance, improves reliability, and reduces the costs compared with the variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. This paper describes the control strategy and modeling for a simulation of the proposed system using Simulink of Matlab. It also describes the control strategy and modeling of a variable‐speed wind generation system using a PWM converter. The steady state and transient responses for wind velocity changes are simulated using Matlab Simulink. This paper verifies the fundamental performance of the system using a boost converter by discussing the simulation results of both systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(4): 37–54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20902     

Characteristics of a self-excited induction generator at constant voltage and constant frequency under speed change

A self-excited wound-type induction generator, excited by capacitor, which changes its speed as a wind generator and can be used as a separate small power source, is described. The voltage and frequency of this generator change in accordance with the capacitance C of capacitor, generator speed and loads, and the like. The constant-voltage generator with constant C is achieved by returning the secondary power of the induction generator to the primary source through a converter, an inverter, and a transformer, and controlling the inverter control angle. But the frequency changes slightly. In order to eliminate frequency variation under constant C, a constant-frequency source such as synchronous generator or a constant-frequency generator is connected to the primary or secondary side of the transformer and operated in parallel. Constant voltage and constant frequency are achieved in spite of the change of generator speed and load. The characteristics resulting from these various measures are compared. The constant-frequency generator is better than the synchronous generator in terms of life, maintenance, and the like. In parallel operation with the constant-frequency generator connected to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer, various characteristics at constant voltage and commercial frequency are compared and analyzed. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(1): 90–100, 1997     

Wind turbine emulator based on blade element momentum theory for variable‐speed wind power generation system

This paper proposes a wind turbine emulator (WTE) based on the blade momentum theory, and tests the variable‐speed wind power generation system using a pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter to verify the accuracy of the emulator. The behavior of the wind turbine for natural wind is reproduced by the WTE based on the proposed theory. The variable‐speed wind power generation system employs a vector control system to control the torque and speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator in the converter side. The windmill rotational speed is controlled to maximize the efficiency of the wind turbine against wind velocity. And the active power and reactive power are controlled in the inverter side, and the generated power is sent to the grid while controlling the DC link voltage to be constant at the same time. The behaviors of the WTE are compared with the simulation results and experimental results using a real wind turbine. These experimental and simulation results show that the test bench with the proposed WTE has sufficient performance and accuracy to verify variable‐speed wind generator systems. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A new implementation of PID‐type fuzzy controller for a battery grid‐supporting inverter in an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new implementation of a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID)‐type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) for a battery grid‐supporting inverter to regulate the frequency and voltage of an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT). The VSWT which drives a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is assumed for demonstration. The PIDfc is built from a set of control rules that adopts the droop control method and uses only locally measurable frequency and voltage signals. The output control signals are determined from the knowledge base and the fuzzy inference. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a protection scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). Several simulation experiments are performed by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. Next, to verify the scheme's effectiveness, the simulation results are compared with the results of a conventional controller through some performance indices. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PIDfc scheme to control a grid‐supporting inverter of battery in the reduction of frequency and voltage fluctuations. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

面向新型电力系统的双馈风力发电机并网控制策略研究

双馈感应风力发电机是一种具有三相励磁绕组结构的异步电机,其运行具有变速恒频的特点,因而在新型电力系统中的风力发电领域有着重要的应用价值。利用Park变换,构建了dq坐标系下的数学模型,实现了电机的有功、无功功率的解耦控制。并且利用电压定向矢量控制的方法,实现双馈感应风力发电机的变速恒频运行。之后搭建一套完整的双馈感应风力发电机及其控制系统的模型,并对所提控制策略的效果进行了验证。仿真结果表明,该控制策略对功率指令值具有良好的跟踪效果,并可以在变化的风速下实现稳定的变速恒频运行。     

变速恒频风力发电系统最大风能跟踪控制的研究

变速恒频机组可以根据风速调整发电机转速以获得更大的风能。本文首先介绍了风轮机的功率特性,然后比较了三种现有的最大风能跟踪控制算法的优缺点。以感应发电机为例,研究了一种用于最大风能跟踪的变步长爬山法,并采用MATLAB软件进行了仿真实验,仿真结果表明了该控制策略的正确性和可行性。     

风力发电机组并网技术

大型风力发电机组并网发电是高效、大规模利用风能最经济的方式,已成为当今世界风能利用的主要形式.对当前各种类型风力发电机组并网方案的工作过程及优缺点进行综述和分析,指出随着风电机组容量的增大,并网瞬间的冲击电流也越来越大,对电网运行稳定性的影响也越来越大,因此如何改进现有的各种并网技术、减少对电网的冲击是今后迫切需要解决的问题.     

A novel slip‐power recovery system using a PWM boost rectifier

A novel compact slip‐power recovery system having sinusoidal rotor currents is proposed. In this system, a PWM boost rectifier is used as a substitute for a diode rectifier and a boost chopper in a conventional compact slip‐power recovery system. The conventional compact system has the disadvantage that it has a rectangular rotor current, and a motor torque with large ripple, because a diode rectifier remains in the system. Also, the rotor current cannot reach the current reference value near the synchronous speed, because the voltage drop caused by the resistance of the semiconductor devices and so on cannot be neglected when the rotor voltage becomes smaller near the synchronous speed. The use of the system proposed in this paper has solved these problems. The effectiveness of the proposed system was verified through computer simulations and experiments. As a result, the proposed system brings the sinusoidal rotor current, the small torque ripple, and wide controllable range near the synchronous speed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 52–60, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.10012     

基于PLC的掘进机恒功率变频调速系统仿真分析

悬臂式掘进机在工作过程中负载随机变化且变化幅度较大,以PLC为控制核心,构建自适应模糊控制的掘进机恒功率变频调速系统,根据截割电机电流的偏差变化及变化率,采用模糊推理和自适应调节进行变频调速控制,实现掘进机截割电机的恒功率控制,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件进行仿真分析,结果表明,基于PLC自适应模糊控制的掘进机变频调速系统能够更好的进行掘进机的恒功率控制,提高了系统的稳定性.     

考虑双馈异步发电机转速限制的电网频率协调控制策略

双馈异步发电机(DFIG)参与惯性调频能减小频率变化率,一次调频能减小稳态频率偏差。为解决上述两种策略协调控制过程中因频率偏差和微分系数选择而易导致异步发电机转子转速越限的问题,提出一种考虑转速限制的电网频率协调控制策略。通过控制DFIG的输出功率,确保转速偏差和频率偏差成正比。以转子转速为约束,整定频率信号的比例系数。根据电网频率变化情况,调整输出功率参考值,使得转速保持恒定,且有利于频率的恢复。仿真结果验证了所提策略能有效防止转子转速越限,有助于提高系统频率的稳定性。     

Principle and basic characteristics of a hybrid variable‐magnetic‐force motor

Reducing the power consumed by motors is important for energy conservation in the case of electrical appliances and electric vehicles (EVs). The motors used for operating these devices operate at variable speeds. Further, the motors operate with a small load in the stationary mode and a large load in the starting mode. A permanent magnet motor can be operated at rated power with high efficiency. However, the efficiency is low under a small load or at high speeds because the large constant magnetic force results in substantial core loss. Furthermore, the flux‐weakening current that decreases the voltage at high speeds leads to significant copper loss and core loss. Therefore, we have developed a new technique for controlling the magnetic force of a permanent magnet on the basis of the load or speed of the motor. In this paper we propose a novel motor that can vary the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet and clarify the principles and basic characteristics of the motor. The new motor has a permanent magnet that is magnetized by the magnetizing coil of the stator. The results of analysis show that the magnetic flux linkage of the motor can be changed from 37% to 100% and that a high torque can be produced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 47–57, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22309     

变速恒频双馈异步风力发电机动态控制扰动方法

风力发电系统中,风力发电机的控制方法是个关键环节.对双馈变速恒频异步风力发电机现有的控制方法进行了研究,提出一种新颖的控制扰动方法,即将四风速模型中的合成风速在轴系模型中产生的转矩引入功率控制扰动中.     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机的励磁控制系统设计及试验研究

双馈电机变速恒频风力发电系统是通过调节转子绕组励磁电流的频率、幅值、相位和相序来实现变速恒频控制的.分析了双馈电机工作原理和数学模型,并设计了基于TMS32OF2812DSP的变速恒频双馈风力发电机的励磁控制试验系统.对电机的并网控制以及电机的自并励启动进行了试验研究,为变速恒频双馈风力发电机励磁控制策略的设计奠定了基础.