The generation of mono-energetic electron beams from ultrashort pulse laser-plasma interactions

The physics of the interaction of high-intensity laser pulses with underdense plasma depends not only on the interaction intensity but also on the laser pulse length. We show experimentally that as intensities are increased beyond 10(20) W cm(-2) the peak electron acceleration increases beyond that which can be produced from single stage plasma wave acceleration and it is likely that direct laser acceleration mechanisms begin to play an important role. If, alternatively, the pulse length is reduced such that it approaches the plasma period of a relativistic electron plasma wave, high-power interactions at much lower intensity enable the generation of quasi-mono-energetic beams of relativistic electrons.     

High-current electron sources based on gaseous discharges

We review the operation of a ferroelectric plasma source (FPS) with enhanced plasma density and of high-current hollow cathode (HC) and hollow anode (HA) discharges. Different schemes (arc sources, magnetron and FPS) were used for ignition and sustaining the HC and HA discharges with current amplitude ?4 kA.These discharges are characterized by a positive anode potential with respect to the hollow electrode walls and the plasma density and temperature inside the hollow electrode cavity reach ∼3×10¹⁹m⁻³ and ?12 eV, respectively. It was shown that the incorporation of the FPS in the HA and HC enables one to develop a compact high-current electron source. The characteristics of an electron diode with FPS, HA and HC were studied under an accelerating voltage ?250 kV and ∼400 ns pulse duration. It was shown that these sources allow the generation of an electron beam with a cross-sectional area of 0.01 m² and amplitude up to 1-2 kA.     

基于非理想爆轰的炸药-岩石相互作用过程

对炸药-岩石相互作用过程正确和全面的理解是研究岩石爆破破碎过程的基础。通过未反应炸药采用Murnahan状态方程、爆轰产物采用JWL方程、反应速率采用三项点火-增长-反应速率模型,改进了的炸药非理想爆轰模型。实验数据对比表明,改进的非理想爆轰模型能够较好地模拟工业炸药的非理想爆轰过程。基于改进的非理想爆轰模型,研究了不同装药结构和不同耦合介质下炸药与岩石的相互作用过程。研究表明,同种炸药在纵波速度不同的岩石中的爆轰结构存在显著差异,空气和水对爆轰冲击波有明显的缓冲和迟滞作用,与空气不耦合装药相比,水耦合装药荷载峰值高,持续时间长,具有更高的能量利用率,有利于改善破碎效果。     

Laser guiding for GeV laser-plasma accelerators

Guiding of relativistically intense laser beams in preformed plasma channels is discussed for development of GeV-class laser accelerators. Experiments using a channel guided laser wakefield accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have demonstrated that near mono-energetic 100 MeV-class electron beams can be produced with a 10 TW laser system. Analysis, aided by particle-in-cell simulations, as well as experiments with various plasma lengths and densities, indicate that tailoring the length of the accelerator, together with loading of the accelerating structure with beam, is the key to production of mono-energetic electron beams. Increasing the energy towards a GeV and beyond will require reducing the plasma density and design criteria are discussed for an optimized accelerator module. The current progress and future directions are summarized through comparison with conventional accelerators, highlighting the unique short-term prospects for intense radiation sources based on laser-driven plasma accelerators.     

Adhesive surface interactions of cellulose nanocrystals from different sources

Adhesion plays an important role in the final properties of nanocomposites. This study explored the surface interaction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and the effect of CNC sources on adhesion between individual CNCs and the Si tip of an AFM cantilever using a force mapping technique called FMap. The adhesion between CNCs and a Si tip from five different sources has been studied: cotton, Whatman filter paper, hemp, softwood chemical kraft pulp, and softwood-dissolving pulp (alistaple). Mica was used as the background substrate to act as an internal standard. This study’s findings suggest that adhesion is not the same for all CNCs. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to determine the size and shape of each CNC. The experimental quantitative data showed that adhesion between CNCs and the Si tip has a close correlation with the diameter of the CNCs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sulfate groups on the surface of the CNCs and a correlation between adhesion and surface chemistry of the CNCs was observed.     

Mid-infrared radiation sources based on coupled disk cavities

IR radiation sources representing optically coupled semiconductor disk lasers with active regions based on quantum-confined GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb heterostructures have been created. It is shown that this system ensures single-mode generation in optically coupled cavities operating on whispering gallery modes (WGMs). Conditions for WGM lasing are determined as dependent on the distance between two optically coupled disk cavities.     

Nonstationary radiation-gasdynamic model of a laser-plasma accelerator

Based on the system of two-dimensional axisymmetrical continuity equations, Navier-Stokes and energy equations, and the equations of selective heat radiation transfer, a computational model is constructed and conditions of unsteady subsonic flows in a cylindrical channel of a power unit of the laser-plasma accelerator type are investigated. The governing parameters of the model are calculated, at which numerical solutions can be obtained to describe steady laminar gas flow in the neighborhood of the region of heat release, nonstationary oscillatory motions, and nonstationary vortex motion. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 174–179, January–February, 2000.     

Line focusing for soft x-ray laser-plasma lasing

A computational study of line-focus generation was done using a self-written ray-tracing code and compared to experimental data. Two line-focusing geometries were compared, i.e., either exploiting the sagittal astigmatism of a tilted spherical mirror or using the spherical aberration of an off-axis-illuminated spherical mirror. Line focusing by means of astigmatism or spherical aberration showed identical results as expected for the equivalence of the two frames of reference. The variation of the incidence angle on the target affects the line-focus length, which affects the amplification length such that as long as the irradiance is above the amplification threshold, it is advantageous to have a longer line focus. The amplification threshold is physically dependent on operating parameters and plasma-column conditions and in the present study addresses four possible cases.     

Novel mucoadhesive system based on sulfhydryl-acrylate interactions

We propose a novel cross-linked mucoadhesive system that can interact covalently with mucin type glycoprotein, thus providing both strong bonding to mucosa as well as ability to function as a sustained release matrix. The strong bonding results from Michael type addition reaction between an acrylate end group on a polymer and the sulfide end group of the mucin type glycoprotein. A proof of concept is provided using a polyehtylene glycol hydrogel formed in situ from polyehtylene glycol di-acrylate (PEG-DA) macromers. The ability of PEG-DA to create interactions with mucin type glycoproteins was verified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and rheology experiments. NMR studies have detected disappearance of the PEG-DA’s vinyl protons upon mucin addition, whereas rheology measurements have shown a viscosity increase. These results provide an evidence for the formation of mucin-polymer covalent bond. The ability PEG-DA to attach to mucus and promote mucoadhesion was evaluated by tensile measurements. PEG-DA adhered at strength comparable to other covalently interacting mucoadhesive polymers. Furthermore, PEG-DA was found to be a suitable candidate for sustained release of the hydrophilic drug Ibuprofen.     

A new method for determining the efficiency of laser radiation conversion into 13.5 ± 0.3 nm radiation in laser-plasma extreme ultraviolet sources

We have studied extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from a laser-plasma source employing a supersonic xenon jet as the target. The output EUV energy has been determined as a function of the laser pulse energy for the supersonic xenon jet in comparison to the solid metal (Cu, Mo, Ta) targets. Based on these results, a new method for determining the efficiency of laser radiation conversion into EUV radiation is proposed, which ensures unambiguous characterization of the properties of various targets. Ways to optimize the xenon jet source are discussed.     

基于复合热源的热泵型空调器

提出将空气-水作为热泵型空调器的复合热源。根据当前的研究状况,初步设计空气-水复合热源热泵型空调器,利用热力学原理分析该空调器的工作循环和特点,结果表明该空调器的制冷性能高于空气源热泵空调器,制热和室外换热器结霜状况得到一定改善。     

Field evaporation ion sources based on alloys and compounds

Results of experiments aimed at the creation of ion sources employing alloys as materials for field ion emitters are presented. Using alloys and complex compounds as emitter materials, it is possible to obtain ion sources for elements, from which it is difficult or even impossible to make emitters directly. The emitter surface can be enriched by some component of an alloy so as to obtain a source of its ions even if the content of this element in the alloy is as low as fractions of a percent.     

Radiation thermometry of silicon wafers based on emissivity-invariant condition

An emissivity-invariant condition for a silicon wafer was determined by simulation modeling and it was confirmed experimentally. The p-polarized spectral emissivity at a wavelength of 900 nm and at temperatures over 900 K was constant at 0.83 at an angle of about 55.4° irrespective of large variations in the oxide layer thickness and the resistivity due to the different impurity doping concentrations of the silicon wafer. The expanded uncertainty, U(c) = ku(c) (k = 2), of the temperature measurement is estimated to be 4.9 K. This result is expected to significantly enhance the accuracy of radiometric temperature measurements of silicon wafers in actual manufacturing processes.     

Radio-frequency illumination sources based on ultrawideband microgenerators of chaotic oscillations

The task of wideband illumination of objects and surfaces by radiation from artificial noncoherent microwave sources with the aim of subsequent observation by radiometric equipment is considered. The main problem in solving this task consists in creating efficient microwave generators analogous to available sources of lighting in the visible spectral range. We propose to use generators of ultrawideband chaotic oscillations as sources of noncoherent microwave radiation. An experimental prototype of this source taking the form of a SiGe-crystal-based microgenerator of dynamic chaos is described.     

基于附加源波叠加法的声辐射计算研究

针对单极子波叠加法在特征波数处声场解的非唯一性问题,采用一种通过添加附加源克服解非唯一性的方法-附加源波叠加法,即在单极子波叠加法的基础上添加一定数量附加源从而获得声场全波数域内的唯一解。本文给出了具有解析解的脉动球源、振荡球源及无解析解的立方箱体结构三个数值算例。计算结果表明：对于脉动球源,添加一个附加源就可较好解决声场解的非唯一性问题;对于振荡球源,增加附加源个数可解决声场解的非唯一性问题,但会降低声场解的精度,但通过增加单极子源个数可以很好提高计算精度;该方法计算效率略低于复数矢径波叠加法,但较三极子波叠加法效率更高;对于立方箱体结构,确定了最佳的附加源个数,保证了声场解的唯一性。     

基于盲源分离的结构模态参数识别

提出一种结构模态参数识别的新方法。该方法以盲源分离理论中基于二阶统计量的AMUSE算法为基础,通过对测试数据Hilbert变换构建分析数据矩阵,通过求解不同时滞下数据协方差矩阵的广义特征值问题实现对结构模态参数的识别。数值算例结果表明,该方法不仅适用于实模态情况,同时适用于复模态情况,且计算简单,识别精度高,对测量白噪声有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于颗粒阻尼的车轮声辐射特性分析

针对列车运行时由于轮轨的不平顺造成的车轮振动以及由振动产生辐射噪声的不足,本文利用颗粒阻尼附加质量小和宽频减振效果好的优点,在车轮踏面上设计了颗粒阻尼振动器来衰减和抑制车轮振动和辐射噪声,同时研究了两种不同激励载荷条件下的车轮声辐射特性。试验结果表明：相比于空轮以及空心阻尼环,颗粒阻尼器在宽频带内具有优良的振动抑制和降噪效果,其中在轴向和径向激励载荷下,安装颗粒阻尼器可以使车轮的振动大幅衰减,其中最大减振可达39dB,而噪声最大降噪为14.68dBA     

Improved emission uniformity from a liquid-jet laser-plasma extreme-ultraviolet source

Many modern compact soft-x-ray and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) imaging systems operate with small fields of view and therefore benefit from the use of small high-brightness sources. Such systems include water-window microscopes and EUV lithography tools. We show that the photon losses in such systems can be minimized while uniformity of object-plane illumination is maintained by controlled scanning of the source. The improved collection efficiency is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally for a scanned laser-plasma source compared with static sources. A prospective aerial image microscope and a liquid-xenon-jet laser-plasma source are offered as examples of modern imaging tools that may benefit from such scanning of the source.     

基于独立分量分析的多源冲击定位方法

结构健康监测中常用声发射信号进行声发射源的定位及特征描述。多个冲击事件发生时,声发射信号是多个信号的混叠,而且混合方式未知,这使利用声发射信号对冲击源进行定位变得非常困难。而近年来兴起的基于独立分量分析的盲源分离技术为解决这一难题提供了可能。本文采用基于信息极大化原理的反馈网络结构对同时作用在铝梁上的两个冲击事件产生的声发射混合信号进行分离,估计出各个源信号到达传感器的时延后,运用两点直线定位公式对两个冲击源进行定位。混合仿真实验验证了基于信息极大化原理的独立分量分析方法估计时延的有效性,铝梁上的两源冲击实验,进一步表明运用独立分量分析方法能较好的解决多冲击源定位问题。     

多知识源融合的自动摘要系统研究与实现

提出并实现了一种能有效地融合改进的浅层主题特征分析方法、词汇链方法、话语结构方法的分析结果来生成文摘的多知识源融合的自动摘要系统,并对其进行了评测实验.评测结果表明,该系统在捕获文章特征的同时较好地保持了原文的内容及内在逻辑结构,生成的文摘具有良好的连贯性和流畅性;与采用单一方法的自动摘要系统相比较,生成的文摘质量有明显提高.