LiFePO4基正极材料容量的温度敏感特性及交流阻抗谱研究

采用原位碳包覆法制备了锂离子二次电池用LiFePO4／C复合正极材料。考察了环境温度对LiFePO4/C电池容量的影响，得到容量与绝对温度之间符合Arrhenius关系。运用交流阻抗谱分析了温度与电池电化学特性的关系，并对电极基于电荷和质量传递控制过程给出了一种新的模拟等效电路，通过Zview拟合软件得到了各个模拟元件的数值及变化趋势，从而定量地解释LiFePO4／C复合电极容量与温度的关系。     

LiFePO4/C锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

以碳凝胶作为碳添加剂,采用固相法制备了复合型LiFePO4/C锂离子电池正极材料.研究了不同掺碳量对样品性能的影响.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和碳硫(质量分数)分析方法对所得样品的晶体结构、表面形貌、含碳量进行分析研究.结果表明:样品中的碳含量(质量分数)分别为0%、5%、10%、22%,所得样品均为单一的橄榄石型晶体结构,碳的加入使LiFePO4颗粒粒径减小.另外,碳分散于晶体颗粒之间,增强了颗粒之间的导电性.合成样品的电化学性能测试结果表明,掺碳后的LiFePO4放电比容量和循环性能都得到显著改善.其中,含碳量为22%的LiFePO4/C在0.1 C倍率下放电,首次放电容量达143.4 mA·h/g,充放电循环6次后电容量为142.7 mA·h/g,容量仅衰减0.7%.     

LiFePO4／C复合正极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用高温固相碳热还原法（CTR，Carbothermal Reduction）合成了LiFePO4／C复合正极材料。采用XRD，SEM以及BET等方法对产物进行表征。结果表明，所得LiFeP04／C材料有着单一的橄榄石型晶体结构。750℃下制备产物的BET比表面积为39．7002m^2／g。利用恒流充放电，循环伏安法（CV），电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等电化学手段研究了LiFePO4／C材料的电化学性质。结果表明：750℃下制备的LiFePO4／C复合材料在25℃工作温度下，有着优异的循环稳定性和大倍率充放电性能，使用850ma／g（5C）的电流密度对电池充放电90次后，电池放电比容量仍能保持11lmAh／g。在55℃工作温度下1C充放电倍率时，首次和第90次循环的放电比容量分别为14513mAh／g和142．9mAh／g。     

共沉淀法制备正极材料LiFePO4的研究

以氢氧化锂、硫酸亚铁铵和磷酸氢二铵为原料，研究了液相共沉淀法制备LiFePO4正极材料和掺杂Co^2＋的LiFePO4改性正极材料，并对其进行XRD、SEM分析和电化学性能测试。结果表明掺杂Co^2＋对正极材料的初始充电比容量为156．7mAh·g^-1，且循环60次后，容量仍有138．7mAh·g^-1，容量衰减率仅为11．4％。     

反应物中锂元素的量对LiFePO4/C电化学性能的影响

以Fe2O3和LiH2PO4为原料,葡萄糖为碳源,采用碳热还原法合成了LiFePO4/C正极材料,考察了反应物中锂元素的量对正极材料LiFePO4/C电化学性能的影响。用X射线衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)和恒电流充放电测试和循环伏安法对正极材料的结构、形貌以及电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明:当反应物中额外添加锂元素的量是理论量的10%时,制得的正极材料的电化学性能最佳,在0.2和1C(1C=170mA/g)的充放电倍率下,首次放电比容量分别为156.3和137.5mAh/g,经过20次充放电循环后,容量基本保持不变。     

共沉淀法制备正极材料LiFePO4的研究

以氢氧化锂、硫酸亚铁铵和磷酸氢二铵为原料,研究了液相共沉淀法制备LiFePO4正极材料和掺杂Co2+的LiFePO4改性正极材料,并对其进行XRD、SEM分析和电化学性能测试.结果表明掺杂Co2+对正极材料的初始充电比容量为156.7 mAh·g-1,且循环60次后,容量仍有138.7 mAh·g-1,容量衰减率仅为11.4%.     

1,2-丙二醇对锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO_4性能的影响

采用1,2-丙二醇作为表面活性剂,在水热反应中合成正极材料LiFePO4。用XRD、SEM、粒径分布测试和恒电流充放电方法,分别研究了1,2-丙二醇对LiFePO4的结构、形貌、粒径和电化学性能的影响。结果表明：加入适量的丙二醇不改变LiFePO4的橄榄石结构,但可使材料的结晶粒度变小,粒径分布变得均匀;当丙二醇加入量为10 mL时,得到的LiFePO4平均粒径d（0.5）=1.128μm,粒径分布范围为0.316~6.607μm;该材料在0.2C倍率下的首次放电比容量为144 mAh/g,循环性能良好。     

锂离子电池正极材料磷酸铁锂研究进展

电极材料是推进电池技术发展及应用的关键。作为锂离子电池正极材料的LiFePO4表现出优异的电池性能(大容量、优异循环特性),但也有本征低电导率的缺点。具有橄榄石结构的LiFePO4在电池充放电过程发生FePO4与LiFePO4之间的相变,已有实验证明充放电过程中出现固溶体LixFePO4。掺杂是提高材料电导率的常用手段,但LiFePO4的掺杂却一直饱受争议;缺陷化学的研究初步认定通过适当点缺陷的电荷补偿,晶体内引入掺杂元素是可以实现的,并且提出几种缺陷补偿机制。导电相复合可降低电极颗粒间的接触电阻,特别是LiFePO4的碳包覆有效地改善其电化学性能,促进其工业化推广;碳包覆的有效性取决于碳的sp2杂化键的比例及碳含量。由于电极材料形貌影响电池的充放电动力学过程,LiFePO4的颗粒尺寸、形状、表面粗糙度等的控制都成为提高电池性能的重要手段;LiFePO4的薄膜制备及三维构架技术则进一步推动微型电池的应用发展。     

一种新型的锂离子电池正极材料——LiFePO4

介绍了1种新型的锂离子电池正极活性材料LiFePO4并解释了材料的结构特征和电化学过程。LiFePO4具有较高的比容量和良好的循环稳定性等优良的电化学性能,但是目前还存在着制约容量释放的锂离子扩散系数小以及材料导电性能不太好等问题。在回顾该材料研究状态的基础上,说明了只要通过选取适当的制备工艺和进行合适的表面改性可以制备出具有优良电化学性能的LiFePO4粉体。这种粉体具有环境相容性、便宜以及资源丰富等诸多优点,是1种颇具潜力的锂离子电池正极替代材料。     

掺铝氧化锌包覆LiFePO4的合成与性能（英文）

以简单的固相法合成了橄榄石结构LiFePO4,并以导电掺铝氧化锌材料(AZO)对其表面进行包覆。充放电结果显示,表面包覆大幅度改善了LiFePO4材料的倍率和低温性能。在20C高倍率条件下,AZO包覆LiFePO4的放电比容量可达100.9mA·h/g;在低温20°C时进行0.2C充放电,未包覆LiFePO4和AZO包覆LiFePO4的放电比容量分别为50.3mA·h/g和119.4mA·h/g。经分析,这可能是由于采用导电AZO包覆措施而增加了LiFePO4材料的电导率,从而极大地提高了其比容量。另外,导电AZO包覆措施还增加了LiFePO4材料的振实密度。这些结果表明AZO包覆LiFePO4材料是一种很好的适用于锂离子动力电池的正极材料。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。